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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. VII - Techniques for radar data processing

The paper describes algorithms for rain-rate profiling with an airborne or space-borne radar. Some problems involved in the radar measurements from an airborne or space-borne platform are discussed. An outline of a dual-frequency algorithm is described and its performance is confirmed by a computer simulation and an airborne experiment. A single-frequency algorithm is developed by introducing a path-integrated rain rate estimated from an attenuation of surface echoes or from microwave brightness temperature. The computer simulation shows good performance for an airborne or space-borne radar.

Meneghini, Robert↗
NASA NTRS2001

New Data Source for Studying and Modelling the Topside Ionosphere

The existing uncertainties about density profiles in the topside ionosphere, i.e., in the height regime from hmF2 to approx. 2000 km, requires the search for new data sources. Millions of ionograms had been recorded by the ISIS and Alouette satellites in the sixties and seventies, that never were analyzed in terms of electron density profiles. In recent years an effort started to digitize the analog recordings to prepare the ionograms for computerized analysis. This paper shows how the digital ionograms are processed and the electron density profiles (from satellite orbit altitude, 1400 km for ISIS-2, down to the F peak) are calculated. The most difficult part of the task is the automatic scaling of the echo traces in the ISIS ionograms. Unlike the ionograms from modern ionosondes, the ISIS ionograms do not identify the wave polarization of the different echo traces, so physical logic must be applied to identify the ordinary ()) and extraordinary (X) traces, and this is not always successful. Characteristic resonance features seen in the topside ionograms occur at the gyro and plasma frequencies. An elaborate scheme was developed to identify these resonance frequencies in order to determine the local plasma and gyrofrequencies. This information helps in the identification of the O and X traces, and it provides the starting density of the electron density profile. The inversion of the echo traces into electron density profiles uses the same modified Chebyshev polynomial fitting technique that is successfully applied in the ground-based Digisonde network. The automatic topside ionogram scaler with true height algorithm TOPIST is successfully scaling approx. 70% of the ionograms. An 'editing process' is available to manually scale the more difficult ionograms. The home page for the ISIS project is at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/isis/isis-status.html. It provides access to as of January 2001, 3000,000 digitized ISIS ionogram data and to related software. A search page lets users select data location, time, and a host of other search criteria. The automated processing of the ISIS ionograms will begin later this year and the electron density profiles will be made available from the project home page. The ISIS data restoration efforts are supported through NASA's Applied Systems and Information Research Program.

Huang, Xue-Qin↗
DOE OSTI2016

TU-H-206-07: Assessment of Geometric Distortion in EPI with a SPAMM Tagged Acquisition

Purpose: Echo planar imaging (EPI) is known to exhibit gross geometric distortion caused by multiple factors, including B0 inhomgeneity and transient eddy currents. However, diffusion weighted (DW) EPI has become indispensable for diagnosis and therapy assessment. We propose a methodology for quantifying distortion in EPI sequences that does not require the use of dedicated spatial accuracy phantoms, enabling flexibility in phantom design for QA of distortion effects in EPI protocols. Methods: The proposed methodology utilizes a saturation technique known as Spatial Modulation of Magnetization (SPAMM) that tags the imaging subject with saturated grid lines. Originally intended for tracking cardiac motion, these grids are applied to assess differences between diffusion weighting directions and b-values, or against a more geometrically robust sequence such as fast spin echo (FSE). The saturation preparation sequence consists of binomially weighted (e.g. 1-3-3-1) pulses interleaved with gradient blips along the frequency encode direction, followed by the same sequence with gradient blips in the phase encode direction. Three phantoms were assessed with these sequences: a spherical head-sized phantom, a large shimming phantom, and a modified PET ACR phantom that included compartments of water, air, oil, and Teflon. Each phantom was acquired with three sequences using parameters from a clinically appropriate protocol (22 cm head or 46 cm abdomen): a conventional DW-EPI sequence (3 DW directions), and both the DW-EPI and FSE sequences with tagging. Differences in grid locations were visualized with minimum intensity projection between images, and measured using intersecting locations on the grids. Results: Grid lines were clearly visualized on tagged images and enabled quantification of distortions. Maximum eddy current induced errors of 10.8 to 14.8 mm were observed in areas away from isocenter with DW gradients applied in various directions. Conclusion: SPAMM tagging provides a promising mechanism for assessing spatial distribution of distortion in EPI sequences.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1992

Inertial Oscillation of a Vertical Rotating Draft with Application to a Supercell Storm: Video Supplement to NASA-TP-3230

In this video (8 min., color, sound, VHS), animation depicts the inertial oscillation of a new mathematical model ('vertical rotating draft') for spinning up a single supercell storm. The oscillation consists of a long quiescent phase when the draft is large in diameter and rotates anticyclonically and a short intense phase when the draft is small and cyclonic. During the intense phase, the rotating draft resembles a supercell. The physical basis for the oscillation is depicted by tracking air parcels in the draft as they move along inertial circles (projected on a horizontal plane), where the horizontal pressure gradient is zero and the Coriolis force balances the centrifugal force. A side view of the oscillation shows that contraction and expansion are linked, respectively, to buoyantly driven compressible downdraft and updraft. An aerial view tracks the draft as it moves above the surface of the Earth and turns to the right during the intense phase. Radar echoes from a supercell storm are superimposed for comparison. The data appear to support only the intense phase. A critical experiment would measure the predominantly downward flow that theoretically occurs before the right turn in a supercell track and causes contraction and spin-up.

Supercell thunderstorm↗
NASA NTRS2019

The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project

Recent developments in compact object astrophysics, especially the discovery of merging neutron stars by LIGO, the imaging of the black hole in M87 by the Event Horizon Telescope, and high- precision astrometry of the Galactic Center at close to the event horizon scale by the GRAVITY experiment motivate the development of numerical source models that solve the equations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD). Here we compare GRMHD solutions for the evolution of a magnetized accretion flow where turbulence is promoted by the magnetorotational instability from a set of nine GRMHD codes: Athena++, BHAC, Cosmos++, ECHO, H-AMR, iharm3D, HARM-Noble, IllinoisGRMHD, and KORAL. Agreement among the codes improves as resolution increases, as measured by a consistently applied, specially developed set of code performance metrics. We conclude that the community of GRMHD codes is mature, capable, and consistent on these test problems.

relativistic processes↗
DOE OSTI2019

The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project

Recent developments in compact object astrophysics, especially the discovery of merging neutron stars by LIGO, the imaging of the black hole in M87 by the Event Horizon Telescope, and high- precision astrometry of the Galactic Center at close to the event horizon scale by the GRAVITY experiment motivate the development of numerical source models that solve the equations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD). In this work we compare GRMHD solutions for the evolution of a magnetized accretion flow where turbulence is promoted by the magnetorotational instability from a set of nine GRMHD codes: Athena++, BHAC, Cosmos++, ECHO, H-AMR, iharm3D, HARM-Noble, IllinoisGRMHD, and KORAL. Agreement among the codes improves as resolution increases, as measured by a consistently applied, specially developed set of code performance metrics. Thus, we decide that the community of GRMHD codes is mature, capable, and consistent on these test problems.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

From peak to plummet: impending decline of the warm Arctic-cold continents phenomenon

Abstract This study assesses the projected trajectory of Warm Arctic-Cold Continent (WACC) events in East Asia and North America through large ensemble simulation for the upcoming decades. It analyses the evolution of the geographical boundaries of threshold cold temperatures, revealing a significant northward shift as a sign of global warming’s impact on the southward advancement of Arctic cold air. While validating the intensification of the WACC phenomenon until the 2020 s, echoing earlier studies, the findings indicate a marked decrease beginning in the 2030s. If warming is not curbed, this shift suggests a critical modification in the WACC pattern, prompting a re-evaluation of existing theories and models for extreme winter weather events. The results have major implications, spurring communities impacted by WACC to anticipate future changes and encouraging the climate forecasting community to update conceptual models for improved adaptation and mitigation approaches.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2021

DOE Deep Energy Retrofit Cost Survey

A survey was conducted by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on deep energy retrofit (DER) market drivers, opportunities, and challenges. The survey was part a research study sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy to gather information on the costs of DER from home performance contractors and stakeholders. Cost data was gathered from DER projects that use a comprehensive, whole-home approach to drastically reduce energy use and improve performance. DER projects often aim at reducing energy use by 50% or more. In addition, these projects can improve home comfort and potentially benefiting occupant health. Yet, market adoption of DER has been limited. Major limiting factors include complex projects, high costs, perceived risks, extensive disruption, and unfamiliar work scopes to some contractors. In order to better understand what motivates and deters DER projects in today’s market, a survey was conducted to gather this information, and to learn about promising approaches and technologies from the industry perspective. Past surveys on homeowners and home energy performance professionals have studied the motivations and barriers of energy efficiency retrofits. Two surveys of home energy performance professionals were conducted in recent years. The Resources for the Future (RFF) Home Energy Audit and Retrofit Survey was conducted in 2011 by recruiting energy auditors and retrofit installers through members of Efficiency First and Building Performance Institute (BPI) accredited contractors. The survey asked about the business and services that respondents provide, how often homeowners follow their recommendations to retrofit their homes, and the respondents’ opinion on barriers faced by the industry. The survey found that not enough homeowners know about energy audits, but more importantly, it is the high cost of retrofits compared to low energy prices that is responsible for few energy audits and retrofits being completed. The RESNET Deep Retrofit Industry Stakeholder Survey was conducted shortly after launching of the EnergySmart Home Performance Team program. The EnergySmart Team program involves a formal agreement among allied contractors who are engaged in high performance retrofits. Using this allied team approach, teams can pool their expertise and provide each other with customer referrals. The survey asked EnergySmart Team members and outside stakeholders on questions about market and technical barriers in performing home energy retrofits. Survey respondents identified lack of consumer awareness and lack of affordable financing for consumers as the leading market barriers to home energy retrofits. In their written comments, many survey respondents also echoed that the high costs of retrofit compared to low energy prices is a market barrier. Respondents found “certain housing characteristics that prevent effective retrofit” and “energy analysis software inaccuracy or limitations” are the two leading technical barriers. Their choices for technical barriers were reflective of the energy rater/auditor role played by the majority (78%) of the survey respondents. In comparison to past surveys, this work aimed to gather inputs from a broader segment of the home performance industry to identify the opportunities and barriers faced by DERs from all perspectives. The survey asks for project costs to help breakdown the high costs of DERs. This survey is also motivated by a need to better understand the role of DERs in reducing energy use by the residential sectors and meeting climate goals. The survey is designed towards obtaining more substantive inputs from survey respondents by encouraging written comments, rather than setting the goal to reach a large number of respondents. We took this approach because DER is currently still a niche market, so it is more valuable to gather in-depth inputs from individuals who are performing this work rather than getting to the masses.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

ALFA MHK Biological Monitoring Stationary Deployment - South Energy Test Site, Newport, Oregon

Acoustic backscatter data from a WBAT operating at 70kHz deployed at PMEC-SETS from April to September of 2016. 180 pings were collected at 1Hz every two hours, as part of the Advanced Laboratory and Field Arrays (ALFA) for Marine Energy project. Data was subject to preliminary processing (noise removal, a threshold of -75dB was applied, surface turbulence and data below 0.5m from the bottom was removed).

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2016

THE OFF-CENTERED SEYFERT-LIKE COMPACT EMISSION IN THE NUCLEAR REGION OF NGC 3621

We analyze an optical data cube of the nuclear region of NGC 3621, taken with the integral field unit of the Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph. We found that the previously detected central line emission in this galaxy actually comes from a blob, located at a projected distance of 2.″14 ± 0.″08 (70.1 ± 2.6 pc) from the stellar nucleus. Only diffuse emission was detected in the rest of the field of view, with a deficit of emission at the position of the stellar nucleus. Diagnostic diagram analysis reveals that the off-centered emitting blob has a Seyfert 2 spectrum. We propose that the line-emitting blob may be a “fossil” emission-line region or a light “echo” from an active galactic nucleus (AGN), which was significantly brighter in the past. Our estimates indicate that the bolometric luminosity of the AGN must have decreased by a factor of ∼13–500 during the past ∼230 yr. A second scenario to explain the morphology of the line-emitting areas in the nuclear region of NGC 3621 involves no decrease of the AGN bolometric luminosity and establishes that the AGN is highly obscured toward the observer but not toward the line-emitting blob. The third scenario proposed here assumes that the off-centered line-emitting blob is a recoiling supermassive black hole, after the coalescence of two black holes. Finally, an additional hypothesis is that the central X-ray source is not an AGN, but an X-ray binary. This idea is consistent with all the scenarios we proposed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1992

The E-region Rocket/Radar Instability Study (ERRRIS) - Scientific objectives and campaign overview

The plasma instabilities in the low-attitude auroral ionosphere and the sources of free energy that drive these waves have been examined in detail in the framework of the ERRRIS project. Independent sets of experiments were carried out on board three NASA sounding rockets which were flown in conjunction with radar backscatter measurements from Esrange, Sweden, in 1988 and 1989. The backscatter measurements were taken by the 50 MHz CUPRI system for determining the launch conditions. The Eiscat incoherent scatter radar was used to take plasma drift, density, and temperature measurements on board two of the flown rockets. STARE observations of 1 m backscatter echoes were also made. The STARE velocity fields were in agreement with the Eiscat and in situ measured electric fields. Both CUPRI and STARE observed a very dynamic and changing auroral ionosphere over Esrange. It is concluded that the ERRRIS experiments provided valuable data on plasma instabilities in the auroral electrojet, including detailed in situ measurements of the two-stream wave spectrum and phase velocities.

Pfaff, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Objective method for analysis and tracking of convective cells as seen by radar

A special method has been developed for the study of cells that are embedded in convective rain systems. This method consists of a package of computer programs that use pattern recognition techniques on three-dimensional digital radar data to identify the rain cells, track them with time, and calculate their properties. The product of the computations is a comprehensive database of physically meaningful properties of rain cells, which can be used to infer the internal structure and the dynamics of convective rain systems. The cell-tracking method has been applied to the summer convective clouds of south Florida for the following purposes: (1) derivation of the relationship between the echo top height and the precipitation characteristics (e.g., area, water yield, rain intensity and duration of the rain cells); (2) study of the microphysical behaviorof cumulus clouds in relation to their cell properties; (3) evaluation of the effect of seeding on cumulus clouds on the cell scale; and (4) examination of cloud-to-ground lightning discharges in relation to convective cell intensity. The cell-tracking method is also currently being used in rain enhancement projects in Texas, Israel, and South Africa. The cell-tracking method, its products and their use in meteorological research are described in this paper.

Rosenfeld, Daniel↗
NASA NTRS1985

Performance comparisons between information extraction techniques using variable spatial resolution data

The decreased instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is one of the principal advances noted for the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor. The 42.5 microradian IFOV of TM and the 710 km nominal orbit altitude result in a 30 m nominal spatial resolution at the earth surface. This is a considerable decrease in the projected pixel area when compared to the 79 m nominal spatial resolution of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS). An experiment was conducted which allowed a rigorous test of the influence of classifier design, with data spatial resolution of TM (30 m) and approximately that of the Landsat MSS (90 m), on classification performance for a particular TM scene. The experiment involved evaluation of the results for the per-point Gaussian maximum likelihood (GML) classifier and the supervised ECHO (Extraction and Classification of Homogeneous Objects) classifier.

Latty, R. S.↗
DOE OSTI2016

FY16 Status of Immersion Phased Array Ultrasonic Probe Development and Performance Demonstration Results for Under Sodium Viewing

This section of the Joint summary technical letter report (TLR) describes work conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) during FY 2016 (FY16) on the under-sodium viewing (USV) PNNL project 58745, work package AT-16PN230102. This section of the TLR satisfies PNNL’s M3AT-16PN2301025 milestone and is focused on summarizing the design, development, and evaluation of two different phased-array ultrasonic testing (PA-UT) probe designs—a two-dimensional (2D) matrix phased-array probe, and two one-dimensional (1D) linear array probes, referred to as serial number 4 (SN4) engineering test units (ETUs). The 2D probe is a pulse-echo (PE), 32×2, 64-element matrix phased-array ETU. The 1D probes are 32×1 element linear array ETUs. This TLR also provides the results from a performance demonstration (PD) of in-sodium target detection trials at 260°C using both probe designs. This effort continues the iterative evolution supporting the longer term goal of producing and demonstrating a pre-manufacturing prototype ultrasonic probe that possesses the fundamental performance characteristics necessary to enable the development of a high-temperature sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) inspection system for in-sodium detection and imaging.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS1982

The life cycle of thunderstorm gust fronts as viewed with Doppler radar and rawinsonde data

This paper presents the time-dependent analysis of the thunderstorm gust front with the use of Project NIMROD data. RHI cross sections of reflectivity and Doppler velocity are constructed to determine the entire vertical structure. The life cycle of the gust front is divided into four stages: (1) the formative stage; (2) the early mature stage; (3) the late mature stage; and (4) the dissipation stage. A new finding is a horizontal roll detected in the reflectivity pattern resulting from airflow that is deflected upward by the ground, while carrying some of the smaller precipitation ahead of the main echo core of the squall line. This feature is called a 'precipitation roll'. As determined from rawinsonde data, the cold air behind the gust front accounts for the observed surface pressure rise. Calculations confirm that the collision of two fluids produce a nonhydrostatic pressure at the leading edge of the outflow. The equation governing the propagation speed of a density current accurately predicts the movement of the gust front.

Wakimoto, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Environmental projects. Volume 15: Environmental assessment: Proposed 1-megawatt radar transmitter at the Mars site

The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (GDSCC), located in the Mojave Desert about 64.5 km (40 mi) north of Barstow, California. and about 258 km (160 mi) northeast of Pasadena, California, is part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Deep Space Network (DSN), one of the world's larger and more sensitive scientific telecommunications and radio navigation networks. The Goldstone Complex is managed, technically directed, and operated for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. Activities at the GDSCC support the operation of six parabolic dish antennas located at five separate sites called Deep Space Stations (DSS's). Four sites, named Echo, Mars, Uranus, and Apollo, are operational for space missions, while the remaining Venus Site is devoted to research and development activities. The Mars Site at the GDSCC contains two antennas: the Uranus antenna (DSS 15, 34 m) and the Mars antenna (DSS 14, 70 m). This present volume deals solely with the DSS-14 Mars antenna. The Mars antenna not only can act as a sensitive receiver to detect signals from spacecraft, but it also can be used in radar astronomy as a powerful transmitter to send out signals to probe the solar system. At present, the Mars antenna operates as a continuous-wave microwave system at a frequency of 8.51 GHz at a power level of 0.5 MW. JPL has plans to upgrade the Mars antenna to a power level of 1 MW. Because of the anticipated increase in the ambient levels of radio frequency radiation (RFR), JPL retained Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (BPNL), Richland, Washington, to conduct an environmental assessment with respect to this increased RFR. This present volume is a JPL-expanded version of the BPNL report titled Environmental Assessment of the Goldstone Solar System Radar, which was submitted to JPL in Nov. 1991. This BPNL report concluded that the operation of the upgraded Mars antenna at the GDSCC, with its increased potential electromagnetic radiation hazards and interferences, would have no significantly adverse biological, physical, or socioeconomic effects on the environment. Thus, a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) is appropriate in accordance with local, State, Federal, and NASA environmental rules and regulations.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2020

Progress Toward Molten Salt Reactor Heat Exchanger On-Line Monitoring

Within virtually all reactor systems with heat exchangers, the thinnest barriers between primary and secondary fluids are the heat exchanger tubes. Consistent with light water reactor experience, the advanced reactor heat exchangers are the most susceptible regions for corrosion and leakage (NRC, 2019). Moreover, traditional inspections and repairs using robotics will be expensive or impractical. On-line structural health corrosion monitoring (OLSHM) is therefore desirable to detect tube degradation prior to leaks that may allow mixing of heat exchanger fluids. Rhetorically many molten salt reactor (MSR) designers plan for on-line monitoring of critical reactor components including heat exchangers but there are no proven OLSHM sensors or systems for MSR heat exchangers. Guided wave ultrasound from the tube-end or ID using conventional low-temperature piezoelectric sensors has been shown to be sensitive to pits and cracks less than 50% through-wall in long pipes and tubes (Narayanan M.M., 2019) . Mode and frequency selection are important for practical sensor design decisions and ultimate performance. The L-0 wave-mode is easily excited by L-mode transducers but they have surface normal wave motion that will be sensitive to and more attenuative because of fluid interaction with the tube surface (Rose J.L., 1994). Shear Horizontal (SH) wave modes have material motion parallel to the tube surface therefore are virtually unaffected by fluid interaction. For SH-0 to be nondispersive in steel, the frequency-thickness product (MHz-mm) must be less than approximately 1.5. SH mode transducers must be coupled by a material that can support shear stress; a thin layer of honey works well for temporary sensors and an adhesive or a brazed metallurgical bond for permanent sensors. If sensors are incorporated into the fabrication process, the same kinds of SH-0 waves can be generated from the stagnant flow area of the tube OD without compromising the heat-exchange tube function. Piezoelectric materials are also available that can withstand harsh temperatures of molten salt heat exchangers (Stevenson T., 2015) (Machura et al., 2008). Though they may not have as high-performance characteristics, their performance only needs to be good enough to detect flaws of interest. This project attempts to demonstrate feasibility to develop a sensor that can be sensitive to flaws of interest and perform long-term monitoring of a molten salt reactor heat exchanger. Benefits to the advanced reactor system include: • Minimizing the expense of a reactor shut down for periodic inspection—only shutdown for cause. • Reduce risk of unexpected tube rupture by detecting flaws before they grow to through-wall leaks. • Cost reduction by minimizing need to design for manual/robotic inspectability. Transducer design, characterization of the beam profile, and ultrasonic pulse-echo responses from a representative heat exchange tube with fabricated flaw types are discussed.

On-Line Tube Monitor, Guided Wave Ultrasound, SH-0↗
DOE OSTI2024

Universality of Collective Density Fluctuations in Liquids at and away from Equilibrium – An Integrated Neutron Scattering, Theoretical, and Computational Study (Final Technical Report)

Liquids, ubiquitous on earth, are prototypical disordered condensed matter. As the mediate phase between non-structured gases and ordered solids, liquids p ossess intriguing complexities that are absent on either extreme counter phase, especially when they are driven away from equilibrium. Despite decades of studies, the physics of liquids still keeps surprising us and challenges our understanding of condensed matter, emergent phenomena, and complex systems. Among the many interesting properties, the nature of collective dynamics in liquids remains elusive because of both the presence of strong interactions and the absence of translational invariance. This project studied the universal features of collective density fluctuations (or collective modes), which include both phonon-like excitations and collective relaxations, in the Q-dependent generalized hydrodynamic regime in liquids and liquid-like matter both at and away from equilibrium. We performed systematic studies of the fast collective dynamics (including both phonon-like excitations and collective relaxations) of four classes of liquids characterized by different fragilities and interactions using synergistically integrated coherent neutron scattering experiments (Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS), Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS), and Neutron Spin Echo (NSE)), a ViscoElastic Hydrodynamics theory we have been developing, andMolecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and our analysis package LiquidLib. The transformative knowledge of the collective dynamics in liquids is important to understand and ultimately control the transport of mass, energy, and charge in liquids, both at and away from thermal equilibrium, which may will likely impact a wide range of disciplines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗