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Experimental verification that spectrometer signal is linear function of absorber partial pressure for pure gases
Of all the errors discussed in climatology literature, aliasing errors caused by undersampling of unsmoothed or improperly smoothed temperature data seem to be completely overlooked. This is a serious oversight in view of long-term trends of 1 K or less. Adequate sampling of properly smoothed data is demonstrated with a Hamming digital filter. It is also demonstrated that hourly temperatures, daily averages, and annual averages free of aliasing errors can be obtained by use of a microprocessor added to standard weather sensors and recorders.
Some measures of eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivity applicable to both continuous and discrete linear systems are developed and investigated. An infinite series representation is developed for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a system. The coefficients of the series are coupled, but can be obtained recursively using a nonlinear coupled vector difference equation. A new sensitivity measure is developed by considering the effects of unmodeled dynamics. It is shown that the sensitivity is high when any unmodeled eigenvalue is near a modeled eigenvalue. Using a simple example where the sensor dynamics have been neglected, it is shown that high feedback gains produce high eigenvalue/eigenvector sensitivity. The smallest singular value of the return difference is shown not to reflect eigenvalue sensitivity since it increases with the feedback gains. Using an upper bound obtained from the infinite series, a procedure to evaluate whether the sensitivity to parameter variations is within given acceptable bounds is developed and demonstrated by an example.
The two-color method for interferometric astrometry provides a means of reducing the error in a stellar position measurement attributable to atmospheric turbulence. The primary limitation of the method is shown to be turbulent water vapor fluctuations. Secondary atmospheric effects caused by diffraction from small refractive-index inhomogeneities and differential refraction for the observation of stars away from zenith are shown to introduce errors that behave as white noise and which should not be significant. Other potential error sources due to photon noise, systematic instrumental effects, and imperfect data reduction are also considered. The improvement in accuracy possible with the two-color method is estimated as a factor of 5-10 over the corresponding one-color measurement. Some preliminary two-color measurements with the Mark III stellar interferometer at Mt. Wilson are presented, which demonstrate a factor of about 5 reduction in the amplitude of the atmospheric fluctuations in a stellar position measurement.
Results of a comparison of aerosol backscatter with measurements over the Pacific Basin obtained from the CW CO2 lidars are presented. Both the Laser Optical Particle Counter (POPC) and CW CO2 lidars performed measurements at the flight level close to the aircraft and measured the same air mass. From the number distributions measured during a flight over Tokyo in June 1990, the backscatter coefficient for each component is calculated by integrating the differential backscatter. Fifteen sets of number distributions measured by the LOPC during the flight are used to predict aerosol backscatter. The backscatter from microphysics of the aerosols obtained from the LOPC and from the lidar measurements are in good agreement. It is concluded that the size distribution and composition of the aerosols can change dramatically as a function of altitude and location. The magnitude of the aerosol backscatter can vary by over three orders of magnitude from clear air to an aerosol layer.
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Many so called paradoxes of quantum mechanics are clarified when the measurement equipment is treated as a quantized system. Every measurement involves nonlinear processes. Self consistent formulations of nonlinear quantum optics are relatively simple. Hence optical measurements, such as the quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement of photon number, are particularly well suited for such a treatment. It shows that the so called 'collapse of the wave function' is not needed for the interpretation of the measurement process. Coherence of the density matrix of the signal is progressively reduced with increasing accuracy of the photon number determination. If the QND measurement is incorporated into the double slit experiment, the contrast ratio of the fringes is found to decrease with increasing information on the photon number in one of the two paths.
The importance of radiation as a means of cooling high-supersonic- and hypersonic-speed aircraft is discussed to show the need for measurements of the total hemispherical emissivity of surfaces. The theory underlying the measurement of the total hemispherical emissivity of surfaces is presented, readily duplicable apparatus for performing the measurements is described, and measurements for stably oxidized Inconel and Inconel X are given for the temperature range from 600 F to 2,000 F.
The theory and use of a laser velocimeter that makes simultaneous measurements of vertical and longitudinal velocities while rapidly scanning a flow field laterally are described, and its direct application to trailing wake-vortex research is discussed. Pertinent measurements of aircraft wake-vortex velocity distributions obtained in a wind tunnel and water towing tank are presented. The utility of the velocimeter to quantitatively assess differences in wake velocity distributions due to wake dissipating devices and span loading changes on the wake-generating model is also demonstrated.
The paper compares the predictions of two different types of sea scatter theories with recent scatterometer measurements which indicate the variations of the backscattering coefficient with polarization, incident angle, wind speed, and azimuth angle. Wright's theory (1968) differs from that of Chan and Fung (1977) in two major aspects: (1) Wright uses Phillips' sea spectrum (1966) while Chan and Fung use that of Mitsuyasu and Honda, and (2) Wright uses a modified slick sea slope distribution by Cox and Munk (1954) while Chan and Fung use the slick sea slope distribution of Cox and Munk defined with respect to the plane perpendicular to the look direction. Satisfactory agreements between theory and experimental data are obtained when Chan and Fung's model is used to explain the wind and azimuthal dependence of the scattering coefficient.
History, theory, and experiments for determining electron densities in lower ionosphere from partial reflection measurements
A resilient-pad gas thrust bearing consisting of pads mounted on cantilever beams was tested to determine its operating characteristic. The bearing was run at a thrust load of 74 newtons to a speed of 17000 rpm. The pad film thickness and bearing friction torque were measured and compared with theory. The measured film thickness was less than that predicted by theory. The bearing friction torque was greater than that predicted by theory.
A theory was developed to interpret the thermal arrest data of HgCdTe system from differential thermal analysis measurements. A nonlinear regression program is used to model fit the data. The purpose is to obtain a set of parameters which will give the information about average radiation coefficient, latent heat of fussion, and specific heat of the HgCdTe system at various compositions. The liquidus and solidus at various compositions are also obtained. The heat radiation from the furnace, heat radiation from the system, heat capacity from both the system and the quartz tube and the heat of fusion of the system are considered, however, it neglects heat transfer through conduction and convection.
Noise attenuation was measured for several types of cylindrical suppressors that use a duct lining composed of honeycomb cells covered with a perforated plate. The experimental technique used gave attenuation data that were repeatable and free of noise floors and other sources of error. The suppressor length, the effective acoustic diameter, suppressor shape and flow velocity were varied. The agreement among the attenuation data and two widely used analytical models was generally satisfactory. Changes were also made in the construction of the acoustic lining to measure their effect on attenuation. One of these produced a very broadband muffler.
The manner of theoretically obtaining radial distribution functions 9(r) for n-hexane as a function of temperature is described. With the aid of function g(r) the coefficient of dynamic viscosity and the coefficient of volumetric viscosity for temperatures ranging from 213 K to 273 K were calculated. With the aid of the two coefficients of viscosity the coefficient of absorption of ultrasounds in n-hexane referred to the square of the frequency was determined. The same values were measured experimentally. Comparison of theory with experiments resulted in satisfactory agreement.
Synthetic polymer models of several degrees of softness were subjected to standard creep tests to determine their viscoelastic characteristics. The automatic measuring apparatus and the theory of measurement used in modeling the human recognition of the softness factor are described.
The theory of a phase insensitive receiver based on acousto-electric effect is presented along with experimental characteristics of a CdS acousto-electric converter (AEC). Since the AEC is nearly phase insensitive, it is ideal for measurements in inhomogeneous materials and/or materials with irregular flatness and parallelism. Through transmission ultrasonic C-scan data of phantom flaws demonstrates a significant improvement in flaw characterization with an AEC over that of a conventional transducer. In addition, measurements with conventional transducers in anisotropically stressed metal samples are shown to lead to grossly inaccurate results due to phase sensitivity. Various other measurements are presented with data contrasting conventional transducers with an AEC in specific NDE applications.
The theory of a phase insensitive receiver based on acousto-electric effect is presented along with experimental characteristics of a CdS acousto-electric converter (AEC). Since the AEC is nearly phase insensitive, it is ideal for measurements in inhomogeneous materials and/or materials with irregular flatness and parallelism. Through transmission ultrasonic C-scan data of phantom flaws demonstrates a significant improvement in flaw characterization with an AEC over that of a conventional transducer. In addition, measurements with conventional transducers in anisotropically stressed metal samples are shown to lead to grossly inaccurate results due to phase sensitivity. Various other measurements are presented with data contrasting conventional transducers with an AEC in specific NDE applications.