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Time domain expression derived for frequency varying nonperiodic square wave in FDM and FM systems, using orthogonal functions to obtain frequency spectrum
As the data rates required for digitally encoded television are reduced, satellite systems employing the transmission of digitally encoded television will become attractive. It is likely that television transmitted in this format will be adjacent to or in the same frequency band as television transmissions in other modulation formats, so a knowledge of carrier to interference power ratios as a function of assessed picture quality will be required for frequency sharing between these different modulation formats. This paper presents the results of subjective and quantitative tests describing the results of interference to a particular digital television system from a frequency modulated (FM) television system, and for interference to an FM television system from a digital television system.
Results of investigation of 1550 nm range stripe semiconductor lasers fabricated from heterostructures with different designs of the gain medium are presented. It is shown that the proposed designs of the gain medium allow obtaining the effective lasing at high level of total optical losses, comparable with the typical optical losses in the vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The evaluation of modal gain in different types of the gain mediummade it possible to estimate the possible frequencies of the small-signal modulation of vertically emitting lasers and proposed the ways to increase them up to 20 GHz or more.
A coherent-optical time-of-flight range-finding technique is proposed which uses a simple inexpensive device. Target range is determined by modulating a laser diode's optical frequency and measuring the change in the phase of the light reflected back into the laser. Target velocity as well as range can be measured using this approach. The device is described, and experimental evidence is presented to show the feasibility of measuring distance with subcentimeter resolution over a 1.5-m range.
Optimization of receivers for demodulating FM SIGNAL corrupted by Gaussian noise, and solution to maximum likelihood equation
FM feedback system for lunar orbiter signal demodulation, discussing system composition and performance
A large amplitude, high-frequency electromagnetic oscillation is impressed on a nonrelativistic, collisionless plasma from an external source. The frequency is chosen to be far from the plasma frequency (in fact, lower). The resulting electron velocity distribution function strongly modifies the propagation of ion-acoustic waves parallel to the oscillating electric field. The complex frequency is calculated numerically.
Microdisk lasers 10–30 μm in diameter operating at room temperature without thermal stabilization and with an active region based on nanostructures of hybrid dimensionality—quantum wells–dots—are investigated. High-frequency measurements of the microlaser response are performed in the direct small-signal modulation mode, which makes it possible to establish the parameters of the operating speed and analyze their dependence on the microlaser diameter. It is found that the K factor is (0.8 ± 0.2) ns, which corresponds to optical losses of ~6 cm{sup –1}, and no regular dependence on the diameter is observed. It is found that the low-frequency component of the damping coefficient of relaxation oscillations is inversely proportional to the diameter. This character of the dependence evidences a decrease in the carrier lifetime in small-diameter microcavities, which can be associated with the prevalence of nonradiative recombination on their side walls.
Threshold extension device for improving operating performance of frequency modulatioin demodulators by eliminating click-type noise impulses
We present a scheme to phase-lock a 240 mW, 852 nm distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser to a fixed-frequency narrow-linewidth laser with a rapidly tunable frequency offset near 9 GHz. The phase-lock is accomplished by electronic feedback on the beatnote between the two lasers. The frequency offset can be swept 200 MHz in 300 us, limited by the feedback loop bandwidth, allowing for its use in complex cooling and state preparation schemes needed in atomic physics experiments. Here, we find that the phase-lock reduces the linewidth of the DBR laser below its natural linewidth of ~400 kHz to ~100 kHz
In this paper, a comparative study of the dead-time effects in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system inverter is performed for different fixed-frequency control techniques. The dead-time is provided between the complementary switching instances of the inverter phase-legs to ensure safe operation of the input power source. Under certain operating conditions, the dead-time results in waveform distortions or voltage-polarity reversal (VPR) at the inverter output. The VPR affects the switching characteristics, harmonic spectrum, switching losses, and output voltage/power of the system. A detailed analysis of the dead-time effect on the WPT system parameters such as output voltage and output power is conducted for the different fixed-frequency control strategies (i.e., traditional phase-shift control, asymmetrical clamped-mode, and asymmetrical duty-cycle control). Furthermore, the impact of dead-time on the inverter switching losses is compared for the different control strategies.
Millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging systems require high resolution and spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) to produce images with low artifacts. In these systems, lateral resolution is determined by the center frequency and the ratio of the aperture size to the distance to the target. The downrange resolution is determined by the system bandwidth; for very fine downrange resolution of a target, or material layers/discontinuities, the bandwidth must be very broad. Additionally, the response over the bandwidth must be measured very rapidly to support high speed acquisition over large apertures. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a standard means of generating the ultra-broadband frequency chirp. This paper investigates the use of a broadband VCO for use in MMW imaging systems, a linear-phase calibration technique, and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) parameter considerations for controlling the VCO.
A high time resolution electron detector has been developed for use in sounding rocket studies of the aurora. The detector is used to look for particle bunching in the range 50 kHz-10 MHz. The design uses an electron multiplier and an onboard frequency spectrum analyzer. By using the onboard analyzer, the data can be transmitted back to ground on a single 93-kHz voltage-controlled oscillator. The detector covers the 50 kHz-10 MHz range six times per second and detects modulation on the order of a new percent of the total electron flux. Spectra are presented for a flight over an auroral arc.
Microwave-absorbing materials are extensively used in intelligent electronic devices and stealth technologies where the ability to dynamically adjust microwave-absorbing capacity in response to specific requirements is vitally important. Herein, we report a new approach for constructing dynamically tunable microwave absorbers with ultrawide tunable frequency ranges that are simultaneously endowed with vibrant structural colors. Here, the methodology produces structural colors and adjusts absorption properties by constructing ZnO coatings with precisely adjustable thicknesses on a polypyrrole/melamine foam (PPy/MF) surface by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in conjunction with a pressure-driven strategy that regulates the compression ratio. The electrical conductivity, electromagnetic parameters, thickness, and pore size of the ZnO-coated PPy/MF (ZnO/PPy/MF) are effectively adjusted, and simply applying external pressure widens the tunable frequency range and the effective absorption bandwidth. As a result, the effective absorption frequency of ZnO/PPy/MF is dynamically adjustable from the S band to the Ku band, thereby covering 94.3% of the entire microwave spectrum. Moreover, the brilliant and uniform structural colors of ZnO/PPy/MF, which span various color categories, are precisely regulated by tuning the thickness of the ZnO coating by adjusting the number of ALD cycles. ZnO/PPy/MF is strongly hydrophobic, which endows it with remarkable self-cleaning properties. Therefore, ZnO/PPy/MF provides a conceptually novel platform for the development of next-generation smart microwave-absorbing materials due to its integrated dynamic frequency-regulating ability, brilliant structural coloration, and self-cleaning features.
A computer program is developed to calculate the FM threshold impulse rates as a function of the carrier-to-noise ratio for a specified FM system. The system parameters and a vector of 1024 integers, representing the probability density of the modulating voltage, are required as input parameters. The computer program is utilized to calculate threshold impulse rates for twenty-four sets of measured probability data supplied by NASA and for sinusoidal and Gaussian modulating waveforms. As a result of the analysis several conclusions are drawn: (1) The use of preemphasis in an FM television system improves the threshold by reducing the impulse rate. (2) Sinusoidal modulation produces a total impulse rate which is a practical upper bound for the impulse rates of TV signals providing the same peak deviations. (3) As the moment of the FM spectrum about the center frequency of the predetection filter increases, the impulse rate tends to increase. (4) A spectrum having an expected frequency above (below) the center frequency of the predetection filter produces a higher negative (positive) than positive (negative) impulse rate.
Computer simulation is used to calculate the time-domain waveform of standard T-pulse-and-bar test signal distorted in passing through an FM television system. The simulator includes flat or preemphasized systems and requires specification of the RF predetection filter characteristics. The predetection filters are modeled with frequency-symmetric Chebyshev (0.1-db ripple) and Butterworth filters. The computer was used to calculate distorted output signals for sixty-four different specified systems, and the output waveforms are plotted for all sixty-four. Comparison of the plotted graphs indicates that a Chebyshev predetection filter of four poles causes slightly more signal distortion than a corresponding Butterworth filter and the signal distortion increases as the number of poles increases. An increase in the peak deviation also increases signal distortion. Distortion also increases with the addition of preemphasis.
An integral conservation law for wave numbers is considered. In order to test the validity of the proposed conservation law, a complete solution for the reflection and transmission of an acoustic wave impinging normally on a material interface moving at a constant speed is derived. The agreement between the frequency condition thus deduced from the dynamic equations of motion and the frequency condition derived from the jump condition associated with the integral equation supports the proposed law as a true conservation law. Additional comparisons such as amplitude discontinuities and Snells' law in a moving media further confirm the stated proposition. Results are stated concerning frequency and wave number relations across a shock front as predicted by the proposed conservation law.
The project examines long-term changes in extreme temperature episodes (ETE) associated with planetary climate modes (PCMs) in both the real atmospheric and climate model simulations. The focus is on cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs) occurring over the continental US during the past 60 winters. No significant long-term trends in either WWs or CAOs are observed over the US. The annual frequency of CAOs is affected by the (i) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) over the Southeast US and (ii) Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern over the Northwest US. WW frequency is influenced by the (i) NAO over the eastern US and (ii) combined influence of PNA, Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO over the southern US. The collective influence of PCMs accounts for as much as 50% of the regional variability in ETE frequency. During CAO (WW) events occurring over the southeast US, there are low (high) pressure anomalies at higher atmospheric levels over the southeast US with oppositely-signed pressure anomalies in the lower atmosphere over the central US. These patterns lead to anomalous northerly (for CAOs) or southerly (for WWs) flow into the southeast leading to cold or warm surface air temperature anomalies, respectively. One distinction is that CAOs involve substantial air mass transport while WW formation is more local in nature. The primary differences among event categories are in the origin and nature of the pressure anomaly features linked to ETE onset. In some cases, PCMs help to provide a favorable environment for event onset. Heat budget analyses indicate that latitudinal transport in the lower atmosphere is the main contributor to regional cooling during CAO onset. This is partly offset by adiabatic warming associated with subsiding air. Additional diagnoses reveal that this latitudinal transport is partly due to the remote physical influence of a shallow cold pool of air trapped along the east side of the Rocky Mountains. ETE and PCM behavior is also studied in (CMIP5) climate model simulations. Although the climate models considered are able to represent the overall behavior of ETEs, the frequency of WWs (CAOs) is too high (low) in many models. While all models qualitatively replicate the overall structure of the PNA pattern, a small minority of models fails to properly simulate the NAO pattern. Model shortcomings in representing the NAO and PNA patterns have important consequences for simulating associated regional variability in surface air temperature and storm track behavior. The influence of PCMs on ETEs is underestimated in most CMIP5 models. In particular, none of the models are able to accurately simulate observed linkages between ETEs and the PDO, due to a gross misrepresentation of the PDO pattern in most models. Our results indicate that predictions of future CAO and WW behavior are currently limited by the ability of climate models to accurately represent PCM characteristics. Our study also considers the behavior of PCMs known as annular modes. It is determined that north-south movements in the stratospheric jet stream (related to the Polar Annular Mode) result in long-lasting impacts upon surface weather conditions including regional air temperature anomalies. The structure and dynamics of the stratospheric northern annular mode (or SNAM, related to changes in the strength of the stratospheric jet stream) was studied in CMIP5 models. In models with poorly-resolved stratospheres, the amplitude of SNAM at stratospheric altitudes is typically too weak, consistent with weaker stratospheric jet variability. However, this distinction does not carry over to the associated tropospheric signature of SNAM. A regional analysis illustrates that most CMIP5 models (regardless of whether the stratosphere is well-resolved) have anomalously weak and eastward shifted (compared to observed SNAM events) storm track and sea level pressure anomaly patterns during SNAM events. Analyses of stratosphere–troposphere coupling reveal that large-scale wave activity in the stratosphere is anomalously weak in CMIP5 models having poorly-resolved stratospheres, due to correspondingly weak upward propagation of wave activity from the troposphere. This suggests that such models have anomalously weak stratosphere-troposphere coupling in association with SNAM events. Paradoxically, however, there is little apparent impact upon the attendant tropospheric variability.