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NASA NTRS2020

Accelerating Space Life Sciences: Successes and Challenges of Biospecimen and Data Sharing

NASA's current human space flight research is directed towards enabling human space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO). To that end, NASA Space Flight Payload Projects; Rodent Research, Cell Science, and Microbial Labs, flown on the International Space Station (ISS), benefit the global life sciences and commercial space communities. Verified data sets, science results, peer-reviewed publications, and returned biospecimens, collected and analyzed for flight and ground investigations, are all part of the knowledge base collected by NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate's Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications (SLPSRA) Division, specifically the Human Research and Space Biology Programs. These data and biospecimens are made available through the public Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) website to promote basic discovery, pre-clinical and clinical science.The NASA Institutional Scientific Collection (ISC), stores flight and ground biospecimens from Space Shuttle and ISS programs. These specimens are curated and managed by the Ames Life Sciences Data Archive (ALSDA), an internal node of NASA's LSDA. The ISC stores over 30,000 specimens from experiments dating from 1984 to present. Currently available specimens include tissues from the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory, integumentary, muscular, neurosensory, reproductive, respiratory and skeletal systems.NASA's biospecimen collection represents a unique and limited resource of unique spaceflight payload and ground control research subjects. These specimens are harvested according to well established SOPs that maintain their quality and integrity. Once the primary scientific objectives have been met, the remaining specimens are made available to provide secondary opportunities for complementary studies or new investigations to broaden research without large expenditures of time or resources. Website: https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/

Scott, Ryan T.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Progress in Red vs. Green Propellant Operations: ASCENT Load Operations Lessons Learned

The Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) [1] is a NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) effort to establish via demonstration ASCENT propellant (Advanced Space Craft Energetic Non-Toxic propellant, formerly referred to as AF-M315E) ground operations through on –orbit performance. ASCENT was developed by Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) as an increased energy density, reduced toxicity and reduced hazard monopropellant formulation relative to hydrazine. The GPIM team was led by Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation (BATC) as Program Management and Principal Investigator with AFRL, Aerojet-Rocketdyne (AR), the United States Space Force Space and Missile Systems Center (USSF/SMC), NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) as Co-Investigators. The AFRL co-investigator role in the GPIM program was to develop the Propellant Ground Support Equipment (PGSE), associated Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Check Lists (CL), propellant load, propellant specification standard conventions and analysis methods, decontamination and waste disposal practices. This paper will discuss lessons learned in documentation, crew composition and readiness, equipment readiness, propellant readiness and potential improvements in the PGSE design.

Anthony P Zuttarelli↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Institutional Scientific Collection and Biospecimen Sharing Program at Ames Research Center

For decades, NASA and their international partners have flown and conducted non-human biological experiments in space to understand the effects of spaceflight and address potential biological hazards. It is imperative to understand the basic science and health risks associated with spaceflight, along with developing countermeasures, as humanity ventures back to the Moon, and then to Mars and beyond. Sending organisms into space is a costly endeavor which makes space-flown biological specimens a valuable resource. To enable maximum scientific return, samples not required by the Principal Investigators are harvested, preserved and archived in NASA’s Institutional Scientific Collection (ISC) at Ames Research Center (ARC). These specimens are collected according to well-established SOPs that maintain their quality and integrity. To enable new discoveries, the samples are then made available to the international scientific community through NASA’s Biospecimen Sharing Program (BSP). The NASA ISC currently stores over 32,000 specimens from Shuttle, International Space Station and ground-based investigations. Tissues are predominantly from mice and rats, though samples are also available from bacteria and quail. The specimens include tissues from all biological systems including musculoskeletal, neurosensory, reproductive, respiratory, circulatory, and digestive and are stored at -80°C, -20°C, +4°C, or ambient. Descriptive metadata is available for all samples. Historically, these tissues have been used for a wide range of analyses, including histology, genomics, and transcriptomics. Also available through the ISC are tissue from NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory. To study the effects of space radiation, researchers irradiate biological specimens and unused samples are made available through the LSDA. These biospecimens and data are made available through the public Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) website to promote basic discovery, pre-clinical and clinical science. Visit the NASA ISC-BSP website for more information. Websites: https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/ ; https://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/isc-bsp

Space Flown Biospecimens↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Institutional Scientific Collection and Biospecimen Sharing Program at Ames Research Center

For decades, NASA and their international partners have flown and conducted non-human biological experiments in space to understand the effects of spaceflight and address potential biological hazards. It is imperative to understand the basic science and health risks associated with spaceflight, along with developing countermeasures, as humanity ventures back to the Moon, and then to Mars and beyond. Sending organisms into space is a costly endeavor which makes space-flown biological specimens a valuable resource. To enable maximum scientific return, samples not required by the Principal Investigators are harvested, preserved and archived in NASA’s Institutional Scientific Collection (ISC) at Ames Research Center (ARC). These specimens are collected according to well-established SOPs that maintain their quality and integrity. To enable new discoveries, the samples are then made available to the international scientific community through NASA’s Biospecimen Sharing Program (BSP). The NASA ISC currently stores over 32,000 specimens from Shuttle, International Space Station and ground-based investigations. Tissues are predominantly from mice and rats, though samples are also available from bacteria and quail. The specimens include tissues from all biological systems including musculoskeletal, neurosensory, reproductive, respiratory, circulatory, and digestive and are stored at -80°C, -20°C, +4°C, or ambient. Descriptive metadata is available for all samples. Historically, these tissues have been used for a wide range of analyses, including histology, genomics, and transcriptomics. Also available through the ISC are tissue from NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory. To study the effects of space radiation, researchers irradiate biological specimens and unused samples are made available through the LSDA. These biospecimens and data are made available through the public Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) website to promote basic discovery, pre-clinical and clinical science. Visit the NASA ISC-BSP website for more information.

Space Flown Biospecimens↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spaceflight Biospecimen Sharing in Support of Science Discovery and Exploration

For decades, NASA and international partners have flown non-human biological experiments in space to understand the effects of spaceflight and address potential biological hazards. Sending organisms into space is a costly endeavor which makes space-flown biological specimens a valuable resource. To enable maximum scientific return, samples not required by the Principal Investigators are harvested and collected mostly by NASA’s Space Biology Biospecimen Sharing Program. These specimens are collected according to well-established SOPs that maintain quality and integrity. The specimens are then preserved, archived, and made available to the international scientific community through NASA’s Institutional Scientific Collection (ISC) at Ames Research Center (ARC). The ISC-ARC biospecimens and descriptive metadata are findable and accessible for request through the Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA). The NASA ISC-ARC currently stores over 32,000 specimens from Shuttle, International Space Station, and ground-based investigations (spaceflight analog experiments involving either hindlimb unloading, centrifugation, or partial weight-bearing study designs). Tissues are predominantly from mice and rats, though samples are also available from bacteria and quail. The specimens include tissues from many physiological systems including musculoskeletal, neurosensory, reproductive, respiratory, circulatory, and digestive. Tissues are stored at -80°C, -20°C, +4°C, or ambient and preserved in various fixatives. Descriptive metadata is available for all samples. Historically, these tissues have been used for a wide range of analyses, including histology, genomics, and transcriptomics. Plans are underway to expand the ISC-ARC beyond the mostly-rodent contents, to include a space-relevant microbial culture collection including bacteria, fungi, and yeast. This expansion of the ISC-ARC will now involve identifying and standardizing best practices for microbial curations. To ensure safe long-term storage of microbial isolates, a microbiology laboratory will be dedicated for identification, cell culture, and lyophilization. Awarding of tissue to public science investigators has resulted in 33 publications since 2011, with 48 requests being submitted since 2016. Of note, NASA GeneLab has been awarded ISC-ARC biospecimens in the past few years. GeneLab processes the biospecimens to generate various levels of ‘omics’ data, which are published on GeneLab’s open access online platform for bioinformatics analysis and visualization. This has helped a systems biology community grow around the processed-biospecimens’ datasets, resulting in many new publications and insights. Websites: https://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/isc-bsp ; https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/Biospecimen

Ryan T. Scott↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Brief Introduction to AI/ML Applications of Air Traffic Management Data at NASA Ames

This presentation will give a brief overview of several AI/ML This presentation will give a brief overview of several AI/ML projects that NASA Ames interns are exploring in partnership with NASA Aeronautic Research Institute (NARI) and the FAA. NASA is interested in Natural Language Processing (NLP) of various legacy text and speech data within air traffic management e.g., Notices To Airmen (NOTAMs), Letters of Agreement (LoAs), Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and Air Traffic Control Center audio briefings. Since our focus is on applying state of the art AI/ML tools to legacy air traffic management data, we first showcase the different data sources of interest followed by a brief introduction to the techniques and language models used. We present some exciting preliminary results on each topic including both unsupervised learning techniques (e.g., clustering) and other modern language models (e.g., BERT) that help extract useful information from these data sources that are interpretable by both man and machine.

Air Traffic Management↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Death of Airmanship: The Urgent Need to Understand Pilot Skills and Knowledge

Aviation awards a special name—airmanship—for the quality of being highly competent in foundational piloting skills, which seem to comprise primarily judgment, decision making, stick-and-rudder skills, and a bit of intuition. The term, which has a mystical quality, has historically resisted analysis; airmanship is acquired solely through experience. The graying of the Boomers and the extreme turbulence of the last few years in commercial aviation have led to a significant loss of those pilots who started out in simpler, round-dial airplanes and made a tortured transition to glass. Those pilots were comfortable disengaging the autopilot at any time, and more importantly, they continued to stay mentally engaged with flight and systems management even as automation continued to encroach on traditional pilot roles. As an industry, we need to prepare for the loss of these pilots by understanding the elements of airmanship and finding a way to replace the competency. The goal is to eliminate “airmanship” by understanding it...by demystifying it. Human factors/cognitive engineering offers tools and methods to develop a system interface that supports skilled performance from the human/technology team. In this presentation, I will talk about my efforts to understand the elements of skilled performance so that they can be trained, or supported by the interface in a seamless manner Specific topics will include the limits of SOP, monitoring for flight path management, alerting non-normals, and autoflight/mode confusion.

pilot skills↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Space Suit Portable Life Support System Oxygen Regulator History, Development, & Testing Results

An oxygen regulator has been in development for the space suit Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The regulator provides the necessary oxygen pressure for the crew member during pre-breathe, extra-vehicular activity (EVA), post EVA airlock operations, and decompression sickness treatment. The last time a spacesuit oxygen regulator was designed was for the Space Shuttle Program EMU. The regulator & EMU were then used on the International Space Station (ISS) with no significant changes to the regulator throughout its life. This xEMU PLSS spacesuit oxygen regulator implements many elements of the previous EMU Secondary Oxygen Pack (SOP) design while integrating numerous new improvements and changes. There are changes both to the high-level regulator architecture approach in the suit itself, in addition to modernizations with electrical motor control & sensing. For architecture, there are two oxygen regulators for each space suit, a primary and secondary that are nearly identical to each other and have the same maximum design pressure of 3750 Pounds per Square Inch Absolute (PSIA). The primary regulator provides nominal pressure during EVA, while the secondary provides a backup pressure only in case of primary regulator failure or if an emergency purge of the suit oxygen is required. The design was based originally off of the secondary oxygen regulator on the EMU which utilizes a two-stage regulator to improve safety and controllability. The xEMU PLSS Oxygen Regulator development started with a modification to add a linear actuator to the design to control the downstream pressure electronically instead of a manual control with a wire linkage system used with the EMU. The design was iterated to include a Monel body for oxygen fire safety, and sensors for pressure verification at each stage. Then the regulator design was packaged to fit into the xEMU PLSS envelope. Development included extensive testing which brought to light some issues with the design which were addressed at each stage of development. This paper will review the design history, development, testing results, and lessons learned designing the xEMU PLSS Oxygen Regulator.

Ryan Ogilvie↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Survey Development and Initial Data: Flight Context and Pilot Techniques in Everyday Flights

The aviation industry is recognizing that flight crews routinely contribute to system safety in ways that go beyond adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs). Our research goals were to explore a) whether a survey could shed light on pilots' contributions to adaptation and resilience in everyday flights and b) relevant assessment methods. The survey focused on challenges faced by pilots in normal operations, and on the ways that pilots anticipate and monitor those challenges. We collected responses concerning revenue flights from two pilot groups; one group also provided responses concerning a simulated scenario. The results indicated that relatively few flights proceeded exactly as in the original flight plan. Pilots routinely anticipated and adapted to changing circumstances. We discuss some design and assessment challenges encountered for a survey on this topic, we provide 5 approaches to assessment, and we present example findings as illustrations. We hope assessment methods such as these will lead to useful surveys of resilience in flight.

pilot behavior↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Space Suit Portable Life Support System Oxygen Regulator History, Development, & Testing Results

An oxygen regulator has been in development for the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The regulator provides the necessary oxygen pressure control for the crew member during prebreathe, Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA), post EVA airlock operations, and Decompression Sickness (DCS) treatment. It has been over four decades since a new spacesuit oxygen regulator has been designed. The regulator and EMU that is presently used on the International Space Station (ISS) was developed for the space shuttle program without any significant changes made throughout its service life. The xEMU spacesuit oxygen regulator is based on the previous EMU Secondary Oxygen Pack (SOP). The new design integrates numerous improvements and changes including an innovative approach to regulator architecture, a more robust first stage pressure sensing mechanism, digital actuation control, and electronic pressure sensing. These upgrades replace manual control linkages, physical gauges, and enable infinitely variable pressure set points. The new setpoints can decrease prebreathe time and make in suit DCS treatment possible. Throughout its four iterations design concerns have been addressed, safety features have been added, and the envelope of the regulator designed to fit inside the xEMU PLSS package. This paper will review the history, design, testing, and lessons learned during the development of the xEMU PLSS Oxygen Regulator.

Ryan Eric Ogilvie↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Space Suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) Oxygen Regulator History, Development, & Testing Results

An oxygen regulator has been in development for the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The regulator provides the necessary oxygen pressure control for the crew member during prebreathe, Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA), post EVA airlock operations, and Decompression Sickness (DCS) treatment. It has been over four decades since a new spacesuit oxygen regulator has been designed. The regulator and EMU that is presently used on the International Space Station (ISS) was developed for the space shuttle program without any significant changes made throughout its service life. The xEMU spacesuit oxygen regulator is based on the previous EMU Secondary Oxygen Pack (SOP). The new design integrates numerous improvements and changes including an innovative approach to regulator architecture, a more robust first stage pressure sensing mechanism, digital actuation control, and electronic pressure sensing. These upgrades replace manual control linkages, physical gauges, and enable infinitely variable pressure set points. The new setpoints can decrease prebreathe time and make in suit DCS treatment possible. Throughout its four iterations design concerns have been addressed, safety features have been added, and the envelope of the regulator designed to fit inside the xEMU PLSS package. This paper will review the history, design, testing, and lessons learned during the development of the xEMU PLSS Oxygen Regulator.

Ryan Ogilvie↗
NASA NTRS2006

The Cassini-Huygens Sequence Development Process

Each phase of the sequence development process had to overcome many operational challenges due to the immense complexity of the spacecraft, tour design, pointing capabilities, flight rules and software development. This paper will address the specific challenges related to each of those complexities and the methods used to overcome them during operation.

science planning↗
NASA NTRS2013

Broad Frequency LTCC Vertical Interconnect Transition for Multichip Modules and System on Package Applications

Various stripline structures and flip chip interconnect designs for high-speed digital communication systems implemented in low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrates are studied in this paper. Specifically, two different transition designs from edge launch 2.4 millimeter connectors to stripline transmission lines embedded in LTCC are discussed. After characterizing the DuPont (sup trademark) 9K7 green tape, different designs are proposed to improve signal integrity for high-speed digital data. The full-wave simulations and experimental data validate the presented designs over a broad frequency band from Direct Current to 50 gigahertz and beyond.

Full-tape-thickness feature; LTCC 9K7 interconnect↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Gap Analysis of UAS Manuals and Hazards

Emerging aviation includes the use of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in novel operations. The manufacture and operation of these small UAS are not as regulated as today’s commercial operation, and their widespread use introduces new risks and hazards to the general public. Today, there are case-by-case approvals for sUAS operations, particularly for emergency response operations in which the potential benefits to use of sUAS is perceived to outweigh potential risks. We analyze operational approvals, procedures, and concepts of operation to identify and categorize the risks and hazards that applicants and approvers are already considering, and also identify barriers and mitigations that the operators have already put in place. This analysis may help lead to routine checklists that standardize safety analysis and lead to more routine operations.

grounded theory↗