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DOE OSTI2025

Enhancement of PyARC for Westinghouse Electric Company’s Lead Fast Reactor Design and Modeling (Final TCF Report)

Westinghouse Electric Company is a nuclear reactor vendor headquartered in the U.S. that is developing advanced reactor technology for the U.S. and global markets. Westinghouse has been relying on the neutronics Argonne Reactor Codes (ARC) executed through the NEAMS Workbench and its PyARC module that are developed under the DOE-NE Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) and Advanced Reactor Technology (ART) – Fast Reactor programs. Through this user experience, Westinghouse identified several enhancements that would benefit the ARC codes’ usability by the US industry and therefore its commercialization potential. The enhancements were proposed to deliver both improvements in workflow and analysis capabilities to better support effective fast reactor core design and analysis to the nuclear industry. The PyARC workflow was extended in this project by integrating non-neutronic ARC codes DASSH and NUBOW-3D. The Ducted Assembly Steady-State Heat equation (DASSH) code is developed at ANL to perform steady-state thermal hydraulic sub-channel analysis in liquid metal fast reactor assemblies to determine optimized coolant flow and temperature distributions, which in this project was updated and validated for lead fast reactor (LFR) applications. The interface between REBUS and NUBOW-3D were improved in this project to assess the impact of the core restraint design and thermal induced expansion effects on the reactivity of the core, and to model the deformations of the fuel assemblies induced by temperature and irradiation. Finally, the ARC models that were extensively verified and validated through various SFR-based modeling benchmarks are extended in this project through code-to-code comparison on relevant LFR-specific neutronics benchmarks against Monte-Carlo neutronic solutions. Overall, this work enables verification of the capability of the ARC codes for a wide range of Generation-IV reactor designs. The outcome of this project is the release of a comprehensive modeling toolkit of validated, robust and efficient codes, as well as their user interface, that enables industry to perform a wide range of fast reactor analyses for design and licensing of their concepts.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Disrupting EV Charging Sessions and Gaining Remote Code Execution with DoS, MITM, and Code Injection Exploits using OCPP 1.6

Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) 1.6 is widely used in the electric vehicle (EV) charging industry to communicate between Charging System Management Services (CSMSs) and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Unlike OCPP 2.0.1, OCPP 1.6 uses unencrypted websocket communications to exchange information between EVSE devices and an onpremise or cloud-based CSMS. In this work, we demonstrate two machine-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks on OCPP sessions to terminate charging sessions and gain root access to the EVSE equipment via remote code execution (RCE). Second, we demonstrate a malicious firmware update with a code injection payload to compromise an EVSE. Lastly, we demonstrate two methods to prevent availability of the EVSE or CSMS. One of these, originally reported by SaiFlow, prevents traffic to legitimate EVSE equipment using a DoS-like attack on CSMSs by repeatedly connecting and authenticating several CPs with the same identities as the legitimate CP. These vulnerabilities were demonstrated with proof-of-concept exploits in a virtualized Cyber Range at Wright State University and/or with a 350 kW Direct Current Fast Charger (DCFC) at Idaho National Laboratory. The team found that OCPP 1.6 could be protected from these attacks by adding secure shell (SSH) tunnels to the protocol, if upgrading to OCPP 2.0.1 was not an option. Index Terms—Electric vehicle charging, cybersecurity, OCPP, cyberattack, cyber-resilience. INSPEC Accession Number: 23981565

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Generalized Nuclear Code of Accounts for Cost Estimation Standardization

This is a joint INL-EPRI study. Link to corresponding page at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI): https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002028937 Recent Advanced Reactor (AR) designs typically offer features and attributes that depart from traditional water-cooled reactors in terms of fuel forms, coolants, structural materials, size, safety margins, and other important design and operational aspects. These departures, relative to the industry experience, will likely present a challenge for potential owner-operators when evaluating one or more AR designs for commercial deployment on a like-for-like basis. This is further exacerbated with new classes of reactors gaining prominence (e.g., microreactors) and new emerging applications (e.g., floating barge reactors or space propulsion reactors). The differences in design-specific technologies are compounded by the differences in approach to cost estimation. The lack of consistency in build up toward cost estimates creates a challenge when comparing competing concepts and evaluating their associated cost drivers. The outcome of a 2019 Scoping Study conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) indicated the need for a cost modeling guide (CMG), which would be underpinned by a technology-neutral and inclusive Generalized Nuclear Code of Accounts (GN-COA). A code of accounts (COA) is a tool by which costs are identified in even more specific categories, providing clarity on what specific costs are included in an estimate. A parallel independent effort was meanwhile taking place at Idaho National Laboratory via funding by the Systems Analysis Integration (SA&I) campaign of the Office of Nuclear Energy under the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE-NE) to also update the COA structure to enable more flexibility and encompass a wider variety of reactor technologies. After being made aware of these synergistic efforts, the two parties decided to combine efforts and develop a joint new standard format for nuclear cost estimation that builds on previous structures. This document describes the development of this joint GN-COA and provides guidance on the implementation of the tool, which is provided as the associated GN-COA Excel document. The main attributes of this novel COA format are that all items are functionally defined (in order to be technology and application agnostic) and grouped into logical arrangements that facilitate the tabulation of costs for reactor constructions under consideration. The intent is for the GN-COA to form a standard that is endorsed by future vendors and customers.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

OPET Firmware (Open PV Electrical Tool Firmware) [SWR-25-43]

The main application of OPET is long term performance measurements of PV devices in field or under controlled environmental conditions. This repository contains everything relating to the firmware of the OPET device including source code. If you are looking for the hardware or control software repositories, links are below: https://github.com/NREL/opet-hardware https://github.com/NREL/opet-control

McDanold, Byron [National Renewable Energy Laborat↗

DOE OSTI2026

Optimizing injection for the storage ring proton-EDM experiment

The proposed proton electric dipole moment (pEDM) experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), to be built inside the alternating gradient synchrotron (AGS) tunnel, aims to measure the proton’s electric dipole moment with a sensitivity of 10 −29 𝑒 cm. This paper presents the design of the injection line from the AGS booster to the pEDM storage ring, utilizing portions of the existing booster-to-AGS (BtA) transfer line. Building on the symmetric-hybrid lattice design [, Comprehensive symmetric-hybrid ring design for a proton-EDM experiment at below 10 −29 𝑒 cm, Phys. Rev. D 105, 032001 (2022)], our study emphasizes rigorous optics matching, detailed particle and spin tracking, and systematic error mitigation essential for achieving a target sensitivity of 10 −29 𝑒 cm. This design preserves the proton’s vertical spin orientation within ±20 mrad, a critical requirement for the pEDM measurement. Particle and spin tracking simulations using the ray-tracing code Zgoubi [F. Méot, Zgoubi users’ guide, Technical Report, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Upton, NY, 2012] validate the design’s performance, demonstrating its feasibility for this precision experiment. The simulation results demonstrate that both clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) injection lines meet the stringent beam envelope and polarization requirements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Analytical model and simulation of the Schottky effect on a cryo-cooled bialkali photocathode

A bialkali photocathode with the quantum efficiency (QE) in the range of a few percent was fabricated for the 704 MHz SRF gun at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The photoemission properties of the bialkali photocathode in the superconducting radio frequency (SRF) gun were measured for the first time, and a good beam experiment result was obtained. The performance of the bialkali photocathode was investigated during the commissioning process of the 704 MHz SRF gun. In conclusion, the effect of electric field on the QE of the cryo-cooled cathode was characterized by an analytical model and a code for the first time.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Demonstration of μCHP in Light Commercial Hot Water Applications

Internal combustion engine driven combined heat and power (CHP) systems produce power while the waste heat is recovered and used for another purpose. For µCHP systems (less than 50kWe output) overall efficiencies can reach over 90% for products currently on the market throughout the world. On a fuel basis this offers an advantage over using grid-based power and another fuel for heat. Additionally, the cost of natural gas on an energy unit basis is significantly less expensive than electric power. This difference can lead to substantial savings for the end user of a CHP system. In some parts of the world, particularly Germany and Japan, µCHP has become a common part of the heat and distributed generation equipment mix. Market analysis conducted in 2012 showed that in North America there is potential of a 5,300 units per year market for µCHP, resulting in an annual energy savings of approximately 13.5 TBtu and more than $84 million in annual customer savings. However, µCHP still has not seen much market penetration in North America. This study helps to identify some of the reasons why, address roadblocks that still need to be overcome and provide experience to established best practices. Nine commercial sites were initially identified (fitness club, surgical center, senior community, resort and spa, commercial laundry, two multi-family housing, restaurant and manufacturing facility). Systems from two different manufacturers were installed at five sites total, but due to unforeseen circumstances, only three of those sites were finally commissioned: test data were collected by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. While not all systems were installed as intended, the project resulted in the following key findings: Micro combined heat and power is an unfamiliar technology for building owners and plumbing and electrical contractors that serve the buildings most suited for µCHP. Manufacturers will need to be aggressive in providing training and providing broad support to successfully bring the technology to market.; The proper integration of µCHP into other building systems is the most critical part of a successful installation. Manufacturers will need to be able to provide the expertise to train, advise and support the mechanical contractors during the design and installation of the heat integration system.; Regulations governing µCHP varies across the country. There are a few UL standards (UL 2200 and UL 1741) that apply nationally. Emissions are governed by EPA except in California where the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has established their own standard. Requirements that dictate installation and interconnection are dependent on local building codes and local utility processes and requirements. Some out of date building codes do not offer clear guidance for these requirements, leading to confusion. This makes developing training and determining broadly applicable best practices difficult.; Installation costs of µCHP are a key factor in making an installation successful. It is critical that these costs and all national, state and local regulations be understood and accounted for by all parties involved in the installation before a project is undertaken.; A robust customer service organization is important to meet the needs of the customers. These systems require annual maintenance and service and local capability is needed to keep costs inline.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2026

EAGLE-I County Customer Dataset Fall 2025

This dataset provides a combination of modeled and collected county-level electric customer counts derived from 2023 EIA-861 utility customer data, 2021 HIFLD electric retail service territory boundaries, 2021 LandScan population estimates, and 2025 EAGLE-I customer outages. The dataset details county FIPS code, number of customers, and customer type (modeled, collected, mixed). Outage data in included for all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia (excluding other U.S. territories).

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2026

Utility Finder (U-Finder) Tool

U-Finder allows users to search for and identify local utility partners and electric vehicle charger incentives by state or ZIP code. U-Finder pulls from the Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Database of Electric Retail Service Territories to identify utility service territories. Utility incentive listings are provided by utility associations, and state government incentive listings are pulled from the Alternative Fuels Data Center Laws and Incentives website. ![U Finder landing page](ufinder-landing.png)

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

LLNL Macroscopic Anisotropic Explosives Research At INL National Security Test Range: Shot Narrative

This series of experiments is exploring new frontiers in explosives science, technology, and engineering. The extensive list of experiment shots is necessary to sort out what works and what does not work in searching for an environment that supports anisotropic detonation properties in explosives. These experiments have been designed to serve as an economical and efficient first-cut determination as to whether there is any validity to an explosive analog to a series circuit of electrical diodes. That is, the detonation moves more easily in the “forward” direction than the “backward” direction. The basic data gleaned from these experiments will be used to design experiments that will be shot in the 10 kg tank at the High Explosives Application Facility (HEAF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In turn, those shots that will be heavy in diagostics and instrumentation, providing basic data that will be used by simulation code developers in creating high explosive models that account for air gap and oblique explosive surfaces undergoing sympathetic detonation.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2024

A hybrid-kinetic simulation tool for non-thermal warm x-ray z-pinch sources, with gas-puff and wire array exemplars

Increasing the fluence of z-pinch x-ray radiation sources above ∼ 10 keV has been a long-standing goal for scientists at Sandia National Laboratories’ Z Machine. Optimizing sources for non-thermal “cold Kα” emission in higher atomic-number materials appears to be a promising path to increase warm x-ray yield. However, this emission is generated by supra-thermal electrons, which are not treated in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) codes that are typically used in z-pinch source development. MHD codes do not allow for charge separation or space-charge-generated electric fields, and constrain particle kinematics to Maxwellian distributions. The kinetic codes which do accommodate discrete, non-thermal energy distributions are computationally prohibitive when modeling plasmas near solid density and when modeling/tracking higher ionization states. Thus, modeling non-thermal z-pinch sources requires a new simulation tool. In this report, we present a new hybrid modeling capability that uses the fast features of MHD-type particles to the greatest extent possible, then transitions to the slower but more complete kinetic particle treatment to correctly capture the particle energy spectra that generate non-thermal emission. This capability is founded on the fully-relativistic particle-in-cell code Chicago, which already includes fluid particle treatments. The governing equations and hybrid methodology presented here are applied in simulations of an argon gas-puff and a molybdenum wire-array to provide preliminary code validation. The argon simulation is compared to measured implosion times and yields from Jones et al., Phys. Plasmas 22, 020706 (2015). The simulated x-ray yield is within 25% of measurements and the implosion times agree within a few percent. The molybdenum wire array simulation captures the implosion timing reported in Hansen et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 031202 (2014), but work is needed to verify the available EOS table. These exemplar simulations represents the type of non-thermal sources that will be developed using the hybrid code capability going forward.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Test Article - Status Report FY20 Q2

The Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Test Article (THETA) is a facility that will be used to develop sodium components and instrumentation as well as acquire experimental data for validation of reactor thermal hydraulic and safety analysis codes. The facility will simulate nominal conditions as well as protected/unprotected loss of flow accidents in a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR). High fidelity distributed temperature profiles of the developed flow field will be acquired with Rayleigh backscatter based optical fiber temperature sensors. The facility is being designed in partnership with systems code experts to tailor the experiment to ensure the most relevant and highest quality data for code validation. THETA is comprised of a traditional primary and secondary system. The primary system is submerged in the pool of sodium and consists of a pump, electrically heated core, intermediate heat exchanger, and connected piping and thermal barriers (like a redan). The secondary system, located outside of the sodium pool, consists of a pump, sodium to air heat exchanger, and connected piping and valves. Figure 1 illustrates the main components of the primary system. THETA will be installed in the Mechanisms Engineering Test Loop (METL) with the primary system in the 28 inch Test Vessel #4, Figure 2. The design work for the facility has been completed, most primary component have been fabricated, primary components are being assembled in preparation for initial testing, and procurement is continuing with the secondary system components. Since the FY19 THETA status report, The THETA primary system components are at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and have been dry assembled. The secondary sodium system for heat rejection from intermediate heat exchanger has all been analyzed according to ASME code. All secondary side piping, fittings and a U-stamped air-to-sodium heat exchanger has been procured.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Doppler-Free Saturation Spectroscopy (DFSS) for Magnetic and Electric Field Measurements in an FRC plasma

The Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and TAE Technologies (TAE) focused on a feasibility study of Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy (DFSS) as a diagnostic strategy to measure the internal magnetic and electric fields of TAE’s C-2W field-reversed configuration (FRC) fusion device. Non-perturbative measurements of magnetic and electric fields in the core of FRCs can provide critical information needed to constrain equilibrium models and for the continued advancement of the fusion research program at TAE. DFSS is a well-established, laser-based absorption spectroscopy technique used to suppress inhomogeneous (Doppler) broadening linewidths and reveal Zeeman/Stark split hyperfine structures of target emission lines. The collaboration involved the use of ORNL’s suite of experimentally validated quantum mechanical modelling codes to simulate theoretical atomic spectra for a variety of machine parameters and laser beam configurations. TAE’s expertise was heavily used to provide measurements/models of the required machine parameters needed as inputs to the simulations. Results of an all-encompassing error analysis demonstrate the favourable capabilities of the diagnostic and provided invaluable insights as to how DFSS can be best used to accurately measure internal B/E-fields in C-2W.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2014

Guidelines for effective radiation transport for cable SGEMP modeling

This report describes experiences gained in performing radiation transport computations with the SCEPTRE radiation transport code for System Generated ElectroMagnetic Pulse (SGEMP) applications. SCEPTRE is a complex code requiring a fairly sophisticated user to run the code effectively, so this report provides guidance for analysts interested in performing these types of calculations. One challenge in modeling coupled photon/electron transport for SGEMP is to provide a spatial mesh that is sufficiently resolved to accurately model surface charge emission and charge deposition near material interfaces. The method that has been most commonly used to date to compute cable SGEMP typically requires a sub-micron mesh size near material interfaces, which may be difficult for meshing software to provide for complex geometries. We present here an alternative method for computing cable SGEMP that appears to substantially relax this requirement. The report also investigates the effect of refining the energy mesh and increasing the order of the angular approximation to provide some guidance on determining reasonable parameters for the energy/angular approximation needed for x-ray environments. Conclusions for γ-ray environments may be quite different and will be treated in a subsequent report. In the course of the energy-mesh refinement studies, a bug in the cross-section generation software was discovered that may cause underprediction of the result by as much as an order of magnitude for the test problem studied here, when the electron energy group widths are much smaller than those for the photons. Results will be presented and compared using cross sections generated before and after the fix. We also describe adjoint modeling, which provides sensitivity of the total charge drive to the source energy and angle of incidence, which is quite useful for comparing the effect of changing the source environment and for determining most stressing angle of incidence and source energy. This report focusses on cable SGEMP applications, but many of the conclusions will be directly applicable for box Internal ElectroMagnetic Pulse (IEMP) modeling as well.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2025

Xyce™ Parallel Electronic Simulator Users’ Guide, Version 7.10

This manual describes the use of the Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator. Xyce has been designed as a SPICE-compatible, high-performance analog circuit simulator, and has been written to support the simulation needs of the Sandia National Laboratories electrical designers. This development has focused on improving capability over the current state-of-the-art in the following areas: • Capability to solve extremely large circuit problems by supporting large-scale parallel computing platforms (up to thousands of processors). This includes support for most popular parallel and serial computers. • A differential-algebraic-equation (DAE) formulation, which better isolates the device model package from solver algorithms. This allows one to develop new types of analysis without requiring the implementation of analysis-specific device models. • Device models that are specifically tailored to meet Sandia’s needs, including some radiation-aware devices (for Sandia users only). • Object-oriented code design and implementation using modern coding practices. Xyce is a parallel code in the most general sense of the phrase — a message passing parallel implementation — which allows it to run efficiently a wide range of computing platforms. These include serial, shared-memory and distributed-memory parallel platforms. Attention has been paid to the specific nature of circuit-simulation problems to ensure that optimal parallel efficiency is achieved as the number of processors grows.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Tunnel ionization within a one-dimensional, undriven plasma sheath

In high density, high temperature plasmas, the plasma sheath that develops can result in extremely high electric fields, on the order of tens to hundreds of V/nm. Under the right conditions, these electric fields can reach magnitudes that can increase the probability of electron tunneling ionization to occur, resulting in one or more electron-ion pairs. The presence of tunneling ionization can then modify the development of the plasma sheath, as well as properties such as the ion and electron densities and plasma potential. The tunnel ionization process for hydrogen atoms is demonstrated, in this work, as implemented in a Sandia National Laboratories, particle-in-cell code Aleph. Results are presented for the application of the tunnel ionization process to a one-dimensional, undriven plasma sheath. Additional results for cases that consider warm ions and neutrals, the inclusion of electron–neutral collisions, and the injection of neutral particles, as well as the application to various plasma devices, will be discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

LLNL Semiannual Wastewater Point Source Monitoring Report (July 2020)

In accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 403.12(e), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) submits a semiannual monitoring report regarding federally regulated wastewater generating processes (categorical processes) that discharge wastewater to the sanitary sewer system. Attachments A-2 and A-3 of the 2019-2020 Wastewater Discharge Permit #1250 granted to LLNL by the City of Livermore Water Resources Division (WRD) also mandate submission of this report. The LLNL Livermore Site is required to monitor identified electrical and electronic components processes (40 CFR Part 469) and metal finishing processes (40 CFR Part 433) semiannually and to submit monitoring reports in January and July of each year. Under authority delegated to enforce compliance with these regulations, the WRD reviews this report. This report provides information on the significant metal-finishing operations and electrical and electronic component operations located at the Livermore Site during the period from December 1, 2019 through May 31, 2020 and includes descriptions of the LLNL regulated (categorical) processes that discharge to the sanitary sewer. Attachments A-2 and A-3 of the 2019-2020 Wastewater Discharge Permit #1250 provide the list of categorical processes and the required self-monitoring program for point-source discharges at LLNL. The monitoring data collected for this report documents compliance with all federal and local pretreatment limits. Compliance certification accompanies this report, as required by federal regulations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator Users Guide Version 6.2.

This manual describes the use of the Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator. Xyce has been de- signed as a SPICE-compatible, high-performance analog circuit simulator, and has been written to support the simulation needs of the Sandia National Laboratories electrical designers. This development has focused on improving capability over the current state-of-the-art in the following areas: Capability to solve extremely large circuit problems by supporting large-scale parallel com- puting platforms (up to thousands of processors). This includes support for most popular parallel and serial computers. A differential-algebraic-equation (DAE) formulation, which better isolates the device model package from solver algorithms. This allows one to develop new types of analysis without requiring the implementation of analysis-specific device models. Device models that are specifically tailored to meet Sandia's needs, including some radiation- aware devices (for Sandia users only). Object-oriented code design and implementation using modern coding practices. Xyce is a parallel code in the most general sense of the phrase -- a message passing parallel implementation -- which allows it to run efficiently a wide range of computing platforms. These include serial, shared-memory and distributed-memory parallel platforms. Attention has been paid to the specific nature of circuit-simulation problems to ensure that optimal parallel efficiency is achieved as the number of processors grows. Trademarks The information herein is subject to change without notice. Copyright c 2002-2014 Sandia Corporation. All rights reserved. Xyce TM Electronic Simulator and Xyce TM are trademarks of Sandia Corporation. Portions of the Xyce TM code are: Copyright c 2002, The Regents of the University of California. Produced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Written by Alan Hindmarsh, Allan Taylor, Radu Serban. UCRL-CODE-2002-59 All rights reserved. Orcad, Orcad Capture, PSpice and Probe are registered trademarks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. Microsoft, Windows and Windows 7 are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Medici, DaVinci and Taurus are registered trademarks of Synopsys Corporation. Amtec and TecPlot are trademarks of Amtec Engineering, Inc. Xyce 's expression library is based on that inside Spice 3F5 developed by the EECS Department at the University of California. The EKV3 MOSFET model was developed by the EKV Team of the Electronics Laboratory-TUC of the Technical University of Crete. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Contacts Bug Reports (Sandia only) http://joseki.sandia.gov/bugzilla http://charleston.sandia.gov/bugzilla World Wide Web http://xyce.sandia.gov http://charleston.sandia.gov/xyce (Sandia only) Email xyce@sandia.gov (outside Sandia) xyce-sandia@sandia.gov (Sandia only)

Keiter, Eric R.↗