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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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102 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Foliar element determination from field survey in association with the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform survey, East River, Colorado 2018

The purpose of this dataset is to support research aimed at understanding the coupling between hydrologic and biogeochemical processes at watershed scale, particularly the relationship between aboveground vegetation characteristics and subsurface soil properties. These data are intended to inform and calibrate models of catchment-scale biogeochemical fluxes, including rock-derived nutrient cycling, and they were procured to address the following questions: (1) What is the distribution of vegetation characteristics across the study catchments? (2) Are foliar concentrations of rock-derived nutrients related to underlying lithology and soil availability, or are these signals masked by biotic nutrient cycling and retention processes?This data package contains foliar elemental data collected during the 2018 National Ecological Observatory Networks (NEON) Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) imaging spectroscopy and lidar surveys in Gunnison County, Colorado. Folair samples were collected across the East River, Washington Gulch, Slate River, and Coal Creek watersheds and contain a mixture of vegetation including meadow, shrub, and tree foliar samples. The samples were processed using aqua regia digestion and analyzed for elemental determination on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).The data package includes: (1) raw foliar elemental data files in CSV and PDF formats, (2) quality control certificates in PDF format, and (3) an aggregated CSV file containing all elemental measurements compiled across samples. No specialized software is required to access or use these files.

2018 National Ecological Observatory Network Campa↗
NASA NTRS2000

Getting Involved with the Discovery Program

NASA's Discovery Program represents the implementation of NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin's vision of 'faster, better, cheaper' planetary missions; encompasses a series of low-cost solar system exploration missions intended to accomplish high quality, focused planetary science investigations using innovative, streamlined, and efficient approaches to assure the highest science value for the cost; and aims to enhance our understanding of the solar system by exploring the planets, their moons and other small bodies, either by traveling to them or remotely from the vicinity of Earth. The objectives of this program include the following: (1) Provide exciting and important scientific data to the global community; (2) Pursue new and innovative ways of doing business; (3) Encourage technological development by designing and testing new technologies and transferring them to the private sector; (4) Increase public awareness of, and appreciation for, solar system exploration through exciting education and public outreach activities; (5) Support national education initiatives through mission-specific programs; and (6) Ensure participation of small disadvantaged businesses, women-owned businesses, HBCUs, and other minority educational institutions in procurements.

Asplund, Shari↗
DOE OSTI2022

Improving Coal-Fired Plant Performance Through Integrated Predictive and Condition-Based Monitoring Tools

The project demonstrated the ability to improve boiler performance and reliability through the integrated use of condition-based monitoring (CBM) and predictions of the impacts of coal quality on boiler operations at a full-scale coal-fired power plant. The advanced tool developed actively monitors and manages coal quality and overall boiler conditions that maximizes availability and maintains generating capacity while reducing cost. The tool is used to forecast and alert plant operators and engineers about poor boiler conditions which may occur as a result of incoming coal and/or current power plant operating conditions. The Combustion System Performance Indices (CSPI) and CoalTracker (CT) programs predicts fireside performance of the plant including slagging, fouling, erosion, slag flow, strength development (sintering/densification), and slag layer thickness based on the composition of delivered coal. CT program is tailored for each plant and is used to track the coal from the point of delivery to the burner. The most successful application of the CSPI-CT has been at plants where the coal composition is determined through the use of a full stream elemental analyzers based on prompt gamma neutron analysis (PGNAA). The CSPI-CT program information is used by coal procurement, coal mining and plant operations personnel to select and blend coal properties for the best plant performance.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluation of DNA Extraction Efficiency in Diverse Algae Strains Using Commercial Kits and Lysis Approaches

Efficient DNA extraction is essential for accurately monitoring microalgae communities in large-scale cultivation systems such as raceway ponds and wastewater ponds. Traditional phenol chloroform extracts are a staple in microbiology but are obsolete for routine sampling due to its high toxicity reagents and time intensive setups. Commercial DNA extraction kits are more favorable for the microbes found in these ponds, but lack specific kits made for these communities. Little is known about which kits perform the best, leading researchers to use a variety of different kits with inconsistent results. This project compared one precipitation based commercial kit (Lucigen Masterpure) and five wash based kits (Monarch, Zymo Quick-DNA, and three Qiagen DNeasy kits) using four brackish algae strains to determine which methods yield the greatest quantity and quality of genomic DNA. Extractions were evaluated using the manufacturers protocol, and additional pretreatment options were administered before a single kit to compare its potential in being added routinely before extractions. Pretreatment options included both cryogenic freeze-thawing and heat incubation using enzymes. DNA was quantified using Qubit fluorometry and NanoDrop purity ratios. Overall, the Qiagen PowerWater kit provided the highest DNA yield and purity, but at a significantly higher cost then the precipitation-based kit (MasterPure). It was also noted that while the precipitation-based kit was significantly cheaper, provided similar results, it took significantly more time to complete a single run. Cryogenic pretreatment (6x cycles) increased average DNA yields by up to 80%, whereas enzymatic pretreatment most improved purity ratios without substantially improving quantity. The results suggest that it may be more cost and time efficient to use Qiagen kits with the addition of lysis pretreatments to procure better results. Future works includes developing a better system to efficiently collect multi variable data, and to upscale to artificial polycultures using similar methodologies alongside sequencing to confirm kit results.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1991

Lunar rovers and local positioning system

Telerobotic rovers equipped with adequate actuators and sensors are clearly necessary for extraterrestrial construction. They will be employed as substitutes for humans, to perform jobs like surveying, sensing, signaling, manipulating, and the handling of small materials. Important design criteria for these rovers include versatility and robustness. They must be easily programmed and reprogrammed to perform a wide variety of different functions, and they must be robust so that construction work will not be jeopardized by parts failures. The key qualities and functions necessary for these rovers to achieve the required versatility and robustness are modularity, redundancy, and coordination. Three robotic rovers are being built by CSC as a test bed to implement the concepts of modularity and coordination. The specific goal of the design and construction of these robots is to demonstrate the software modularity and multirobot control algorithms required for the physical manipulation of constructible elements. Each rover consists of a transporter platform, bus manager, simple manipulator, and positioning receivers. These robots will be controlled from a central control console via a radio-frequency local area network (LAN). To date, one prototype transporter platform frame was built with batteries, motors, a prototype single-motor controller, and two prototype internal LAN boards. Software modules were developed in C language for monitor functions, i/o, and parallel port usage in each computer board. Also completed are the fabrication of half of the required number of computer boards, the procurement of 19.2 Kbaud RF modems for inter-robot communications, and the simulation of processing requirements for positioning receivers. In addition to the robotic platform, the fabrication of a local positioning system based on infrared signals is nearly completed. This positioning system will make the rovers into a moving reference system capable of performing site surveys. In addition, a four degree mechanical manipulator especially suited for coordinated teleoperation was conceptually designed and is currently being analyzed. This manipulator will be integrated into the rovers as their end effector. Twenty internal LAN cards fabricated by a commercial firm are being used, a prototype manipulator and a range finder for a positioning system were built, a prototype two-motor controller was designed, and one of the robots is performing its first telerobotic motion. In addition, the robots' internal LAN's were coordinated and tested, hardware design upgrades based on fabrication and fit experience were completed, and the positioning system is running. The rover system is able to perform simple tasks such as sensing and signaling; coordination systems which allow construction tasks to begin were established, and soon coordinated teams of robots in the laboratory will be able to manipulate common objects.

Avery, James↗
DOE OSTI2021

An investigation of hard-disk drive circularity accounting for socio-technical dynamics and data uncertainty

The installed data storage capacity in the U.S. will reach 2.2 Zettabytes by 2025, generating about 50 million units of end-of-life (EOL) hard-disk drives (HDDs) per year. Due to data security concerns, most EOL HDDs are currently shredded (even when still functioning), representing an economic loss. Moreover, raw material extraction linked to the increased demand for storage causes environmental impacts. Besides mitigating the threat posed by sudden restrictions of raw materials, the circular economy (CE) offers to maximize value retention in the economy and reduce the environmental impacts of human activities. Common CE strategies are reusing and recycling products. However, the reuse of hard disk drives is currently burdened by the lack of trust HDD end-users have toward other non-physical means of data removal than shredding. Here, an agent-based modeling (ABM) approach is proposed to explore how techno-economic and social factors affect end-users' decisions to adopt EOL management practices other than shredding. The proposed method also accounts for data uncertainty by applying a semi-quantitative approach. Results demonstrate how increased green procurement and more robust standards could spur end-users' trust toward data-wiping technologies. Even when accounting for uncertainty, HDDs' reuse brings better environmental and economic benefits than HDD shredding followed by material recovery. The semi-quantitative approach proposed in this study could be more universally applied in future ABM, especially given the often-stochastic nature of such models. The developed ABM is also the first to represent several HDD industry stakeholders and demonstrate how the HDD shredding lock-in situation could be resolved.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of a Test-Bed for Testing and Refining EarthEn’s Supercritical CO 2 Based Energy Storage System

EarthEn’s energy storage concept leverages supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) as a working fluid and relies on compact, high-performance components operating at elevated pressures and temperatures. To accelerate component development and reduce technical risk prior to larger-scale demonstrations, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed a 100 kW-scale sCO 2 test-bed under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with EarthEn (CRADA NO. NFE-24-10050). The objective of the work was to design and construct a flexible experimental facility capable of reproducing key thermodynamic state points and heat-transfer conditions relevant to EarthEn’s thermal energy storage (TES) cycle, with particular emphasis on enabling development and evaluation of next-generation heat exchangers and TES concepts. The test-bed consists of a closed-loop sCO 2 circulation system housed within an open-topped enclosure. In its as-installed configuration, dense-phase sCO 2 is recirculated through a printed circuit recuperator, an electrically heated section, a throttling device used to simulate turbine expansion, and a water-cooled printed circuit heat exchanger that rejects heat to the building chilled-water system before returning to the pump. The pump is driven by a variable frequency drive, enabling controlled adjustment of flow and operating point. A comprehensive instrumentation suite was integrated to support both safe operation and high-quality data collection. Installed sensors include Coriolis flow meters for sCO 2 flow rate and density, resistance temperature detectors and thermocouples distributed throughout the loop (including the heated section and key heat exchanger ports), and pressure transducers for absolute and differential pressure measurements. The facility was designed to support high-pressure (19 MPa nominal) and high-temperature (575°C nominal) operation with credited overpressure protection provided by a rupture disk. Nominal operating conditions were selected to support 100 kW-class testing while maintaining flexibility for non-heated and heated shakedown, control development, and future integration of advanced TES test sections. In parallel with facility development, a system-level thermal-hydraulic model was created using Modelica-based tools to support component sizing, anticipate performance over targeted test conditions, and establish a framework for future model calibration against experimental data. At the conclusion of the project performance period, the facility was in final assembly, and the pressure boundary was nearly completed. However, several practical challenges associated with high-pressure/high-temperature systems and specialized component procurement impacted schedule and prevented initial pump-driven operation and full commissioning within the available resources. This report documents the as-built design, operating capabilities, and instrumentation, and it summarizes key lessons learned related to heater fabrication and testing, first-of-a-kind assembly factors, specialty flange supply constraints, and fill pump corrective actions. Finally, it outlines a phased plan for future commissioning and experimental campaigns, including control and instrumentation shakedown, heater characterization, model calibration, and testing at state points representative of EarthEn’s TES cycle.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2015

Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission Space Suit and EVA System Maturation

The Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission (ARCM) requires a Launch/Entry/Abort (LEA) suit capability and short duration Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) capability from the Orion spacecraft. For this mission, the pressure garment that was selected, for both functions, is the Modified Advanced Crew Escape Suit (MACES) with EVA enhancements and the life support option that was selected is the Exploration Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The proposed architecture was found to meet the mission constraints, but much more work is required to determine the details of the required suit upgrades, the integration with the PLSS, and the rest of the tools and equipment required to accomplish the mission. This work has continued over the last year to better define the operations and hardware maturation of these systems. EVA simulations have been completed in the NBL and interfacing options have been prototyped and analyzed with testing planned for late 2014. For NBL EVA simulations, in 2013, components were procured to allow in-house build up for four new suits with mobility enhancements built into the arms. Boots outfitted with clips that fit into foot restraints have also been added to the suit and analyzed for possible loads. Major suit objectives accomplished this year in testing include: evaluation of mobility enhancements, ingress/egress of foot restraint, use of foot restraint for worksite stability, ingress/egress of Orion hatch with PLSS mockup, and testing with two crew members in the water at one time to evaluate the crew's ability to help one another. Major tool objectives accomplished this year include using various other methods for worksite stability, testing new methods for asteroid geologic sampling and improving the fidelity of the mockups and crew equipment. These tests were completed on a medium fidelity capsule mockup, asteroid vehicle mockup, and asteroid mockups that were more accurate for an asteroid type EVA than previous tests. Another focus was the design and fabrication of the interface between the MACES and the PLSS. The MACES was not designed to interface with a PLSS, hence an interface kit must accommodate the unique design qualities of the MACES and provide the necessary life support function connections to the PLSS. A prototype interface kit for MACES to PLSS has been designed and fabricated. Unmanned and manned testing of the interface will show the usability of the kit while wearing a MACES. The testing shows viability of the kit approach as well as the operations concept. The design will be vetted through suit and PLSS experts and, with the findings from the testing, the best path forward will be determined. As the Asteroid Redirect Mission matures, the suit/life support portion of the mission will mature along with it and EVA Tools & Equipment can be iterated to accommodate the overall mission objectives and compromises inherent in EVA Suit optimization. The goal of the EVA architecture for ARCM is to continue to build on the previously developed technologies and lessons learned, and accomplish the ARCM EVAs while providing a stepping stone to future missions and destinations.

Bowie, Jonathan T.↗
NASA NTRS2023

Cryogenic Flow Boiling in Microgravity: Effects of Reduced Gravity on Two-Phase Fluid Physics and Heat Transfer

With the growing interest in space exploration, cryogenic technologies involving two-phase flow and heat transfer are in high demand to successfully procure advanced space applications such as fuel depots and nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) systems for deep space missions. However, the unique and extreme thermal properties of cryogenic fluids introduce distinct flow boiling fluid physics and energy transport phenomena, which differ significantly from those observed with conventional fluids. Understanding the unique two-phase physics in cryogenic flow boiling remains an ongoing challenge. Furthermore, the lack of readily available microgravity cryogenic steady-state heat transfer data hinders the assessment of gravitational effects on cryogenic flow boiling. This study aims to elucidate the gravitational effects on two-phase fluid physics and heat transfer by conducting the first-ever experimental measurement of cryogenic flow boiling performance using a steady-state heated method in a reduced gravity environment. Parabolic flight experiments were performed to acquire both heat transfer measurements and high-speed video of interfacial behaviors, under varying gravity levels (microgravity, hypergravity, Lunar gravity, and Martian gravity). The experiments involved flow boiling of liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) with a near-saturated inlet along a circular heated tube of dimensions 8.5-mm inner diameter and 680-mm heated length. The operating parameters varied are mass velocity of 398.3 - 1342.8 kg/m2s, inlet quality of -0.08 to -0.01, and inlet pressure of 413.68 - 689.48 kPa. Captured microgravity flow patterns range from bubbly to annular, all having vapor structures that are larger than those under higher gravity levels. Under microgravity, absence of buoyancy yields symmetrical vapor structures without flow stratification, laying a physical foundation for the distinct two-phase heat transfer trends during LN 2 flow boiling in microgravity. Transient data collected during the flight parabolas exhibited decreasing heated wall temperature as the aircraft transitioned from hypergravity to microgravity phases. The temperature variation indicated an enhancement in flow boiling heat transfer with decreasing gravity levels and a reduction with increasing gravity levels. The effect of reduced gravity on cryogenic flow boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is discussed based on steady state heat transfer analysis. Seminal HTC correlations are evaluated against the measured microgravity HTC data, of which one is identified for superior accuracy in predicting microgravity data. Finally, a new HTC correlation is proposed to improve accuracy of microgravity predictions, yet there still exists room for further improvement with future terrestrial flow boiling experiments at different flow orientations relative to Earth gravity.

Microgravity↗
NASA NTRS1993

Interim report on Landsat national archive activities

The Department of the Interior (DOI) has the responsibility to preserve and to distribute most Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data that have been acquired by the five Landsat satellites operational since July 1972. Data that are still covered by exclusive marketing rights, which were granted by the U.S. Government to the commercial Landsat operator, cannot be distributed by the DOI. As the designated national archive for Landsat data, the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) has initiated two new programs to protect and make available any of the 625,000 MSS scenes currently archived and the 200,000 TM scenes to be archived at EDC by 1995. A specially configured system has begun converting Landsat MSS data from obsolete high density tapes (HDT's) to more dense digital cassette tapes. After transcription, continuous satellite swaths are (1) divided into standard scenes defined by a world reference system, (2) geographically located by latitude and longitude, and (3) assessed for overall quality. Digital browse images are created by subsampling the full-resolution swaths. Conversion of the TM HDT's will begin in the fourth quarter of 1992 and will be conducted concurrently with MSS conversion. Although the TM archive is three times larger than the entire MSS archive, conversion of data from both sensor systems and consolidation of the entire Landsat archive at EDC will be completed by the end of 1994. Some MSS HDT's have deteriorated, primarily as a result of hydrolysis of the pigment binder. Based on a small sample of the 11 terabytes of post-1978 MSS data and the 41 terabytes of TM data to be converted, it appears that to date, less than 2 percent of the data have been lost. The data loss occurs within small portions of some scenes; few scenes are lost entirely. Approximately 10,000 pre-1979 MSS HDT's have deteriorated to such an extent, as a result of hydrolysis, that the data cannot be recovered without special treatment of the tapes. An independent consulting division of a major tape manufacturer has analyzed affected tapes and is confident that restorative procedures can be applied to the HDT's to permit one pass to reproduce the data on another recording media. A system to distribute minimally processed Landsat data will be procured in 1992 and will be operational by mid-1994. Any TM or MSS data in the national archive that are not restricted by exclusive marketing rights will be reproduced directly from the archive media onto user specified computer-compatible media. TM data will be produced either at a raw level (radiometrically and geometrically uncorrected) or at an intermediate level (radiometrically corrected and geometrically indexed). MSS data will be produced to an intermediate level or to a fully corrected level (radiometrically corrected and geometrically transformed to an Oblique Mercator projection). The system will be capable of providing ordered scenes within 48 hours of receipt of order.

Boyd, John E.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Towards a new generation long trace profiler LTP-2020: optical design of pencil beam interferometry sensor

Improvements in the quality of synchrotron beamline x-ray optics required for next-generation light sources (e.g. the ALS Upgrade project) drive the need to improve the performance of the metrology instrumentation used to measure these components. The Long Trace Profiler (LTP) that is in use at many synchrotron metrology laboratories around the world has some known issues that affect the accuracy of its measurements. The main error source is optical path difference (OPD) phase error introduced into the probe beam by inhomogeneities in the glass components used in the optical head. We have developed a new optical head design, LTP-2020, that replaces the cube polarizing beamsplitter (PBS) with a thin wedge plate polarizing beamsplitter (WPBS) and replaces the cemented doublet lens with an aspheric singlet. Both of these components significantly reduce the glass volume traversed by the laser probe beam. Careful attention to ghost ray interference produced by back reflection from optical surfaces is necessary to minimize distortion in the primary image that translates into systematic error in the slope angle measurement. We make extensive use of a commercial raytracing program to model the back reflections and adjust component parameters as necessary to minimize distortion. Deliberate misalignment of components is necessary to make the system perform correctly. Stringent requirements are placed on the 45◦ incidence coatings on the WPBS and on the normal incidence coatings on the lens and camera window elements. We encourage our colleagues who wish to upgrade their current LTP systems to join us in the procurement of these custom optical components.

Takacs, Peter Z.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Herbaceous Feedstock 2022 State of Technology Report

The U.S. Department of Energy promotes production of advanced liquid transportation fuels from lignocellulosic biomass by funding fundamental and applied research that advances the state of technology (SOT). As part of its involvement in this mission, Idaho National Laboratory completes an annual SOT report for nth-plant and 1st-plant herbaceous biomass feedstock logistics. The purpose of the SOT is to provide the status of feedstock supply system technology development for herbaceous biomass to biofuels relative to technical targets and cost goals from specific design cases, based on data and experimental results. Although conventional feedstock supply systems form the backbone of the emerging biofuels industry, they have limitations that restrict widespread implementation on a national scale. To meet the demands of the future industry, the feedstock supply system must shift from the conventional system to what has been termed “advanced” supply systems. In advanced designs, a distributed network of aggregation and processing centers, termed “depots,” are employed near the points of biomass production (i.e., the field or forest) to reduce feedstock variability and produce feedstocks of a uniform format, moving toward biomass commoditization. The 2022 Herbaceous SOT is part of a vision of achieving an implemented advanced feedstock supply system, which produces a stable, tradable commodity at the decentralized distributed depot. It utilizes feedstock fractionation by incorporating technologies that can separate the biomass into its anatomical fractions (leaves, husks, stems and cobs) to reduce impurities and produce fractions that satisfy downstream quality considerations. By using a series of air classification steps, this strategy can reduce the extrinsic ash in corn stover and produce enriched tissue fractions that can be blended to a conversion specification or converted individually in optimized biochemical conversion campaigns. Additionally, a majority of the leaves (which do not meet the quality specification) are separated out early and can be supplied to alternate markets. The 2022 Herbaceous SOT incorporates an advanced biomass fractionation and processing system to produce pellets enriched tissues from three-pass corn stover. The resulting enriched pellets are delivered to the biorefinery individually where they can be blended to a specification or converted in campaigns where the conditions are optimized for each tissue. Unused fractions can be sent to a a midstream market or to a different conversion process that is better suited to their properties to offset the cost of the delivered feedstock. The main benefits from the proposed system can be summarized as: (1) $6.86/dry ton (2016$) lower cost for the air classification due to elimination of the requirement to discard the high ash lights fraction; (2) $1.56/dry ton lower delivered cost by selling the unsuitable leaf fraction into the feed market as a midstream co-product (assuming a selling price that is 11% higher than their cost of production); (3) 0.98% increase in carbohydrate content (from 60.16% to 61.14%); and (4) 0.97% decrease in ash content (from 6.00% to 5.03%) compared to the 2021 Herbaceous SOT. Overall, the 2022 nth-plant Herbaceous SOT predicts a modeled delivered feedstock cost of $78.64/dry ton (2016$) if it is assumed that the enriched leaf fraction is sold at its production cost; this is a slight increase of $0.43/dry ton increase from the 2021 Herbaceous SOT nth-Supply case cost. The increased cost derived from a $0.38/dry ton increase in transportation and handling cost to procure more biomass (to replace the enriched leaf fraction that was not delivered to the biorefinery. The total preprocessing cost was $0.27/dry ton higher than the 2021 result because of updates to energy consumption, purchasing price and dry matter loss data for the rotary shear ($3.00/dry ton increase) and the pelleting mill ($4.52/dry ton increase). The data utilized were generated in pilot-scale tests in the Biomass Feedstock National User Facility (BFNUF) at INL and at Forest Concepts, including tests for rotary shear and pelleting of the air classified fractions. A greenhouse gas emissions analysis was performed by Argonne National Laboratory using the most up to date version of the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation model (GREET®). The analysis showed an increase of 17.34 kg CO2e/dry ton from the 2021 SOT (67.71 kg CO2e/ton in the 2021 Herbaceous SOT to 85.05 kg CO2e/ton in the 2022 Herbaceous SOT). The net increase is primarily attributed to increased energy consumption in pelleting mill.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗