Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Sn(CO)4”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Nd2SnS5 by Materials Project

Nd2SnS5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Nd3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine S2- atoms. There are a spread of Nd–S bond distances ranging from 2.81–3.45 Å. Sn4+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing SnS6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.58 Å) and four longer (2.61 Å) Sn–S bond lengths. There are three inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Nd3+ and two equivalent Sn4+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded to four equivalent Nd3+ and one Sn4+ atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing SNd4Sn square pyramids. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Nd3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Simultaneous Development of Antiferromagnetism and Local Symmetry Breaking in a Kagome Magnet (Co 0.45 Fe 0.55 )Sn

CoSn and FeSn, two kagome-lattice metals, have recently attracted significant attention as hosts of electronic flat bands and emergent physical properties. However, current understandings of their physical properties are limited to knowledge of the average crystal structure. Here, we report the Fe-doping induced coemergence of the antiferromagentic (AFM) order and local symmetry breaking in (Co 0.45 Fe 0.55 )Sn. Rietveld analysis on the neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction data indicates A-type antiferromagnetic order with the moment pointing perpendicular to the kagome layers, associated with the anomaly in the MSn(1) 2 Sn(2) 4 (M = Co/Fe) octahedral distortion and the lattice constant c. Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling of the synchrotron X-ray total scattering results captured the subtle local orthorhombic distortion involving off-axis displacements of Sn(2). Our results indicate that the stable hexagonal lattice above T N becomes unstable once the A-type AFM order is formed below T N . Here we argue that the local symmetry breaking has a magnetic origin, since the spatially varied M–Sn(2) bond lengths arise from out-of-plane magnetic exchange coupling J c via the exchange pathway M–Sn(2)–M. Our study provides comprehensive information on the crystal structure in both long-range scale and local scale, unveiling unique coupling between AFM order, octahedral distortion, and hidden local symmetry breaking.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Fabrication of superconducting Nb 3 Sn film by Co-sputtering

High-efficiency SRF cavities are the key technology to construct cost-effective CW SRF accelerators. Improvements in the efficiency of SRF cavities are realized by using novel materials, such as niobium-tin. Advances in niobium-tin coatings on the inner surface of SRF cavities showed the potential for this material to increase the operating temperature of the SRF cavity to above 4 K, leading to significant reduction of the capital and operating cost of SRF accelerators. Among the techniques used to apply the niobium-tin coating to the surface of the SRF cavity is sputtering. Old Dominion University, Jefferson Lab, and Fermilab are collaborating on developing an optimized niobium-tin coating of the inside surface of niobium SRF cavities using a recently-developed cylindrical sputtering system. This research will result in optimized sputtering coating techniques leading to high efficiency SRF structures.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy5Sn11 by Materials Project

Dy5Sn11 is Zirconium Disilicide-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Dy sites. In the first Dy site, Dy is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.18–3.44 Å. In the second Dy site, Dy is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.19–3.50 Å. In the third Dy site, Dy is bonded to twelve Sn atoms to form a mixture of face and corner-sharing DySn12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Dy–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.13–3.39 Å. There are six inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Dy and six Sn atoms. There are four shorter (3.13 Å) and two longer (3.41 Å) Sn–Sn bond lengths. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Dy and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.02 Å. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.13 Å. In the fourth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Dy and two equivalent Sn atoms. In the fifth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Dy and six Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.36 Å. In the sixth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Dy and eight Sn atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1993

High-resolution mid-infrared spectra of Co II, Ni I, and Fe II in SN 1987A

Ground-based infrared observations of SN 1987A on day 612 after the explosion have yielded resolved line profiles of Co II, Ni I, Fe II at 10.52, 11.31, and 17.94 micron, respectively. The spectra were taken at a resolving power of about 1000 with an array grating spectrometer on the 4 m telescope of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Based on the observed line intensities we have estimated the minimum mass of each ion: M(Co II) = (6.0 +/- 1.8) x 10 exp -5 solar mass; M(Ni I) = (1.1 +/- 0.1) x 10 exp -3 solar mass; and M(Fe II) = (8.0 +/- 1.5) x 10 exp -3 solar mass. From these we infer total masses for cobalt, nickel, and iron in the ejecta. The nickel and iron line profiles are markedly asymmetric. We interpret these as arising from two components, one centered on the stellar rest velocity with an approximately 3250 km/s full width, and the second at about +1200 km/s with an approximately 1100 km/s full width. The asymmetry may represent a large-scale fracturing of the ejecta by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities.

Jennings, D. E.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li4Co3Sn5O16 by Materials Project

Li4Co3Sn5O16 is Spinel-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with five CoO6 octahedra and corners with seven SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–67°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.15 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–2.20 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CoO6 octahedra, corners with five SnO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one SnO6 octahedra, and edges with two CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–63°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–1.98 Å. In the fourth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four CoO6 octahedra and corners with eight SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–67°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.13 Å. There are three inequivalent Co+2.67+ sites. In the first Co+2.67+ site, Co+2.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra, and edges with five SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–48°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.06 Å. In the second Co+2.67+ site, Co+2.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with three LiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with three SnO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–52°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.05 Å. In the third Co+2.67+ site, Co+2.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with three LiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with three SnO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 55°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.20 Å. There are five inequivalent Sn4+ sites. In the first Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, and edges with three SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–55°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.11 Å. In the second Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with four CoO6 octahedra, corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one CoO6 octahedra, and edges with two SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–56°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.26 Å. In the third Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, and edges with three SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–55°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.11 Å. In the fourth Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with three LiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one SnO6 octahedra, edges with four CoO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–56°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.16 Å. In the fifth Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, corners with four SnO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one SnO6 octahedra, and edges with two CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–55°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.17 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and three Sn4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OLiCoSn2 tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to one Li1+, two Co+2.67+, and one Sn4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiCoSn2 tetrahedra. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiCoSn2 tetrahedra. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Sn4+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, two Co+2.67+, and one Sn4+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, two Co+2.67+, and one Sn4+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, two Co+2.67+, and one Sn4+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, one Co+2.67+, and two Sn4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Unnamed Pt(Cu 0.67 Sn 0.33 ) from the Bolshoy Khailyk River, Western Sayans, Russia, and a Review of Related Compounds and Solid Solutions

We describe a potentially new species of a platinum cupride–stannide mineral (PCSM) of composition Pt(Cu 0.67 Sn 0.33 ). It occurs in a placer deposit in the River Bolshoy Khailyk, southern Krasnoyarskiy kray, Russia. A synthetic equivalent of PCSM was obtained and characterized. The PCSM occurs as anhedral or subhedral grains up to 15 μm × 30 μm in association with various platinum-group minerals, Rh–Co-rich pentlandite and magnetite, all hosted by a placer grain of Cu–Au–Pt alloy. Synchrotron micro-Laue diffraction studies indicate that the PCSM mineral is tetragonal and belongs to the inferred space-group P4/mmm (#123). Its unit-cell parameters are a = 2.838 (3) Å, c = 3.650 (4) Å, and V = 29.40 (10) Å 3 , and Z = 1. The c:a ratio calculated from the unit-cell parameters is 1.286. These characteristics are in good agreement with those obtained for specimens of synthetic Pt(Cu 0.67 Sn 0.33 ). A review on related minerals and unnamed phases is provided to outline compositional variations and extents of solid solutions in the relevant systems PtNi–PtFe–PtCu, PdCu–PdHg–PdAu, PdHg–PtHg, and AuCu–PtCu. The PCSM-bearing mineralization appears to be related genetically with an ophiolitic source-rock of the Aktovrakskiy complex of the western Sayans. The unnamed phase likely crystallized from microvolumes of a highly fractionated melt rich in Cu and Sn.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Supported-Single Nickel Atom Catalysts for the Methanation of Carbon Dioxide

Synthesis of twenty-seven bimetallic catalysts consisting of nickel and one of nine different dopants (B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sn, V, and Zn) supported on three different metal oxides (Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , and SiO 2 ) is carried out via organometallic grafting. The catalysts are evaluated for their activity and selectivity for the CO 2 methanation reaction at a feed ratio of H 2 /CO 2 of 4 at 300 °C in a high-throughput flow reactor system. After in situ pre-activation (500 °C in H 2 ), Ni/Co/CeO 2 exhibited high conversion (84.3%) and selectivity for methane (99.6%). Ni/Co/CeO 2 was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction, H 2 -temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR), and CO 2 -temperature-programmed desorption (CO 2 -TPD). HRTEM showed the presence of single Ni and Co atoms on ceria after pre-reduction at 500 °C and after the methanation reaction at 300 °C for 15 h. XPS determined that the strong interaction between Ni, Co, and ceria increased after the reduction, leading to a charge transfer between Ni and Ce that created oxygen vacancies in ceria. Nickel was found to be Ni 2+ in the as-prepared material and was partially reduced in the presence of cobalt and after the activation in H 2 at 500 °C. The DFT results show that both nickel and cerium exhibit lower Bader charges in the Ni/Co/CeO 2 system, confirming that the presence of cobalt enhances the reduction of both Ni and Ce through electronic interactions. This indicates that single cationic Ni atoms are highly effective for the methanation reaction. In conclusion, the organometallic grafting technique is found to be efficient for synthesizing catalysts with highly homogeneous dispersed species at low metal loadings (0.16 wt % Ni–0.15 wt % Co), which leads to high turnover frequency (up to 248.7 h –1 ) and durability for methanation.

CO2 conversion↗
DOE OSTI2020

Anion and cation co-doping of Na 4 SnS 4 as sodium superionic conductors

Na based all-solid-state batteries are one of the most promising candidates for large-scale electrochemical energy storage owing to their low cost and outstanding safety properties. The key enabler of this technology is solid electrolyte with sufficiently high ionic conductivity at room temperature. In this work, the design, synthesis, characterization and testing of a series of novel fast Na-ion conductors, Na 4-x-y Sn 1-x A x S 4-y X y with aliovalent cation (P 5+ /Sb 5+ ) and anion substitutions (Cl - /Br - ) of the parent compound Na 4 SnS 4 are reported. The doped samples crystalize in a new phase with space group I4 1 /acd and show ionic conductivities that are one to four orders of magnitude higher than that of undoped Na 4 SnS 4 . R. t. conductivity of 0.64 mS cm -1 is achieved in Na 3.7 Sn 0.8 Sb 0.2 S 3.9 Cl 0.1 with a low activation energy of 0.26 eV. Furthermore, Rietveld refinement against high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data reveals that the distribution of the doping ions and the resulted Na vacancies are underlying cause of the enhanced conductivity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiSn(PO3)4 by Materials Project

LiSn(PO3)4 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one LiSn(PO3)4 sheet oriented in the (0, -1, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–2.34 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–2.31 Å. There are two inequivalent Sn3+ sites. In the first Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–2.35 Å. In the second Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–2.32 Å. There are eight inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.41–1.56 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.22–2.13 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.07–2.16 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.12–2.30 Å. In the fifth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.13–2.30 Å. In the sixth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.07–2.49 Å. In the seventh P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.20–2.14 Å. In the eighth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.40–1.57 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sn3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Sn3+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Sn3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Sn3+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Sn3+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three P5+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Sn3+ and one P5+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Sn3+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sn3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cation Data for the East River Watershed, Colorado (2014-2025)

This data package contains mean values for cation concentration for water samples taken from the East River Watershed in Colorado. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been used to measure the concentrations of elements of interest simultaneously for the East River Watershed, Colorado groundwater and surface water samples to inform insights on the biogeochemistry processes within the watershed. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. For samples collected prior to 06-16-2021, the instrumentation, Elan DRC II, PerkinElmer SCIEX, automatically switches among the three models necessary to analyze all 37 elements. These 37 elements include: (1) Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Titanium (Ti), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Rubidium (Rb), Strontium (Sr), Zirconium (Zr), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Tin (Sn), Antimony (Sb), Caesium (Cs), Barium (Ba), Europium (Eu), Lead (Pb), Thorium (Th), Uranium (U) using standard model, argon Ar as reaction gas, (2) Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe) using dynamic reaction cell (DRC) model, ammonia NH3 as reaction gas, and (3) Phosphorus (P) and Selenium (Se) using DRC model, oxygen O2 as reaction gas. Note for the samples with higher concentrations of chloride (Cl-), asenic (As) concentrations were analysed with DRC model (oxygen O2 as reaction gas) to avoid the interference of chloride. For samples collected on and after 06-16-2021, an advanced Agilent 8900 triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system (Agilent 8900 QQQ ICP-MS, Agilent Technologies) has been used to measure the concentrations of interested 36 elements simultaneously for environmental samples, including (1) Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be) and Boron (B) using standard no gas mode, (2) Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al) Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Rubidium (Rb), Strontium (Sr), Zirconium (Zr), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Tin (Sn), Antimony (Sb), Cesium (Cs), Barium (Ba), Europium (Eu), Lead (Pb), Thorium (Th) and Uranium (U) using standard helium (He) collision mode, (3) Titanium (Ti) and Vanadium (V) using high Energy (HEHe) helium (He) collision mode, and (4) Silicon (Si), Calcium (Ca) and Selenium (Se) using standard H2 reaction mode. All samples were prepared/diluted with 2% (v/v) ultrapure nitric acid in Milli-Q water (18.2 mega ohm-cm), and analyzed under a rigorous quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) process. This data package contains (1) a zip file (cation_data_2014_2025.zip) containing a total of 5,849 files: 5.848 data files of cation data from across the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA) which is reported in .csv files per location and a locations.csv (1 file) with latitude and longitude for each location; (2) a file-level metadata (v6_20260901_flmd.csv) file that lists each file contained in the dataset with associated metadata; (3) a data dictionary (v6_20260901_dd.csv) file that contains terms/column_headers used throughout the files along with a definition, units, and data type; (4) PDF and docx files for the detemination of Method Detection Limits (MDLs) for ICP-MS PerkinElmer DRC II instrumentation (Detemination_of_Method_Detection_Limits__MDLs__for_ICP_MS__PerkinElmer_Elan_DRC_II__LBL_Bldg74_Lab214D) for samples before November 2021; (5) PDF and docx files for the determination of MDLs for ICP-MS Agilent 8900 QQQ instrumentation (ICP_MS_Analysis_detection_limits_and_QA_QC_WenmingDong_updated_2026-08-06) for samples November 2021 and onward. Missing values within the anion data files are noted as either "-9999" or "0.0" for not detectable (N.D.) data. There are a total of 113 locations containing cation data. Update on 2021-04-11: Added Detemination of Method Detection Limits (MDLs) for ICP-MS document, which can be accessed as a PDF or with Microsoft Word. Update on 2022-06-10: versioned updates to this dataset was made along with these changes: (1) updated cation data for all locations up to 2021-12-31, (2) removal of units from column headers in datafiles, (3) added row underneath headers to contain units of variables, (4) removed suffix and prefix on two variables (“aqberylliumion_asberyllium” and “aqlithiumion_aslithium”), (5) added -9999 for empty numerical cells, and (6) the addition of the file-level metadata (flmd.csv) and data dictionary (dd.csv) were added to comply with the File-Level Metadata Reporting Format. Update on 2022-09-09: Updates were made to reporting format specific files (file-level metadata and data dictionary) to correct swapped file names, add additional details on metadata descriptions on both files, add a header_row column to enable parsing, and add version number and date to file names (v2_20220909_flmd.csv and v2_20220909_dd.csv). Update on 2023-08-08: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available anion data was added, up until 2023-01-05. The file level metadata and data dictionary files were updated to reflect the additional data added. Update on 2024-03-11: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available anion data was added, up until 2023-10-16. Further, revisions to the data files were made to remove incorrect data points (from 1970 and 2001). The reporting format specific files were updated to reflect the additional data added. Updated versions of the PDF and docx files for determination of MDLs for ICP-MS data were added to this dataset for samples starting in November 2021. Update on 2025-05-15: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available cation data was added, up until the end of WY2024 (September 30, 2024). International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSNs), when registered, were added to the data files. The reporting format specific files were updated to reflect the additional data added. Update on 2026-09-01: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available cation data was added, up until the end of WY2025 (September 30, 2025). Updated versions, as of 2026-08-06, of the PDF and docx files for determination of MDLs for ICP-MS data were added to this dataset for samples starting in November 2021.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on U3Sn7 by Materials Project

U3Sn7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent U sites. In the first U site, U is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of U–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.20–3.40 Å. In the second U site, U is bonded to twelve Sn atoms to form a mixture of corner and face-sharing USn12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of U–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.24–3.34 Å. There are four inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four U atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent U and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.10 Å. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four U atoms. In the fourth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent U atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2016

ASASSN-15LH: A Superluminous Ultraviolet Rebrightening Observed by Swift and Hubble

We present and discuss ultraviolet and optical photometry from the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope, X-ray limits from the X-Ray Telescope on Swift, and imaging polarimetry and ultraviolet/optical spectroscopy with the Hubble Space Telescope, all from observations of ASASSN-15lh. It has been classified as a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN I), making it more luminous than any other supernova observed. ASASSN-15lh is not detected in the X-rays in individual or co-added observations. From the polarimetry we determine that the explosion was only mildly asymmetric. We find the flux of ASASSN-15lh to increase strongly into the ultraviolet, with an ultraviolet luminosity 100 times greater than the hydrogen-rich, ultraviolet-bright SLSN II SN2008es. We find that objects as bright as ASASSN-15lh are easily detectable beyond redshifts of ∼4 with the single-visit depths planned for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Deep near-infrared surveys could detect such objects past a redshift of ∼20, enabling a probe of the earliest star formation. A late rebrightening-most prominent at shorter wavelengths -is seen about two months after the peak brightness, which is itself as bright as an SLSN. The ultraviolet spectra during the rebrightening are dominated by the continuum without the broad absorption or emission lines seen in SLSNe or tidal disruption events (TDEs) and the early optical spectra of ASASSN-15lh. Our spectra show no strong hydrogen emission, showing only Lyα absorption near the redshift previously found by optical absorption lines of the presumed host. The properties of ASASSN-15lh are extreme when compared to either SLSNe or TDEs.

Brown, Peter J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho3Sn7 by Materials Project

Ho3Sn7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded to twelve Sn atoms to form a mixture of corner and face-sharing HoSn12 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (3.14 Å) and eight longer (3.40 Å) Ho–Sn bond lengths. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.19–3.47 Å. There are four inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Ho and eight Sn atoms. There are four shorter (3.38 Å) and four longer (3.42 Å) Sn–Sn bond lengths. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Ho and six Sn atoms. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.14 Å. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Ho and six Sn atoms. In the fourth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ho and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.03 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er3Sn7 by Materials Project

Er3Sn7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Er sites. In the first Er site, Er is bonded to twelve Sn atoms to form a mixture of corner and face-sharing ErSn12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Er–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.12–3.40 Å. In the second Er site, Er is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Er–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.17–3.44 Å. There are four inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Er and eight Sn atoms. There are four shorter (3.38 Å) and four longer (3.40 Å) Sn–Sn bond lengths. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Er and six Sn atoms. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.12 Å. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Er and six Sn atoms. In the fourth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Er and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.03 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg30CoSnO32 by Materials Project

Mg30CoSnO32 is alpha Po-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, corners with four MgO6 octahedra, and edges with twelve MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.12 Å) and two longer (2.15 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with four MgO6 octahedra, and edges with twelve MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.19 Å. In the third Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.14 Å. In the fourth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.12 Å) and two longer (2.17 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the fifth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one CoO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one SnO6 octahedra, and edges with ten MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–8°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.20 Å. In the sixth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.16 Å. In the seventh Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one CoO6 octahedra, and edges with eleven MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. There are two shorter (2.14 Å) and four longer (2.15 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the eighth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one SnO6 octahedra, and edges with eleven MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–7°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.19 Å. Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra, and edges with twelve MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are two shorter (2.03 Å) and four longer (2.18 Å) Co–O bond lengths. Sn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra, and edges with twelve MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are two shorter (2.29 Å) and four longer (2.32 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to five Mg2+ and one Co2+ atom to form OMg5Co octahedra that share corners with six OMg5Sn octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Co octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to five Mg2+ and one Sn2+ atom to form OMg5Sn octahedra that share corners with six OMg5Co octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Sn octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. Both O–Mg bond lengths are 2.16 Å. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to five Mg2+ and one Co2+ atom to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg5Co octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. There are a spread of O–Mg bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.15 Å. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to five Mg2+ and one Sn2+ atom to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg5Sn octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. There are two shorter (2.19 Å) and two longer (2.20 Å) O–Mg bond lengths. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with six OMg6 octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Sn octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent OMg6 octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Co octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four equivalent Mg2+, one Co2+, and one Sn2+ atom to form OMg4CoSn octahedra that share corners with six OMg4CoSn octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Co octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with six OMg4CoSn octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Co octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with six OMg4CoSn octahedra and edges with twelve OMg5Co octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. There are two shorter (2.12 Å) and two longer (2.15 Å) O–Mg bond lengths. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Mg2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K6Sn3As5 by Materials Project

K6Sn3As5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to five As3- atoms to form distorted KAs5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one SnAs4 tetrahedra, corners with four equivalent KAs5 trigonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one SnAs4 tetrahedra, and edges with three equivalent KAs5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of K–As bond distances ranging from 3.39–3.67 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five As3- atoms. There are a spread of K–As bond distances ranging from 3.53–3.77 Å. In the third K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five As3- atoms. There are a spread of K–As bond distances ranging from 3.34–3.73 Å. In the fourth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four As3- atoms. There are a spread of K–As bond distances ranging from 3.46–3.64 Å. In the fifth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent As3- atoms. All K–As bond lengths are 3.59 Å. There are three inequivalent Sn3+ sites. In the first Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three As3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.69 Å) and one longer (2.71 Å) Sn–As bond lengths. In the second Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three As3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.74 Å) and one longer (2.77 Å) Sn–As bond lengths. In the third Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four As3- atoms to form SnAs4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent KAs5 trigonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one SnAs4 tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent KAs5 trigonal bipyramids. There are two shorter (2.64 Å) and two longer (2.71 Å) Sn–As bond lengths. There are five inequivalent As3- sites. In the first As3- site, As3- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and two Sn3+ atoms. In the second As3- site, As3- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and two Sn3+ atoms. In the third As3- site, As3- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five K1+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the fourth As3- site, As3- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five K1+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the fifth As3- site, As3- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven K1+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Multi-Anvil Experimentation Applied to Planetary Differentiation

Planets undergo differentiation that includes segregation of metal from silicate at high temperatures and pressures ranging from deep planetary core pressures (>300 GPa for Earth)to very shallow conditions of asteroids (<100 MPa).The multi-anvil solid media apparatus accesses the middle part of this range from 3 to 30 GPa –pressure relevant to the interior of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Earth’s Moon, and Mars. Early planets are thought to have experienced high temperatures from a combination of heat sources including radioactive decay, gravitational and accretional heating, and impact processes. These heating events led to melting of mantles and cores, thus requiring an understanding of solid-liquid equilibria in metal-silicate systems. In 2006 we established a multi-anvil facility at NASA-JSC combining an 880 ton press and a Kawai/Walker type module from Rockland Research. Our high PT work has been greatly facilitated by use of the COMPRES multi-anvil assemblies (1). Our recent work has included studies of element partitioning between liquid metal and liquid silicate(e.g., 2), as well as between minerals and melts(e.g., 3), both of which have led to better constraints on the timing and conditions of planetary differentiation(e.g. 4). Several examples involving sustained efforts will be summarized below and for the presentation. The distribution of siderophile (iron-loving) elements between core and mantle is controlled by metal-silicate equilibrium across a wide range of pressures. Therefore, experimentation across this pressure range helps to calibrate elemental partitioning models that can be applied to planets, and used to predict mantle chemistry and composition during planetary differentiation. Our studies have focused on a wide range of siderophile elements (refractory Ni, Co, W, Mo; volatile P, Ga, Cu, Sn, Sb; highly siderophile Au, Pd) that have constrained partitioning, valence, and isotopic fractionation, and applied to Earth, Moon, and Mars. When molten mantles (magma oceans) cool enough to initiate crystallization, the solids precipitate at depth and in large planets this involves high pressure phases like garnet, majorite, akimotoite, and ringwoodite. As these solids precipitate they can segregate from liquid by density contrasts, thus causing elemental fractionation which can be used to decipher timing of differentiation. Mineral/melt and metal/silicate equilibria in our lab have helped to better understand high pressure fractionation of isotopic parent/daughter pairs Hf/W, Mn/Cr, Pd/Ag, Pt/Os, Re/Os, and U/Pb, and their application to Earth, Moon and Mars. There remains great potential for multi-anvil experimentation to shed light on many pressure–dependent aspects of planetary evolution such as core formation, high pressure phase equilibria, redox equilibria, and volatile evolution and storage. References1. Leinenweber, K., et al.(2012) American Mineralogist,97, 353–368. 2.Righter, K., et al.(2020) Geochem. Persp. Lett.15, 1-6.3. Righter, K., et al.(2020) Met. Planet. Sci 55, 2741-2757.4. Righter, K., et al.(2020)Earth and Planetary Science Letters,552, 116590.

pressure↗