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At least 109 records · Page 6

Rare-earth monopnictides: Family of antiferromagnets hosting magnetic Fermi arcs

We report since the discovery of topological insulators a great deal of research effort has been devoted to magnetic topological materials, in which nontrivial spin properties can be controlled by magnetic fields, culminating in a wealth of fundamental phenomena and possible applications. The main focus was on ferromagnetic materials that can host Weyl fermions and therefore spin-textured Fermi arcs. The recent discovery of Fermi arcs and new magnetic band splitting in the antiferromagnet (AFM) NdBi has opened up new avenues for exploration. Here we show that these uncharted effects are not restricted to this specific compound, but also emerge in CeBi and NdSb when they undergo paramagnetic to AFM transition. Our data show that the Fermi arcs in NdSb have twofold symmetry, leading to strong anisotropy that may enhance effects of spin textures on transport properties. Our findings thus demonstrate that the RBi and RSb series are materials that host magnetic Fermi arcs and may be a potential platform for modern spintronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Reducing crystal symmetry to generate out-of-plane Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction

The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya antisymmetric exchange interaction (DMI) stabilises topological spin textures with promising future spintronics applications. According to crystal symmetry, the DMI can be categorized as four different types that favour different chiral textures. Unlike the other three extensively-investigated types, out-of-plane DMI, as the last type that favours in-plane chirality, remained missing so far. Here we apply point-group-dependent DMI matrix analysis to show that out-of-plane DMI exists under reduced crystal symmetry. Through strain and structure engineering, we show how C s symmetry is realized in ultrathin magnets and observe the out-of-plane DMI stabilised in-plane chirality using spin-polarized electron microscopy. Our results show that extremely low out-of-plane DMI strengths at µeV/atom are sufficient to stabilise topological spin textures, including merons and bimerons. We also demonstrate field-induced reversible control of the in-plane chirality and merons. Our findings open up untapped paths on topological magnetic textures and their potential applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Spin and Orbital Effects on Asymmetric Exchange Interaction in Polar Magnets: M(IO 3 ) 2 (M = Cu and Mn)

We report magnetic polar materials feature an astonishing range of physical properties, such as magnetoelectric coupling, chiral spin textures, and related new spin topology physics. This is primarily attributable to their lack of space inversion symmetry in conjunction with unpaired electrons, potentially facilitating an asymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) exchange interaction supported by spin–orbital and electron–lattice coupling. However, engineering the appropriate ensemble of coupled degrees of freedom necessary for enhanced DM exchange has remained elusive for polar magnets. Here, we study how spin and orbital components influence the capability of promoting the magnetic interaction by studying two magnetic polar materials, α-Cu(IO 3 ) 2 ( 2 D) and Mn(IO 3 ) 2 ( 6 S), and connecting their electronic and magnetic properties with their structures. The chemically controlled low-temperature synthesis of these complexes resulted in pure polycrystalline samples, providing a viable pathway to prepare bulk forms of transition-metal iodates. Rietveld refinements of the powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data reveal that these materials exhibit different crystal structures but crystallize in the same polar and chiral P2 1 space group, giving rise to an electric polarization along the b-axis direction. The presence and absence of an evident phase transition to a possible topologically distinct state observed in α-Cu(IO 3 ) 2 and Mn(IO 3 ) 2 , respectively, imply the important role of spin–orbit coupling. Neutron diffraction experiments reveal helpful insights into the magnetic ground state of these materials. While the long-wavelength incommensurability of α-Cu(IO 3 ) 2 is in harmony with sizable asymmetric DM interaction and low dimensionality of the electronic structure, the commensurate stripe AFM ground state of Mn(IO 3 ) 2 is attributed to negligible DM exchange and isotropic orbital overlapping. The work demonstrates connections between combined spin and orbital effects, magnetic coupling dimensionality, and DM exchange, providing a worthwhile approach for tuning asymmetric interaction, which promotes evolution of topologically distinct spin phases.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Spin-piston problem for a ferromagnetic thin film: Shock waves and solitons

In this report the unsteady, nonlinear magnetization dynamics induced by spin injection in an easy-plane ferromagnetic channel subject to an external magnetic field are studied analytically. Leveraging a dispersive hydrodynamic description, the Landau-Lifshitz equation is recast in terms of hydrodynamic-like variables for the magnetization's perpendicular component (spin density) and azimuthal phase gradient (fluid velocity). Spin injection acts as a moving piston that generates nonlinear, dynamical spin textures in the ferromagnetic channel with downstream quiescent spin density set by the external field. In contrast to the classical problem of a piston accelerating a compressible gas, here, variable spin injection and field lead to a rich variety of nonlinear wave phenomena from oscillatory spin shocks to solitons and rarefaction (expansion) waves. A full classification of solutions is provided using nonlinear wave modulation theory by identifying two key aspects of the fluid-like dynamics: subsonic/supersonic conditions and convex/nonconvex hydrodynamic flux. Familiar waveforms from the classical piston problem such as rarefaction waves and shocks manifest in their spin-based counterparts as smooth and highly oscillatory transitions, respectively, between two distinct magnetic states. The spin shock is an example of a dispersive shock wave, which arises in many physical systems. New features without a gas dynamics counterpart include composite wave complexes with “contact” spin shocks and rarefactions. Magnetic supersonic conditions lead to two pronounced piston edge behaviors including a stationary soliton and an oscillatory wave train. These coherent wave structures have physical implications for the generation of high frequency spin waves from pulsed injection and persistent, stable stationary and/or propagating solitons in the presence of magnetic damping. The analytical results are favorably compared with numerical simulations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Tunable topological Hall effects in noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn 3 Sn/Pt bilayers

Noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn has attracted wide interest as it is a candidate for Weyl semimetal. Here, we report the observation of topological Hall like signals in Mn3Sn/Pt bilayers grown on Al 2 O 3 (0001). X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy results confirm the high epitaxial quality of the c-axis-oriented Mn3Sn films. The detected topological Hall resistivity shows a broad temperature range from 210 to 365 K by tuning the thickness of Mn3Sn from 3 to 15 nm. Compared with previously reported topological Hall effects in Mn3Sn at temperatures below 50 K, the observed high-temperature topological Hall signal is likely due to the stabilization of topological spin textures enabled by the strong spin–orbit coupling of the Pt overlayer and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction at the Mn3Sn/Pt interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Chirality reversal of magnetic solitons in chiral Cr 1/3 TaS 2

Ferromagnetism in two-dimensional (2D) materials provides an ideal platform to study emergent electromagnetic phenomena in low dimensions for future spintronics. In magnetic-element intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides, topologically nontrivial spin textures, such as chiral helimagnetic spin states and chiral soliton lattices, are realized due to the chiral lattice distortions induced by intercalated magnetic ions. Consequently, the magnetic chirality is predictably determined by the sign of antisymmetric exchange interaction (or Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, DMI) vector that is coupled to the underlying crystal chirality. Here, using cryogenic Lorentz phase microscopy, we directly observed the chirality reversal behavior of the chiral soliton lattices in Cr 1/3 TaS 2 across the structural defects. We show that a partial 1 T stacking in 2H-TaS 2 locally reduces DMI, leading to magnetic chirality reversal with direct atomic resolution imaging. Furthermore, our experimental results show that manipulation of stacking sequence provides a viable way to control the chirality of topologically nontrivial soliton lattices in 2D magnets.

2D materials↗

Raman Shifts in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Magnets Reveal Magnetic Texture Evolution

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals magnets comprise rich physics that can be exploited for spintronic applications. We investigate the interplay between spin-phonon coupling and spin textures in a 2D van der Waals magnet by combining magneto-Raman spectroscopy with cryogenic Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. Here we find that when stable skyrmion bubbles are formed in the 2D magnet, a field-dependent Raman shift can be observed, and this shift is absent for the 2D magnet prepared in its ferromagnetic state. Correlating these observations with numerical simulations that take into account field-dependent magnetic textures and spin--phonon coupling in the 2D magnet, we associate the Raman shift to field-induced modulations of the skyrmion bubbles and derive the existence of inhomogeneity in the skyrmion textures over the film thickness.

2D van der Waals magnet↗

Phase Stability, Band Gap Tuning, and Rashba Splitting in Selenium-Alloyed Bournonite: CuPbSb(S 1– x Se x ) 3

Recently, bournonite (CuPbSbS 3 ) has been identified as a potential ferroelectric photovoltaic (PV) material with a 1.3 eV band gap, which falls in an appropriate range for single junction PV devices. Progress in applying bournonite has yielded several studies reporting successful thin-film processing, the most recent of which demonstrated a 2.65% power conversion efficiency for a bournonite-based PV device. In an effort to explore bournonite band gap engineering for PV and other prospective applications (e.g., thermoelectric, spintronic), we here consider the solid-state synthesis of selenium-alloyed bournonite, CuPbSb(S 1-x Se x ) 3 , across the full range of x (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0), and report phase purity for 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5. We characterize the crystal structure and band gap of the samples using X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, determining a band gap decrease for single-phase samples from 1.25 eV at x = 0.0 to 1.06 eV at x = 0.5. Formation energies determined using dispersion corrected hybrid density functional theory (DFT) support experimental findings and are consistent with the stability (instability) of the x = 0.5 (x = 1.0) structure relative to starting materials. The computed band structures show a decreasing trend in the band gap with increasing x, again consistent with experiment, with the states at the conduction (valence) band minima (maxima) being principally derived from Pb (S/Se) states. Spin texture analysis and detailed comparison of spin splitting parameters show that Se-alloying modifies the band gap while maintaining Rashba spin splitting character within the electronic structure. Rashba splitting is most pronounced for the conduction band minimum along the Γ-X path in the Brillouin zone. Energy separation between spin states is maintained at ΔE~0.2 eV for the various Se contents, with σz as the spin direction. Furthermore, a smaller spin splitting occurs along Γ-Z (decreasing value with increasing x), with σ x as the spin direction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Observation of spin-momentum locked surface states in amorphous Bi 2 Se 3

Crystalline symmetries have played a central role in the identification and understanding of quantum materials. Here we investigate whether an amorphous analogue of a well-known three-dimensional strong topological insulator has topological properties in the solid state. We show that amorphous Bi 2 Se 3 thin films host a number of two-dimensional surface conduction channels. Our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy data are consistent with a dispersive two-dimensional surface state that crosses the bulk gap. Spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy shows this state has an anti-symmetric spin texture, confirming the existence of spin-momentum locked surface states. We discuss these experimental results in light of theoretical photoemission spectra obtained with an amorphous topological insulator tight-binding model, contrasting it with alternative explanations. In conclusion, the discovery of spin-momentum locked surface states in amorphous materials opens a new avenue to characterize amorphous matter and triggers the search for an overlooked subset of quantum materials outside of current classification schemes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Giant topological Hall effect in centrosymmetric tetragonal Mn 2–x Zn x Sb

Topological magnetism typically appears in noncentrosymmetric compounds or compounds with geometric frustration. Here, we report the effective tuning of magnetism in centrosymmetric tetragonal Mn 2–x Zn x Sb by Zn substitution. The magnetism is found to be closely coupled to the transport properties, giving rise to a very large topological Hall effect with fine-tuning of Zn content, which even persists to high temperature (~250K). The further magnetoentropic analysis suggests that the topological Hall effect is possibly associated with topological magnetism. Furthermore, our finding suggests Mn 2–x Zn x S is a candidate material for a centrosymmetric tetragonal topological magnetic system, offering opportunities for studying and tuning spin textures and developing near room temperature spin-based devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Ultrasensitive Sub-monolayer Palladium Induced Chirality Switching and Topological Evolution of Skyrmions

Chiral spin textures are fundamentally interesting, with promise for device applications. Stabilizing chirality is conventionally achieved by introducing Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in asymmetric multilayers, where the thickness of each layer is at least a few monolayers. Here we report an ultrasensitive chirality switching in (Ni/Co) n multilayer induced by capping with only 0.22 monolayer of Pd. Using spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy, we monitor the gradual evolution of domain walls from left-handed to right-handed Néel walls and quantify the DMI induced by the Pd capping layer. We also observe the chiral evolution of a skyrmion during the DMI switching, where no significant topological protection is found as the skyrmion winding number varies. This corresponds to a minimum energy cost of <1 attojoule during the skyrmion chirality switching. Here, our results demonstrate the detailed chirality evolution within skyrmions during the DMI sign switching, which is relevant to practical applications of skyrmionic devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Chemically and electrically tunable spin polarization in ferroelectric Cd-based hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites

Density functional theory computations are used to predict the electronic structure of Cd-based hybrid organic-inorganic high-T C ferroelectric perovskites with TMCM-CdCl 3 being one representative. Here we report Rashba-Dresselhaus spin splitting in the valence band of these nonmagnetic compounds. Interestingly, we find in computations that the splitting is not necessarily sensitive to the polarization of the material but to the organic molecule itself which opens a way to its chemical tunability through the choice of the molecule. Further chemical tunability of spin splitting is shown to be possible through a substitution of Cl in the CdCl 3 chains as the valence band was found to originate from Cl-Cl weekly bonding orbitals. For example, the substitution of Cl with Br in TMCM-CdCl 3 resulted in a ten times increase of spin splitting. Furthermore, the spin polarization in these materials gives origin to persistent spin textures which are coupled to the polarization direction, and, therefore, can be controlled by the electric field. This is promising for spintronics applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Nanometric modulations of the magnetic structure of the element Nd

The rare earth neodymium arguably exhibits the most complex magnetic ordering and series of magnetic phase transitions of the elements. Here we report the results of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field to study magnetic correlations on nanometer length scales in Nd. We support these results with additional neutron diffraction, thermodynamic and synchrotron x-ray measurements. The SANS measurements reveal the presence of modulation vectors characterizing the ordered spin configuration which exhibit changes in magnitude and direction that are phase dependent. Between 5.9 and 7.6 K an additional modulation vector is observed with magnitude Q = 0.12 Å -1 . This scattering appears to originate from order of the Nd layers which contain a center of inversion. Tracking this modulation vector as a function of magnetic field indicates a phase boundary at ≈1 T. The modulation vectors observed in this study establish the presence of nanometer length scale spin textures which are likely stabilized by frustrated Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Advanced magnetic X-ray spectro-microscopies to characterize mesoscopic magnetic materials

Here, this article provides a brief overview of advanced magnetic X-ray spectro-microscopies that are widely used in characterizing mesoscopic magnetic materials. Common to those techniques are various X-ray magnetic dichroism effects that are used as magnetic contrast mechanism. A particular interest is to use those techniques to image the underlying microscopic spin structures in magnetic materials with high spatial resolution and to ultimately resolve their full 3D mesoscale characteristics with elemental sensitivity, as well as their ultrafast dynamics upon excitations with field and current pulses. Recent research examples using various magnetic X-ray spectro-microscopies are presented to showcase their specific features with a focus on imaging novel topological spin textures, such as vortices, skyrmions and Hopfions, which are considered as potential building blocks towards low power, high-speed and high-density magnetic devices that could transform information technologies and potentially be used in biomedical applications. Future developments with magnetic X-ray spectro-microscopies harness the full coherence of next generation X-ray sources and could open the path towards single shot imaging with spatial and temporal resolutions down to fundamental magnetic length and time scales.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnetization-driven Lifshitz transition and charge-spin coupling in the kagome metal YMn6Sn6

Abstract The Fermi surface (FS) is essential for understanding the properties of metals. It can change under both conventional symmetry-breaking phase transitions and Lifshitz transitions (LTs), where the FS, but not the crystal symmetry, changes abruptly. Magnetic phase transitions involving uniformly rotating spin textures are conventional in nature, requiring strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) to influence the FS topology and generate measurable properties. LTs driven by a continuously varying magnetization are rarely discussed. Here we present two such manifestations in the magnetotransport of the kagome magnet YMn 6 Sn 6 : one caused by changes in the magnetic structure and another by a magnetization-driven LT. The former yields a 10% magnetoresistance enhancement without a strong SOC, while the latter a 45% reduction in the resistivity. These phenomena offer a unique view into the interplay of magnetism and electronic topology, and for understanding the rare-earth counterparts, such as TbMn 6 Sn 6 , recently shown to harbor correlated topological physics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Observing magnetoanisotropic weak antilocalization in near-surface quantum wells

We investigate the effects of an in-plane magnetic field on the weak antilocalization signature of near-surface quantum wells lacking bulk and inversion symmetry. The measured magnetoconductivity, which is conductivity as a function of the out-of-plane magnetic field, exhibits a strong anisotropy with respect to the direction of the in-plane magnetic field. The twofold symmetry of the observed magnetoanisotropy originates from the competition between Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit couplings. The high sensitivity of the weak antilocalization to the spin texture produced by the combined Zeeman and spin-orbit fields results in very large anisotropy ratios, reaching 100%. Using a semiclassical universal model in quantitative agreement with the experimental data, we uniquely determine the values of the Dresselhaus and Rashba parameters as well as the effective in-plane g-factor of the electrons. Understanding these parameters provides prospects for different applications ranging from spintronics to topological quantum computing. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Farzaneh, S. M. (ORCID:0000000341450991)↗

Ultrafast perturbation of magnetic domains by optical pumping in a ferromagnetic multilayer

Ultrafast optical pumping of systems with spatially nonuniform magnetic textures is known to cause far-from-equilibrium spin transport effects, such as the broadening of domain-walls. Here, we study the dynamics of labyrinth domain networks in ferromagnetic CoFe/Ni multilayers subject to a femtosecond optical pump and find an ultrafast domain dilation by 6% within 1.6 ps. This surprising result is based on the unambiguous determination of a harmonically-related shift of ultrafast magnetic X-ray diffraction for the first- and third-order rings. Domain dilation is plausible from conservation of momentum arguments, whereby inelastic scattering from a hot, quasi-ballistic, radial current transfers momentum to the magnetic domains. Our results suggest a potentially rich variety of unexpected physical phenomena associated with far-from-equilibrium inelastic electron-magnon scattering processes in the presence of spin textures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Investigation of the monopole magneto-chemical potential in spin ices using capacitive torque magnetometry

The single-ion anisotropy and magnetic interactions in spin-ice systems give rise to unusual non-collinear spin textures, such as Pauling states and magnetic monopoles. The effective spin correlation strength (J eff ) determines the relative energies of the different spin-ice states. With this work, we display the capability of capacitive torque magnetometry in characterizing the magneto-chemical potential associated with monopole formation. We build a magnetic phase diagram of Ho 2 Ti 2 O 7 , and show that the magneto-chemical potential depends on the spin sublattice (α or β), i.e., the Pauling state, involved in the transition. Monte Carlo simulations using the dipolar-spin-ice Hamiltonian support our findings of a sublattice-dependent magneto-chemical potential, but the model underestimates the J eff for the β-sublattice. Additional simulations, including next-nearest neighbor interactions (J 2 ), show that long-range exchange terms in the Hamiltonian are needed to describe the measurements. This demonstrates that torque magnetometry provides a sensitive test for J eff and the spin-spin interactions that contribute to it.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗