Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “HNO”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6

On the Rate Constant for NH 2 +HO 2 and Third-Body Collision Efficiencies for NH 2 +H(+M) and NH 2 +NH 2 (+M)

In low-temperature flash photolysis of NH 3 /O 2 /N 2 mixtures, the NH 2 consumption rate and the product distribution is controlled by the reactions NH 2 + HO 2 → products (R1), NH 2 + H (+M) → NH 3 (+M) (R2), and NH 2 + NH 2 (+M) → N 2 H 4 (+M) (R3). In the present work, published flash photolysis experiments by, among others, Cheskis and co-workers, are re-interpreted using recent direct measurements of NH 2 + H (+N 2 ) and NH 2 + NH 2 (+N 2 ) from Altinay and Macdonald. To facilitate analysis of the FP data, relative third-body collision efficiencies compared to N 2 for R2 and R3 were calculated for O 2 and NH 3 as well as for other selected molecules. We report results were in good agreement with the limited experimental data. Based on reported NH 2 decay rates in flash photolysis of NH 3 /O 2 /N 2 , a rate constant for NH 2 + HO 2 → NH 3 + O 2 (R1a) of $k_{1\text{a}}$ = 1.5(±0.5) × 10 14 cm 3 mol –1 s –1 at 295 K was derived. This value is higher than earlier determinations based on the FP results but in good agreement with recent theoretical work. Kinetic modeling of reported N 2 O yields indicates that NH 2 + HO 2 → H 2 NO + O (R1c) is competing with R1a, but perturbation experiments with addition of CH4 indicate that it is not a dominating channel. Measured HNO profiles indicate that this component is formed directly by NH 2 + HO 2 → HNO + H 2 O (R1b), but theoretical work indicates that R1b is only a minor channel. Based on this analysis, we estimate $k_{1\text{c}}$ = 2.5 × 10 13 cm 3 mol –1 s –1 and $k_{1\text{b}}$ = 2.5 × 10 12 cm 3 mol –1 s –1 at 295 K, with significant uncertainty margins.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NO Degradation on the Anatase TiO 2 (001) Surface in the Presence of Water

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to degrade to nitric acid (HNO 3 ) on anatase TiO2 facets under visible light irradiation in the presence of water. However, the exact role that water plays in this photoreaction is not fully understood. Here, by employing the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional tight binding (TD-DFTB), we show the viability of two suggested degradation pathways involving water. Both reaction pathways are triggered by a charge transfer excitation from the NO molecule to the TiO 2 surface. In one of them, NO interacts with dissociated water molecules adsorbed on the surface to form HONO + , whereas for the second pathway, NO is oxidized to NO 2 + by capturing one oxygen atom from the substrate. Both HONO and NO 2 are known byproducts in the photodegradation of NO, which further react with adsorbed water to finally produce HNO 3 . We also demonstrate by means of nudged elastic band calculations that these reactions are unlikely to happen without illumination.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

CH 4 Activation over Perovskite Catalysts: True Density and Reactivity of Active Sites

The high thermal stability of perovskites has drawn attention toward their applications for catalytic CH 4 activation and conversion, typically occurring at high temperatures. The reaction rates of perovskite catalysts for CH 4 combustion, however, trail behind those of noble metal catalysts. Ways to optimize the performance of perovskite catalysts are destined to trial-and-error approaches unless their complex reconstructed surfaces are correlated with fundamental kinetic parameters. Discerning the intrinsic activity of surface catalytic sites and the density of those sites is crucial to rationally envision complex metal oxides with enhanced catalytic performance. Here, the present work presents a detailed kinetic analysis of catalytic CH 4 combustion over a set of seven perovskites (SrTiO 3 , SrZrO 3 , SrFeO 3 , LaFeO 3 , LaInO 3 , LaCoO 3 , LaMnO 3 ) with various surface terminations. Steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis was employed to measure turnover frequency (TOF) and density of surface intermediates (N) under operando conditions. Top surface characterization elucidated performance-structure relationships between near-monolayer surface composition and intrinsic reactivity of the catalysts. By using a chemical etching procedure to expose Fe-sites at the top surface of LaFeO 3 (LaFeO 3 , HNO 3 ), its TOF was increased 4-fold, compared with the unmodified sample, although N on the surface of LaFeO 3 , HNO 3 decreased. Density functional theory simulations corroborated that surface Fe-termination and La-Fe termination offer lower energetic barriers for CH 4 activation when compared with La-termination. In general, surface reconstruction is shown as a tool to tune TOF and N to improve reaction rates. This work fills a gap in current kinetic studies of perovskites through a careful assessment and discussion of the density and intrinsic reactivity of active sites for methane combustion over well-characterized reconstructed perovskite surfaces.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Simultaneous Insight into Dissolution and Aggregation of Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles through Single-Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Nanoparticles (NPs) and their colloidal aggregates are ubiquitous and play important roles in the transport and release of metals. Knowledge of their dissolution rates and aggregation behavior in solution are crucial for better prediction of their fate in biogeochemical cycling, ecotoxicity, and environmental remediation. There are however significant technical challenges to accurately obtain such information as a result of the heterogeneity and highly dynamic transformation exhibited by NPs, particularly at relatively low particle concentrations in aqueous systems. Here, we quantitatively examine the simultaneous dissolution and aggregation behavior of metal sulfide NPs using single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP–MS). We focus on nickel sulfide (NiS), with additional data presented for copper sulfide (CuS) and cobalt sulfide (CoS). The kinetics of metal release (dissolution and disaggregation) of NiS was fastest under strongly oxidizing conditions (from 0.04 to >3 min –1 with H 2 O 2 ) and were slower under near-neutral (HEPES buffer/H 2 O) and acidic (1 mM HNO 3 ) conditions (≤0.006 min –1 ). Metal release kinetics in HNO 3 was not faster than in H 2 O or HEPES, suggesting that the solution pH has an influence over both the dissolution kinetics of individual particles and the NP aggregation states, which in combination affect metal release rates over time. Between different metal sulfides, the measured metal release rates were largely consistent with predictions based on the crystallinity, solubility products, and specific surface areas of the NPs, following an order of CoS > NiS > CuS. Here, the spICP–MS approach described here can be easily applied to the characterization of metal release and aggregation of other NPs at low concentrations (~10 5 particles/mL) typically found in natural environments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Energy-Efficient Capacitive Deionization through Electrode Modification and Process Development

Electrochemical separation technologies, such as capacitive deionization (CDI), are promising for addressing global energy and water challenges. However, there is a need to improve the performance, better understand property-performance relationships, and evaluate the longevity of CDI electrodes. This study explores the chemical modification of electrodes and the adjustment of CDI operating parameters. Results indicate that nitric acid (HNO3) conditioning of activated carbon cloth (ACC) electrodes removes metal oxides, introduces oxygen and nitrogen functionalities, and increases the specific capacitance (16% at 1 mV/s). Moreover, these changes in electrode properties positively impact device-level CDI performance. Through HNO3-conditioning of the ACC and tuning of the operational parameters, this work demonstrates higher electrosorption capacity (4.0x), greater charge efficiency (90% vs 24%), and lower energy consumption (3.8x). Despite these enhancements, limitations of the HNO 3 -conditioned ACC include decreased desorption kinetics and a 32% loss in electrosorption capacity after 200 cycles. Overall, this work provides guidance on using oxidative pretreatment via HNO 3 to modify ACC electrodes for CDI and evaluates the trade-offs associated with varying operational parameters.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Enabling Solar Water Oxidation by BiVO 4 in Strongly Acidic Solutions

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is paired with various electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction reactions used for fuel and chemical production. As there is a strong interest in performing many of these reduction reactions in strongly acidic solutions to increase the reaction rate, efficiency, or selectivity, there is also a great interest in enabling efficient and stable OER in strongly acidic solutions. In this study, we report stable photoelectrochemical OER (POER) of a BiVO 4 photoanode in 0.1 M HNO 3 (pH 1). This was achieved by using Nb 2 O 5 as a protection layer. While Nb 2 O 5 was rarely used as a protection layer for photoelectrodes in the past, we show its excellent capability to suppress both the chemical and photoelectrochemical dissolution of BiVO 4 at pH 1. After stabilizing BiVO 4 with a Nb 2 O 5 protection layer, we added Co 2+ ions to the electrolyte as an OER catalyst to enhance the POER. We found that Co (aq) 2+ can serve as a homogeneous OER catalyst without being deposited as a CoO x solid catalyst on Nb 2 O 5 . When we performed the POER using unprotected BiVO 4 with Co (aq) 2+ under the same condition, although POER was enhanced, the enhancement could not be sustained due to the chemical dissolution of BiVO 4 . After the POER, we found that a Co 3+ -containing OER catalyst was deposited on the bare BiVO 4 surface. This result suggested that the use of Co 2+ ions as a homogeneous catalyst was possible due to the inertness of the Nb 2 O 5 surface toward the adsorption or deposition of Co ions. This study enabling stable POER of BiVO 4 in 0.1 M HNO 3 using the combination of a Nb 2 O 5 protection layer and Co (aq) 2+ as a homogeneous OER catalyst provides promising possibilities for acidic POER and OER.

Catalysts↗

Acid anion electrolyte effects on platinum for oxygen and hydrogen electrocatalysis

Platinum is an important material with applications in oxygen and hydrogen electrocatalysis. To better understand how its activity can be modulated through electrolyte effects in the double layer microenvironment, herein we investigate the effects of different acid anions on platinum for the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) and hydrogen evolution/oxidation reaction (HER/HOR) in pH 1 electrolytes. Experimentally, we see the ORR activity trend of HClO 4 > HNO 3 > H 2 SO 4 , and the OER activity trend of HClO 4 > HNO 3 ~ H 2 SO 4 . HER/HOR performance is similar across all three electrolytes. Notably, we demonstrate that ORR performance can be improved 4-fold in nitric acid compared to in sulfuric acid. Assessing the potential-dependent role of relative anion competitive adsorption with density functional theory, we calculate unfavorable adsorption on Pt(111) for all the anions at HER/HOR conditions while under ORR/OER conditions ClO$^{-}_{4}$ binds the weakest followed by NO$^{-}_{3}$ and SO$^{2-}_{4}$. Our combined experimental-theoretical work highlights the importance of understanding the role of anions across a large potential range and reveals nitrate-like electrolyte microenvironments as interesting possible sulfonate alternatives to mitigate the catalyst poisoning effects of polymer membranes/ionomers in electrochemical systems. These findings help inform rational design approaches to further enhance catalyst activity via microenvironment engineering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Optimization and quantification of silver( II ) for mediated electrochemical oxidation applications

Mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) is a low-temperature, low-pressure, aqueous mineralization process used to treat organic waste. A powerful metal oxidant is used as a mediator in an acidic solution. Although Ce and Co are thoroughly studied mediators, Ag is a preferred choice because of the higher efficiency rates of mineralization observed with this system. Importantly, the quantification methodology and spectroscopic characteristics of the Ag(II) ion must be obtained. In this study, we determined molar extinction coefficients of the primary absorption band associated with the Ag(II) ion in 2–9 M HNO 3 solution. The optimization of Ag(II) electrooxidation was also determined by altering parameters such as HNO 3 concentration, mediator concentration, and temperature. The optimization studies and extinction coefficient data provide parameters for implementation of Ag as a suitable mediator for MEO processing of organic waste.

Schrage, Briana R. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory ↗

Evaluating Np(v) disproportionation: effect of Np concentration

The role of Np(V) concentration as a potential chemical driver of Np(V) disproportionation was investigated by probing Np redox chemistry in two different acid media using visible-near-infrared absorbance spectroscopy. In situ spectroscopy of chemically and electrochemically manipulated Np oxidation states at molar concentrations of Np underscores the difficulty in stabilizing pure Np(V), even in dilute acid. A Np(VI) component coexisting with the majority Np(V) component was observed in both HNO 3 and HCl. Electrochemical tuning and subsequent spectroscopic analysis of the Np(VI/V) ratio revealed neptunyl self-complexation as a key mechanism occurring in both acid media. Chemical reduction of the Np(VI) component and stabilization of a minor Np(IV) component in HNO 3 were observed; however, spectral data indicated that these two oxidation states were not observed to coexist, and pure Np(V) was stabilized only briefly. These findings demonstrate that high Np concentrations significantly affect the redox chemistry of Np in acidic solutions. Finally, the occurrence of Np(V) disproportionation could not be definitely determined by spectral data, but other mechanisms such as self-complexation and radiolysis, which potentially compete with disproportionation, must be considered.

Gilson, Sara E. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (OR↗

Low and High LET Degradation Studies of Metal-Loaded Organic Phase Ligands in the ALSEP Process

Organic solutions comprising the Actinide Lanthanide Separation Process (ALSEP) solvent consisting of 0.5 M 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]) and 0.05 M N,N,N’,N’-tetra(2-ethylhexyl)diglycolamide (T2EHDGA) in n-dodecane were subjected to low LET and high LET irradiation before and after equilibration with an aqueous phase of 3 M HNO 3 . Degradation dose constants revealed greater ligand degradation due to gamma irradiation than alpha irradiation for both ligands. Furthermore, equilibration with nitric acid did not have a significant impact on ligand degradation for either irradiation source. Identified degradation products were similar for both gamma and alpha irradiation and occurred mostly through the rupture of the N–C carbonyl and C–O ether bonds for T2EHDGA and the C–Oether bond in HEH[EHP]. Acid contact appears to alter the degradation pathway by favoring the formation of higher molecular weight recombination products. Furthermore, mixed T2EHDGA-HEH[EHP]-NO 3 complexes were formed with Nd(III) after extraction from 3 M HNO 3 , and low LET gamma irradiation of the Nd(III) loaded organic solution produced similar degradation products as the organic solution absent of Nd(III). Interestingly, and likely due to the greater radiolytic susceptibility of T2EHDGA than HEH[EHP], a HEH[EHP]-Nd(III) complex appears to form as the T2EHDGA degrades with increasing absorbed dose.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Loading Capacity and Dilute Nitric Acid Rinse of Diglycolamide Resin for the Recovery of Transplutonium and Rare Earth Elements from Mark-18A Targets

N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) as a resin (“DGA resin”) produced by Eichrom Technologies will be used by Savannah River National Laboratory for the indiscriminate extraction of trivalent actinides and rare earth elements with the intent of recovering Cm and Am from dissolved irradiated 242 Pu Mark-18A targets in 7 to 9 M nitric acid. The extracted constituents will be recovered as an oxide by direct thermal decomposition of the loaded resin followed by calcination of the resultant residue. The characteristics of DGA resin with non-radiological feed simulant representative of the anticipated feed in the Mark-18A process, with Sm and Nd as surrogates for Cm and Am, respectively, including breakthrough point and saturation capacity were evaluated in this work. Additionally, this work examined the losses from the loaded resin by rinsing the resin bed with dilute acid to reduce the nitrate concentration in the resin bed prior to thermal decomposition operations to improve the safety posture of the process. A resin loading profile was developed, and the resin was determined to have a trivalent metal saturation capacity of 74 μmol/mL resin under the experimental conditions evaluated. Following a wash of the loaded resin bed with fresh 8 M HNO 3 , the trivalent metals retained was reduced to 68 μmol/mL resin, which represents the practical capacity of the resin for the Mark-18A process. Lighter lanthanides breakthrough the resin well before the saturation capacity is reached. Rinsing the saturated resin bed with 0.26 M HNO 3 was found to result in a rapid reduction in retention of rare earth elements by the resin. After 2.8 bed volumes of dilute acid rinse, the mean resin bed free acid concentration was reduced to 0.28 M and 3.1 bed volumes of dilute acid rinse resulted in a reduction of the cumulative rare earth element retention to 52 μmol/mL of resin.

Transplutonium separations↗

Comparing Designed Training Sets to Optimize Multivariate Regression Models for Pr, Nd, and Nitric Acid Using Spectrophotometry

Chemometric regression models were developed for the quantification of praseodymium (Pr, 0–1000 µg/mL), neodymium (Nd, 0–1000 µg/mL), and nitric acid (HNO 3 , 0.1–5 M) using spectrophotometry. Designed calibration sets were composed of 20 samples each: 10 model points and 10 lack-of-fit (LOF) points. The D-optimal designs effectively minimized the number of samples required to build models, and each design resulted in similar prediction performance, suggesting that statistical design of experiments can provide a reliable framework for selecting training set samples in three-variable systems. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were validated against a one-factor-at-a-time validation set composed of 125 samples (three variables, five levels). The top PLS-1 models resulted in average percent root mean square error of prediction error values of 3.5%, 1.7%, and 1.2% for Pr(III), Nd(III), and HNO 3 , respectively. Power set augmentations of the model and LOF samples were investigated to optimize the number of training set samples. PLSR models built using just required model points (10) had similar predictive capabilities as models including the LOF points (20) but with fewer samples. The number of validation samples was also varied systematically to learn how many samples are needed to validate regression models. This work addresses long-standing questions in the field of chemometrics to help make this approach amenable to the near-real-time quantification of hazardous species in remote settings.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Purification and Concentration of 99 Mo from a UREX raffinate

The medical isotope 99m Tc ( t ½ = 6.0 h) accounts for over 80% of isotopes used in diagnostic nuclear medicine today and is normally derived from its transient equilibrium parent 99 Mo ( t ½ = 66 h). To reduce U.S. dependence on 99 Mo derived from HEU by foreign suppliers, the NNSA/M3 program—under the American Medical Isotope Production Act—has been tasked with facilitating the work of domestic 99 Mo suppliers that do not utilize HEU. Superconducting electron linear accelerators with high-Z converter targets can generate bremsstrahlung photons and neutron fluxes that can induce photonuclear reactions and LEU fission. After sufficient production intervals, targets can be rotated out and processed while another batch is irradiated. The process flow chemistry is shown in Figure 1. The irradiated U 3 O 8 targets are retrieved and dissolved in HNO 3 ; the volatile fission products are expelled and captured during this step. The HNO 3 liquor bearing the uranyl, fission and activation products is injected into the UREX suite of liquid-liquid extraction banks. The uranyl is partitioned in typical fashion using tri-$\textit{n}$-butyl phosphate (TBP) in a hydrocarbon diluent. The raffinate—comprising mainly 99 Mo and fission products—is then injected into the MoLLE (Molybdenum Liquid-Liquid Extraction) flowsheet, where the Mo is selectively extracted by an organophosphorous acid extractant such as di-(2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) (HDEHP). Trace amounts of Nb, Zr, Np, I, and Te are co-extracted. The Mo is stripped using acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and fed onto an anion exchange column. Following a series of hydroxide, HCl, and oxalic acid wash steps, the Mo can be recovered in NaOH/NaCl. A manuscript describing this process chemistry in more detail was recently published.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

Role of n-phenyl-β-naphthylamine in the Acid-Nitroplasticizer Thermal Aging (ANTA) Experiment

A short-term aging study, which was named as Acid-Nitroplasticizer Thermal Aging (ANTA), was conducted to explore the complex chemistry between n-phenyl-β-naphthylamine (PBNA), HNO x , and nitroplasticizer (NP). Aging of NP with PBNA and acid treatments have demonstrated that PBNA is an effective antioxidant and an anti-hydrolytic agent (e.g., inhibits HNO 3 ) and have allowed the identification of nitroso-PBNA (PBNA-NO). The direct conversion of PBNA to PBNA-NO via scavenging of HONO, known as nitrosation, is a preceding event of PBNA nitration, which provides evidence to the HONO elimination as the key mechanism in the early stage of NP aging. Through the kinetics of both nitrosation and nitration, the accuracy of a prediction on PBNA consumption in NP degradation is further improved.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Dissolution Flowsheet for Non-Aluminum Spent Nuclear Fuel Campaign 1

As part of the Accelerated Basin De-inventory (ABD) program, H Canyon plans to dissolve non-aluminum spent nuclear fuel (NASNF) in the 6.3D electrolytic dissolver. NASNF Campaign 1 plans to electrolytically dissolve 68 bundles of fuel assemblies from the Carolinas-Virginia Tube Reactor (CVTR), Heavy Water Components Test Reactor (HWCTR), and Experimental Boiling Water Reactor (EBWR). The fuel assemblies are intact Zircaloy or stainless steel (SS) clad UO 2 rods, tubes, and plates. The H Canyon electrolytic dissolver previously dissolved a variety of UO 2 core fuel types in SS, Zircaloy, Nichrome, or Incoloy cladding from 1969 to 1980. The objective of this study was to identify flowsheet conditions through literature review and laboratory experimentation to safely dissolve NASNF Campaign 1 bundles in the H Canyon electrolytic dissolver. Bench-scale electrolytic dissolution tests were performed to demonstrate a flowsheet for NASNF Campaign 1 bundles. The outer bundles are composed of SS or Al alloy, Al 6061-T6, and contain intact Zircaloy or SS clad UO 2 fuel assemblies. The key objectives of these tests were to determine bounding dissolver chemistries and the sparge requirement to ensure H 2 concentration remain less than 60 vol % of the lower flammability limit (LFL) during dissolution. The impact of HNO 3 concentration and the addition of fluoride on the dissolution efficiency of Zircaloy, 304L SS, Al 6061-T6, and Inconel 625 were examined. While SS, Al, and Inconel 625 readily dissolve utilizing electrolytic dissolution, Zircaloy disintegrated anodically; the surface of Zircaloy oxidized and the oxide layer spalled off and settled at the bottom of the dissolver as an insoluble material. The black flakes were identified as ZrO 2 and 85% of the Zr processed was converted to black ZrO 2 flakes when Zr was anodically disintegrated in 9.5 M HNO 3 .

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

LLNL measurements of thermally irradiated HEU sample and saltwater-matrixed HEU sample

Two scintillation vials, kindly provided by the PNNL team, were received in the LLNL radiochemistry building on June 10, 2024; one containing approximately 2 mL dissolved thermally-irradiated HEU, and the other containing dried salt from irradiated seawater. A quick, semiquantitative screening count of the salt showed that the activation product activities were very low, with the highest activity being ~1 Bq 24 Na. The dissolved HEU solution was transferred to a Prindle vial (LLNL standard counting geometry) and weighed. Approximately 2 mL 3 M HNO 3 was added so that the solution completely covered the bottom of the vial and Gamanal software would be able to accurately generate an efficiency curve. This sample, called “PNNLFP24” is the irradiated HEU solution received, gravimetrically diluted by a factor of 1.7356 ± 0.0003, and was sent for quick gamma counting prior to further modification. Meanwhile the salt was quantitatively transferred to a 250 mL polyethylene bottle and dissolved in 160 mL 3 M HNO 3 . After counting, 50 µL PNNLFP24 was aliquoted for Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) analysis, and then 10.0 mL of the salt solution (6.03% of the total salt, gravimetrically) was added to the remaining PNNLFP24 solution to make “PNNLFPSW24”. After weighing, two 100 µL aliquots were removed for RIMS and DES, and 3 mL was aliquoted for microfluidic chemistry. The remaining “PNNLFPSW24” solution was weighed and proceeded for singles and coincidence counting on the MCBOS system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Remote Americium Detection Using an Optical Sensor: A D-Optimal Strategy for Efficient PLS-Based Modeling

A fiber-optic visible–near-infrared absorption spectroscopy system in a glove box was demonstrated for remote quantification of Am(III) (0–500 µM) and HNO 3 (0.1–9 M) using partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. The sensor platform, featuring a simple plug-and-play spectrophotometer, can enable noninvasive, real-time monitoring of actinide process solutions. To establish a flexible PLSR model calibration strategy, a D-optimal design developed using Nd(III) in previous studies was successfully extended to an actinide system with Am(III) to effectively minimize sample set size while maintaining robust prediction performance. The results suggest strong spectral similarities between Nd(III) and Am(III) and validate Nd(III) as an effective optical surrogate for trivalent actinide species. This work also supports the generalizability of a D-optimal training set selection approach for two-factor systems. The PLS1 models for Am(III) and HNO 3 outperformed a PLS2 model and maintained reasonable performance in the presence of interfering U(VI). The resulting sensor system and multivariate approach provides a flexible and scalable solution for process monitoring, control, and safety in diverse nuclear applications.

actinide↗

Online characterization of primary and secondary emissions of particulate matter and acidic molecules from a modern fleet of city buses

The potential impact of transitioning from conventional fossil fuel to a non-fossil-fuel vehicle fleet was investigated by measuring primary emissions via extractive sampling of bus plumes and assessing secondary mass formation using the Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) reactor from 76 in-use transit buses. Online chemical characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from these buses was conducted using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) with acetate as the reagent ion, coupled with the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO). Acetate reagent ion chemistry selectively ionizes acidic compounds, including organic and inorganic acids, as well as nitrated and sulfated organics. A significant reduction (48 %–98 %) in fresh particle emissions was observed in buses utilizing compressed natural gas (CNG), biodiesels like rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and hybrid-electric HVO (HVO HEV ) compared to diesel (DSL). However, secondary particle formation from photooxidation of emissions was substantial across all the fuel types. The median ratio of particle mass emission factors of aged to fresh emissions increased in the following order: DSL buses at 4.0, HVO buses at 6.7, HVO HEV buses at 10.5, RME buses at 10.8, and CNG buses at 84. Of the compounds that can be identified by CIMS, fresh gaseous emissions from all Euro V/EEV (Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicle) buses, regardless of fuel type, were dominated by nitrogen-containing compounds such as nitrous acid (HONO), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), and isocyanic acid (HNCO), alongside small monoacids (C 1 –C 3 ). Notably, the emission of nitrogen-containing compounds was lower in Euro VI buses equipped with more advanced emission control technologies. Secondary gaseous organic acids correlated strongly with gaseous HNO 3 signals (R 2 =0.85–0.99) in Go:PAM, but their moderate to weak correlations with post-photooxidation secondary particle mass suggest that they are not reliable tracers of secondary organic aerosol formation from bus exhaust. Our study highlights that non-regulated compounds and secondary pollutant formation, not currently addressed in legislation, are crucial considerations in the evaluation of environmental impacts of future fuel and engine technology shifts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗