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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Measurement and image processing evaluation of surface modifications of dental implants G4 pure titanium created by different techniques

Foreign substances and organic tissue interaction placed into the jaw in order to eliminate tooth loss involves a highly complex process. Many biological reactions take place as well as the biomechanical forces that influence this formation. Osseointegration denotes to the direct structural and functional association between the living bone and the load-bearing artificial implant's surface. Taking into consideration of the requirements in the manufacturing processes of the implants, surface characterizations with high precise measurement techniques are investigated and thus long-term success of dental implant is emphasized on the importance of these processes in this study. In this research, the detailed surface characterization was performed to identify the dependence of the manufacturing techniques on the surface properties by using the image processing methods and using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphological properties in 3D and Taylor Hobson stylus profilometer for roughness properties in 2D. Three implant surfaces fabricated by different manufacturing techniques were inspected, and a machined surface was included into the study as a reference specimen. The results indicated that different surface treatments were strongly influenced surface morphology. Thus 2D and 3D precise inspection techniques were highlighted on the importance for surface characterization. Different image analyses techniques such as Dark-light technique were used to verify the surface measurement results. The computational phase was performed using image processing toolbox in Matlab with precise evaluation of the roughness for the implant surfaces. The relationship between the number of black and white pixels and surface roughness is presented. FFT image processing and analyses results explicitly imply that the technique is useful in the determination of surface roughness. The results showed that the number of black pixels in the image increases with increase in surface roughness.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

WE-G-204-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING): Effect of Image Processing Parameters On Nodule Detectability in Chest Radiography

Purpose: To investigate the effect of varying system image processing parameters on lung nodule detectability in digital radiography. Methods: An anthropomorphic chest phantom was imaged in the posterior-anterior position using a GE Discovery XR656 digital radiography system. To simulate lung nodules, a polystyrene board with 6.35mm diameter PMMA spheres was placed adjacent to the phantom (into the x-ray path). Due to magnification, the projected simulated nodules had a diameter in the radiographs of approximately 7.5 mm. The images were processed using one of GE’s default chest settings (Factory3) and reprocessed by varying the “Edge” and “Tissue Contrast” processing parameters, which were the two user-configurable parameters for a single edge and contrast enhancement algorithm. For each parameter setting, the nodule signals were calculated by subtracting the chest-only image from the image with simulated nodules. Twenty nodule signals were averaged, Gaussian filtered, and radially averaged in order to generate an approximately noiseless signal. For each processing parameter setting, this noise-free signal and 180 background samples from across the lung were used to estimate ideal observer performance in a signal-known-exactly detection task. Performance was estimated using a channelized Hotelling observer with 10 Laguerre-Gauss channel functions. Results: The “Edge” and “Tissue Contrast” parameters each had an effect on the detectability as calculated by the model observer. The CHO-estimated signal detectability ranged from 2.36 to 2.93 and was highest for “Edge” = 4 and “Tissue Contrast” = −0.15. In general, detectability tended to decrease as “Edge” was increased and as “Tissue Contrast” was increased. A human observer study should be performed to validate the relation to human detection performance. Conclusion: Image processing parameters can affect lung nodule detection performance in radiography. While validation with a human observer study is needed, model observer detectability for common tasks could provide a means for optimizing image processing parameters.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1982

Radar image processing for rock-type discrimination

Image processing and enhancement techniques for improving the geologic utility of digital satellite radar images are reviewed. Preprocessing techniques such as mean and variance correction on a range or azimuth line by line basis to provide uniformly illuminated swaths, median value filtering for four-look imagery to eliminate speckle, and geometric rectification using a priori elevation data. Examples are presented of application of preprocessing methods to Seasat and Landsat data, and Seasat SAR imagery was coregistered with Landsat imagery to form composite scenes. A polynomial was developed to distort the radar picture to fit the Landsat image of a 90 x 90 km sq grid, using Landsat color ratios with Seasat intensities. Subsequent linear discrimination analysis was employed to discriminate rock types from known areas. Seasat additions to the Landsat data improved rock identification by 7%.

Blom, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Concurrent Image Processing Executive (CIPE)

The design and implementation of a Concurrent Image Processing Executive (CIPE), which is intended to become the support system software for a prototype high performance science analysis workstation are discussed. The target machine for this software is a JPL/Caltech Mark IIIfp Hypercube hosted by either a MASSCOMP 5600 or a Sun-3, Sun-4 workstation; however, the design will accommodate other concurrent machines of similar architecture, i.e., local memory, multiple-instruction-multiple-data (MIMD) machines. The CIPE system provides both a multimode user interface and an applications programmer interface, and has been designed around four loosely coupled modules; (1) user interface, (2) host-resident executive, (3) hypercube-resident executive, and (4) application functions. The loose coupling between modules allows modification of a particular module without significantly affecting the other modules in the system. In order to enhance hypercube memory utilization and to allow expansion of image processing capabilities, a specialized program management method, incremental loading, was devised. To minimize data transfer between host and hypercube a data management method which distributes, redistributes, and tracks data set information was implemented.

Lee, Meemong↗
DOE OSTI2025

Benchmarking image processing techniques for porosity measurement in polymer additive manufacturing: Review and experimental analysis

An image processing workflow is proposed for porosity measurement in polymer additive manufacturing. Various techniques, including global and local thresholding, region growing, and K-means clustering, were applied to microscopic images of carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF-ABS) and benchmarked for their ability to accurately measure porosity. Global methods included Otsu, minimum error, iterative, and entropy-based thresholding, while local methods included Niblack, Bernsen, Sauvola, and Bradley-Roth algorithms. Artificial uneven illumination was introduced to test local adaptive thresholds. Results showed significant differences in porosity values across methods. Otsu, region growing, and K-means clustering excelled under uniform illumination, while Sauvola and Bradley-Roth performed better with uneven illumination. Comparison with X-ray computed tomography (XCT) revealed slightly lower porosity values (2.55 %) than optimized methods (2.73–2.79 %) due to XCT's lower resolution excluding smaller pores. While XCT offers finer pore detection, it limits sample volume and underestimates porosity due to spatial variation. Validation using artificial grayscale images with 5 % porosity confirmed that Otsu, Bradley-Roth, region growing, and Sauvola algorithms produced accurate results. Although tested on a single material system, these methods can be adapted to others with optimization. In conclusion, given XCT's high computational and time costs, this study highlights suitable image processing techniques as cost-effective alternatives for porosity analysis in polymer composites.

Additive manufacturing↗
NASA NTRS1990

Instrumentation and robotic image processing using top-down model control

A top-down image processing scheme is described. A three-dimensional model of a robotic working environment, with robot manipulators, workpieces, cameras, and on-the-scene visual enhancements is employed to control and direct the image processing, so that rapid, robust algorithms act in an efficient manner to continually update the model. Only the model parameters are communicated, so that savings in bandwidth are achieved. This image compression by modeling is especially important for control of space telerobotics. The background for this scheme lies in an hypothesis of human vision put forward by the senior author and colleagues almost 20 years ago - the Scanpath Theory. Evidence was obtained that repetitive sequences of saccadic eye movements, the scanpath, acted as the checking phase of visual pattern recognition. Further evidence was obtained that the scanpaths were apparently generated by a cognitive model and not directly by the visual image. This top-down theory of human vision was generalized in some sense to the frame in artificial intelligence. Another source of the concept arose from bioengineering instrumentation for measuring the pupil and eye movements with infrared video cameras and special-purpose hardware.

Stark, Lawrence↗
NASA NTRS1981

Selecting optimum algorithms for image processing

Collection of registration, compression, and classification algorithms allows users to evaluate approaches and select best one for particular application. Program includes six registration algorithms, six compression algorithms, and two classification algorithms. Package also includes routines for evaluating effects of processing on image data. Collection is written in FORTRAN IV for batch execution.

Jaroe, R. R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Computer control of a scanning electron microscope for digital image processing of thermal-wave images

Using a recently developed technology called thermal-wave microscopy, NASA Lewis Research Center has developed a computer controlled submicron thermal-wave microscope for the purpose of investigating III-V compound semiconductor devices and materials. This paper describes the system's design and configuration and discusses the hardware and software capabilities. Knowledge of the Concurrent 3200 series computers is needed for a complete understanding of the material presented. However, concepts and procedures are of general interest.

Gilbert, Percy↗
DOE OSTI2017

Visual Sensing and Image Processing for Error Detection in Laser Metal Wire Deposition

Laser metal deposition with wire (LMD-w) involves feeding metal wire through a nozzle and melting the wire with a high-power laser. With efficient process control, comprising sensing, processing and feedback correction of errors, the technology has a potential of changing the course of manufacturing. However, the limitation most often encountered in LMD is the difficulty in controlling the process. Monitoring and control of metal additive manufacturing processes has been mostly researched on powder-based systems, and has not yet been investigated to much extent on the side of metal wire feed arrangements. This work proposes a method for detecting cavities in a deposited layer in the LMD-w process via optical inspection and processing of images obtained from a high-resolution camera. The aim is to develop an effective sensing module which automatically detects discontinuities in each layer before proceeding to subsequent layers, to reduce part porosity and improve inter-layer bond integrity.

Adediran, Adeola↗
NASA NTRS1987

Spatial data software integration - Merging CAD/CAM/mapping with GIS and image processing

The integration of CAD/CAM/mapping with image processing using geographic information systems (GISs) as the interface is examined. Particular emphasis is given to the development of software interfaces between JPL's Video Image Communication and Retrieval (VICAR)/Imaged Based Information System (IBIS) raster-based GIS and the CAD/CAM/mapping system. The design and functions of the VICAR and IBIS are described. Vector data capture and editing are studied. Various software programs for interfacing between the VICAR/IBIS and CAD/CAM/mapping are presented and analyzed.

Logan, Thomas L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Image processing mini manual

The intent is to provide an introduction to the image processing capabilities available at the Langley Research Center (LaRC) Central Scientific Computing Complex (CSCC). Various image processing software components are described. Information is given concerning the use of these components in the Data Visualization and Animation Laboratory at LaRC.

Matthews, Christine G.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Interactive Image Processing for Meteorological Applications at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

The development of interactive image processing techniques which have led to meteorological data processing systems are discussed. Hardware and software functions of the existing Image Display and Manipulation System (IDAMS) and the special-purpose METPAK software package which has been developed for performing meteorology operations on IDAMS are described. A second-generation interactive image processing system, the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS), which is under development, is also outlined. These systems are being designed to provide the necessary high throughput required for analysis of geostationary satellite data in the time domain.

Billingsley, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Small Interactive Image Processing System (SMIPS) users manual

The Small Interactive Image Processing System (SMIP) is designed to facilitate the acquisition, digital processing and recording of image data as well as pattern recognition in an interactive mode. Objectives of the system are ease of communication with the computer by personnel who are not expert programmers, fast response to requests for information on pictures, complete error recovery as well as simplification of future programming efforts for extension of the system. The SMIP system is intended for operation under OS/MVT on an IBM 360/75 or 91 computer equipped with the IBM-2250 Model 1 display unit. This terminal is used as an interface between user and main computer. It has an alphanumeric keyboard, a programmed function keyboard and a light pen which are used for specification of input to the system. Output from the system is displayed on the screen as messages and pictures.

Moik, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS2019

A Qualitative Investigation of Selected Infrared Flow Visualization Image Processing Techniques

The deployment and integration of high-sensitivity infrared cameras in a transonic wind tunnel testenvironment has resulted in a unique capability to image aerodynamic phenomena in real-time. Multi-camera infrared flow visualization data systems are now routinely utilized at the NASA Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. The small flow-induced temperature gradients on the surface of the wind tunnel test article coupled with the high bit-depth of the infrared camera sensor makes the processing of the image data critically important. An image processing routine must enhance features of interest with minimal artifacts. Additionally, the production wind tunnel test environment demands that these processed images are made available in a real-time, automatic fashion. Therefore, any image processing routine must be computationally economical and enhance the image data with minimal input from a human operator. The following seeks to qualitatively explore selected image processing techniques by assessing their effectiveness to resolve flow features on a wind tunnel test article. A multi-scale contrast enhancement technique is discussed as well as a new implementation of a multi-scale, non-interpolated adaptive histogram equalization. Finally, a novel method is introduced that demonstrates the ability to resolve flow features imaged on bare-steel test articles possessing low emissivity.This method makes use of dynamic mode decomposition and discrete-time filtering to separate the background reflections that dominate low emissivity surfaces from the aerodynamic driven surface temperature gradients.This process will be shown to resolve the onset of boundary layer transition on a bare metal wing as well as identify and resolve hidden features in the image data. While the implementation of this technique is very preliminary it demonstrates the potential to extend the application of infrared flow-visualization within the wind tunnel test environment.

Image Processeing↗
NASA NTRS1975

Digital image processing of vascular angiograms

A computer image processing technique was developed to estimate the degree of atherosclerosis in the human femoral artery. With an angiographic film of the vessel as input, the computer was programmed to estimate vessel abnormality through a series of measurements, some derived primarily from the vessel edge information and others from optical density variations within the lumen shadow. These measurements were combined into an atherosclerosis index, which was found to correlate well with both visual and chemical estimates of atherosclerotic disease.

Selzer, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Image processing methods in two and three dimensions used to animate remotely sensed data

Image processing methods and software used to animate nonimaging remotely sensed data on cloud cover are described. Three FORTRAN programs were written in the VICAR2/TAE image processing domain to perform 3D perspective rendering, to interactively select parameters controlling the projection, and to interpolate parameter sets for animation images between key frames. Operation of the 3D programs and transferring the images to film is automated using executive control language and custom hardware to link the computer and camera.

Hussey, K. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Apple Image Processing Educator

A software system design is proposed and demonstrated with pilot-project software. The system permits the Apple II microcomputer to be used for personalized computer-assisted instruction in the digital image processing of LANDSAT images. The programs provide data input, menu selection, graphic and hard-copy displays, and both general and detailed instructions. The pilot-project results are considered to be successful indicators of the capabilities and limits of microcomputers for digital image processing education.

Gunther, F. J.↗