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At least 109 records · Page 6

Computer study of emergency shutdowns of a 60-kilowatt reactor Brayton space power system

A digital computer study of emergency shutdowns of a 60-kWe reactor Brayton power system was conducted. Malfunctions considered were (1) loss of reactor coolant flow, (2) loss of Brayton system gas flow, (3)turbine overspeed, and (4) a reactivity insertion error. Loss of reactor coolant flow was the most serious malfunction for the reactor. Methods for moderating the reactor transients due to this malfunction are considered.

Tew, R. C.↗

Transient shutdown analysis of low-temperature thermal diodes

The various thermal diodes available for use in cryogenic systems are described. Two diode types, liquid-trap and liquid-blockage diodes, were considered to be the most attractive, and thermal models were constructed to predict their behavior in the reverse mode. The diodes, which are of similar size and throughput, were also examined experimentally in a parallel test setup under nominally identical conditions. Their characteristics were ascertained in terms of forward-mode and reverse-mode conductances, shutdown times and energies, and recovery to forward-mode operation with ethane as the working fluid in the temperature range 170 K to 220 K. Results show that the liquid-blockage diode is the quicker of the two diodes to shut down from the forward mode (8 min as opposed to 10 min). However, the liquid-blockage diode has a larger reverse-mode conductance which results in a greater overall evaporator temperature rise. The importance of the relative size and heat inputs to the condenser/reservoir configuration of the liquid-blockage diode and the evaporator trap configuration for the liquid-trap diode are demonstrated. Also included are data which show the susceptibility of the diodes to recovery to forward-mode operation. Guidelines for the choice of a particular diode for an actual application are given.

Williams, R. J.↗

An investigation of space shuttle main engine shutdown chugging instability

The Space Shuttle Main Engines experience a low frequency pressure pulsation in both the fuel and oxidizer preburners during shutdown. The pressure pulsations (chugging) occur during the helium purge of oxidizer from the preburner manifolds. Possible causes and triggering mechanisms are considered as details of the chugging process are presented and discussed. A simple chugging model capable of predicting pressure excursion amplitudes and frequencies is proposed and preliminary results presented.

George, P. E., II↗

Hydraulic Shutdown Monitor

Adding switch allows inappropriate control actions to be overridden. Four-pole, double-throw switch added to front panel of controller to disable tracking-error and endpoint-error circuitry yet still retain overload-detection capability. Previously, it was necessary to use adjustable-voltage-level detection equipment connected with cables to hydraulic "dump" or shutdown circuitry in controller.

Fleming, S. T.↗

Investigation and modeling of space shuttle main engine shutdown transient chugging

The space shuttle main engines experience a low frequency pressure pulsation in both the fuel and oxidizer preburners during the shutdown transient. This pressure pulsation, called chugging, has been linked to undesirable bearing loads and possible damage to the spark ignitor supply piping for the fuel preburner. The problem is briefly described and a model is proposed that includes: (1) a transient stirred tank reactor model for the combustion chamber, (2) a resistance capacitance model for the supply piping and (3) purge gas/liquid oxygen interface tracking.

George, P. E., II↗

Understanding and Resolution of the Block 2 SSME, STS-104 Engine Shutdown Pressure Surge In-flight Anomaly

STS-104, launched July 2001, marked the first flight of a single Block 2 Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). This new configuration of the SSME is the culmination of well over a decade of gradual engine system upgrades. The launch and mission were a success. However, in the process of post-launch data analysis a Main Propulsion System (MPS) anomaly was noted and tied directly to the shutdown of the Block 2 SSME. An investigation into this anomaly was organized across NASA facilities and across the various hardware component contractors. This paper is a very brief summary of the eventual understanding of the root causes of the anomaly and the process whereby an appropriate mitigation action was proposed. An analytical model of the High Pressure Fuel Pump (HPFP) and the low pressure fuel system of the SSME is presented to facilitate the presentation of this summary. The proposed mitigation action is discussed and, with the launch of STS-108 in November 2001, successfully demonstrated under flight conditions.

Greene, William D.↗

Investigation into the High Voltage Shutdown of the Oxygen Generator System in the International Space Station

The Oxygen Generation System (OGS) Hydrogen Dome Assembly Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU) serial number 00001 suffered a cell stack high-voltage shutdown on July 5, 2010. The Hydrogen Dome Assembly ORU was removed and replaced with the on-board spare ORU serial number 00002 to maintain OGS operation. The Hydrogen Dome Assembly ORU was returned from ISS on STS-133/ULF-5 in March 2011 with test, teardown and evaluation (TT&E) and failure analysis to follow.

Carpenter, Joyce E.↗

Impact of COVID-Global Shutdown on Earth's Radiation Budget

Climate is fueled by how much of the sun’s energy is absorbed by Earth. Changes in aerosol emissions have a direct impact how much solar energy is absorbed under clear-sky conditions, which occurs roughly one-third of the time globally. Aerosol emission changes can also indirectly influence clouds and further alter solar energy absorption. In this presentation, we examine the impact of the COVID-19 global shutdown on Earth’s radiation budget at global and regional scales and compare it with other changes that have had an influence on Earth's radiation budget during the past 20 years—including policy-related emission controls, wildfire events and changes in sea-ice extent in polar regions. We use a novel analysis technique together with data from NASA instruments on the Terra, Aqua and Aura satellites and reanalysis data from MERRA-2. We also compare results with state-of-the-art general circulation models that have been nudged to reanalysis data (winds, air temperature and surface 25 pressure) at all levels. Our preliminary results show that the largest COVID-19 impact occurs regionally over the East Asian Marginal Seas, just off the coast of China. We find a 30% reduction in aerosol optical depth according to the MODIS instrument, and an 8% reduction in reflected solar radiation according to the CERES radiation budget instrument. The climate model simulations show remarkable consistency with the observations and furthermore show no evidence of an indirect effect on cloud properties.

Norman G. Loeb↗

Rapid shutdown experiments with one and two gas jets on Alcator C-Mod

Massive gas injection rapid shutdown experiments have been conducted on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak using two toroidally separated gas injectors, in order to investigate the effect of multiple gas injection locations on the toroidal asymmetry in the radiated power. Toroidal radiation asymmetry is diagnosed by an array of six single-channel photodiodes mounted on the vessel wall. The presence of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity is diagnosed using an array of magnetic pickup (Mirnov) coils, mounted on stalks on the vessel wall. Scans were conducted of the relative timing between the two jets, of the 95th percentile safety factor, and of the plasma elongation. It is observed that firing the two gas jets so that the injected impurities arrive at the plasma at nearly the same time produced an increase in the toroidal radiation asymmetry. In addition, the radiation asymmetry in the thermal quench phase correlates with the growth rate of low toroidal mode number MHD modes, indicating that these mode(s) are playing a role in setting the radiation asymmetry.

OlynykPlasma Scien, G.↗

A dynamic process model of a natural gas combined cycle -- Model development with startup and shutdown simulations

Research in dynamic process simulation for integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) with carbon capture has been ongoing at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), culminating in a full operator training simulator (OTS) and immersive training simulator (ITS) for use in both operator training and research. A derivative work of the IGCC dynamic simulator has been a modification of the combined cycle section to more closely represent a typical natural gas fired combined cycle (NGCC). This paper describes the NGCC dynamic process model and highlights some of the simulator’s current capabilities through a particular startup and shutdown scenario.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

Design and Scaling of the Natural Convection Shutdown Heat Removal Test Facility

The Natural convection Shutdown heat removal Test Facility (NSTF) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) reflects a 1/2 scale model of one conceptual design for passive safety in advanced reactors. The project was initiated in 2010 primarily to conduct ex-vessel, passive decay heat removal experiments in support of the Advanced Reactor Concepts (ARC), Small Modular Reactor (SMR), and Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) programs while also generating data for code validation purposes. The facility successfully demonstrated scoping objectives in late 2013, and is expected to begin testing by early 2014. The following paper summarizes some of the key design and scaling considerations used in construction of the experimental facility, along with an overview of the current instrumentation and data acquisition methods. Details of the distributed fiber optic temperature system will be presented, which introduces a level of data density suitable for CFD validation and is a first-of-its-kind for largescale thermal hydraulics facilities.

Lisowski, Darius D.↗

Comparisons of RELAP5-3D Analyses to Experimental Data from the Natural Convection Shutdown Heat Removal Test Facility

The Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS) is an important passive safety system being incorporated into the overall safety strategy for high temperature advanced reactor concepts such as the High Temperature Gas- Cooled Reactors (HTGR). The Natural Convection Shutdown Heat Removal Test Facility (NSTF) at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) reflects a 1/2-scale model of the primary features of one conceptual air-cooled RCCS design. The project conducts ex-vessel, passive heat removal experiments in support of Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy’s Advanced Reactor Technology (ART) program, while also generating data for code validation purposes. While experiments are being conducted at the NSTF to evaluate the feasibility of the passive RCCS, parallel modeling and simulation efforts are ongoing to support the design, fabrication, and operation of these natural convection systems. Both system-level and high fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed to gain a complete understanding of the complex flow and heat transfer phenomena in natural convection systems. This paper provides a summary of the RELAP5-3D NSTF model development efforts and provides comparisons between simulation results and experimental data from the NSTF. Overall, the simulation results compared favorably to the experimental data, however, further analyses need to be conducted to investigate any identified differences.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Method for generating a gas which may be used for startup and shutdown of a fuel cell

The present invention provides a method for generating a gas that may be used for startup and shutdown of a fuel cell. In a non-limiting embodiment, the method may include generating a nitrogen-rich stream; merging the nitrogen-rich stream with a hydrocarbon fuel stream into a feed mixture stream; and catalytically converting the feed mixture into a reducing gas.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Method for generating a gas which may be used for startup and shutdown of a fuel cell

The present invention provides a method for generating a gas that may be used for startup and shutdown of a fuel cell. In a non-limiting embodiment, the method may include generating a nitrogen-rich stream; merging the nitrogen-rich stream with a hydrocarbon fuel stream into a feed mixture stream; and catalytically converting the feed mixture into a reducing gas.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Apparatus for generating a gas which may be used for startup and shutdown of a fuel cell

The present invention provides a gas generator that may be used for startup and shutdown of a fuel cell. In one non-limiting embodiment, the gas generator may include a nitrogen generator structured to receive air, extract oxygen (O2) from the air and discharge the balance in the form of a nitrogen-rich gas; a merging chamber structured to receive a hydrocarbon fuel and the nitrogen-rich gas and to discharge a feed mixture containing both the hydrocarbon fuel and the nitrogen-rich gas; and a catalytic reactor structured to receive the feed mixture and to catalytically convert the feed mixture into a reducing gas.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

Probabilistic Forecasting of Generators Startups and Shutdowns in the MISO System Based on Random Forest

Solving security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problems to plan an economical generation schedule for day-head electricity market has been an important research topic in recent years. Mixed integer programming method (MIP), the-state-of-art approach for solving SCUC problem, is known computationally hard when the number of binary status variables is large. In this paper, a machine learning-based algorithm - random forest (RF), was applied to forecast the startups (SU) and shutdowns (SD) hours of generators, based on historical hourly system condition observations in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) system. The main purpose is to reduce the number of binary status variables, by fixing the SU/SD hours to a narrow range of high confidence. This would significantly reduce the size of the decision space, and therefore speed up SCUC solutions with reduced uncertainty.

Lin, Xinming↗