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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Facilitated Transport Membranes with Tunable Amine-CO 2 Chemistry for CO 2 /H 2 Separation

CO 2 -selective, amine-containing facilitated transport membranes are of great interest for syngas purification since high-pressure H 2 can be retained upon CO 2 removal. A variety of amine-containing polymers have shown decent chemical and thermal stability at aggressive conditions, but their CO 2 /H 2 separation properties are largely limited by the hydrostatic compaction and severe carrier saturation associated with the high syngas pressure. Herein, we report a new approach to enhance the CO 2 permeability by manipulating the steric hindrance of the amine carriers. A series of α-aminoacids with different alkyl or hydroxyethyl substituents are deprotonated by 2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine, leading to nonvolatile amine carriers with different degrees of steric hindrance. For hosting the low MW amine carriers, a highly crosslinked poly(vinyl acetal) is synthesized as a water-swellable polymer network. In order to avoid membrane compaction, perforated graphene oxide mono-sheets are dispersed as reinforcement fillers. In the presence of moisture, a bulkier alkyl substituent to the amino site (increasing steric hindrance) destabilizes the carbamate adduct and thus drastically increases the chemisorption of CO 2 , while the incorporation of ethylene oxide groups provides additional physisorption of CO 2 . The enhanced CO 2 solubility significantly mitigates the carrier saturation behavior, and an unprecedented CO 2 /H 2 selectivity greater than 100 is demonstrated at 107 °C and 12.5 atm of CO 2 partial pressure. As the CO 2 partial pressure reduces to 0.4 atm, a less hindered amine yields a higher reactive diffusivity of CO 2 , resulting in a CO 2 permeance of 435 GPU with a selectivity greater than 500. These reaction-mediated polymeric membranes are well above the theoretical upper bound, and they are of great interest for designing a highly-selective membrane process for syngas purification.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho2Co3Si5 by Materials Project

Ho2Co3Si5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ho3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Si+2.40- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Si bond distances ranging from 2.83–3.07 Å. There are two inequivalent Co2+ sites. In the first Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six Si+2.40- atoms. There are four shorter (2.34 Å) and two longer (2.54 Å) Co–Si bond lengths. In the second Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Si+2.40- atoms. There are a spread of Co–Si bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.32 Å. There are three inequivalent Si+2.40- sites. In the first Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho3+, three Co2+, and four Si+2.40- atoms. There are two shorter (2.49 Å) and two longer (2.76 Å) Si–Si bond lengths. In the second Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho3+, three Co2+, and two equivalent Si+2.40- atoms. In the third Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho3+ and four equivalent Co2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Studies of Low and Intermediate Temperature Oxidation of Propane up to 100 Atm in a Supercritical-Pressure Jet-Stirred Reactor

Here, the low and intermediate temperature oxidation of propane has been investigated by using a novel supercritical pressure jet stirred reactor (SP-JSR) with and without 20% CO 2 additions at fuel lean and rich conditions at 10 and 100 atm and 500–1000 K. The mole fractions of C 3 H 8 , O 2 , CO, CO 2 , CH 2 O, C 2 H 4 , CH 3 CHO, and C 3 H 6 were quantified by using a micro-gas chromatograph (µ-GC). The experiment showed that different from that of 10 atm, at 100 atm only a weak negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior was observed because of the significant shift of the intermediate temperature HO 2 chemistry to lower temperature. In addition, at 100 atm, existing models in literatures could successfully capture the onset temperatures of the low and intermediate chemistry, while under-predict the fuel oxidation quantitatively and fail to capture the NTC behavior between 650 and 780 K at both fuel lean and rich conditions. Similar discrepancy was observed in studies of n-butane and dimethyl ether (DME) oxidations in literatures, implying that there existed large uncertainties in hierarchy model development of fuels with low temperature chemistries at extremely high pressures. Reaction pathways and sensitivity analyses showed that RO 2 competing reactions through (P1) RO 2 = QOOH, (P2) RO 2 = C 3 H 6 + HO 2 , (P3) RO 2 + CH 2 O/HO 2 = RO 2 H + HCO / O 2 dominated the low and intermediate temperature chemistries, followed by HO 2 / H 2 O 2 chemistry at 100 atm, which differed from the dominant pathway through QOOH consumption reactions at lower pressures. Especially, P3 is a new pathway of RO 2 consumption at high pressures, which was not observed in importance at low pressures. Special attention should be paid to the accurate computations of n-C 3 H 7 O 2 / i-C 3 H 7 O 2 + CH 2 O and n-C 3 H 7 O 2 / i-C 3 H 7 O 2 + in the P3 pathway and n-C 3 H 7 O 2 / i-C 3 H 7 O 2 decomposition reactions in the P2 pathway at high pressures.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Highly permeable polyethersulfone substrates with bicontinuous structure for composite membranes in CO 2 /N 2 separation

Substrate morphology has a significant effect on the CO 2 transport performance of a thin-film composite (TFC) membrane. In this study, a new mixed solvent comprising 2-pyrrolidone (2-PD) and 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) was used to prepare polyethersulfone (PES) substrates with bicontinuous structure by water vapor-induced phase separation, followed by immersion in water as nonsolvent. Here, compared with the commonly used solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), the 2-PD/2-ME mixed solvent is more hydrophilic and can decrease the thermodynamic stability of the casting solution significantly. As a result, the phase separation was induced via the spinodal decomposition mechanism. The open morphology bestowed the optimized substrate with a very high CO 2 permeance of 133,226 ± 3,870 GPU (1 GPU = 10 –6 cm 3 (STP) s –1 cm –2 cmHg –1 = 3.3464 × 10 -9 kg-mol s –1 m –2 Pa –1 ), which was 5 times more permeable than the baseline substrate synthesized with NMP. By using this new substrate, the prepared TFC membrane containing amines showed an increased CO 2 permeance of 908 ± 8 GPU at 57°C, which was 48 GPU higher than that with the baseline substrate. Meanwhile, the CO 2 /N 2 selectivity was retained at 162 ± 4 at 57°C. In addition, the good scalability of the new PES substrate was demonstrated by roll-to-roll fabrication of a 50' long scale-up PES substrate with a width of 21".

2-Pyrrolidone↗
DOE OSTI2021

Facilitated transport membranes for H 2 purification from coal-derived syngas: A techno-economic analysis

A single-stage membrane process has been designed for using facilitated transport membranes (FTMs) to decarbonize the coal-derived syngas from an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. The necessary process model and costing method have also been developed to assess the technical feasibility and process economics. In order to account for the carrier saturation phenomenon associated with FTMs, a homogeneous reactive diffusion model is integrated into the process model. The techno-economic study reveals that the mitigated carrier saturation upon bulk CO 2 removal can lead to appreciable increases in the CO 2 permeance and CO 2 /H 2 selectivity, which can be utilized to achieve 95% CO 2 purity and 95% H 2 recovery with a CO 2 /H 2 selectivity of 50 at the complete carrier saturation. FTMs with different facilitated transport characteristics can also be arranged in a hybrid membrane configuration to render a H 2 recovery of 99% and a cost of electricity of $\$118.5$ /MWh, which is 12.5% lower than that of the benchmark Selexol process.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Predicting third-body collision efficiencies for water and other polyatomic baths

Low-pressure-limit microcanonical (collisional activation) and thermal rate constants are predicted using a combination of automated ab initio potential energy surface construction, classical trajectories, transition state theory, and a detailed energy- and angular-momentum-resolved collision kernel. Several systems are considered, including CH 4 (+M) and HO 2 (+M), with an emphasis on systems where experimental information is available for comparison. The a priori approach involves no adjustable parameters, and we show that the predicted thermal rate constants are in excellent agreement with experiments, with average deviations of less than 25%. Notably, the a priori approach is shown to perform equally well for atomic, diatomic, and polyatomic baths, including M = H 2 O, CO 2 , and “fuel” baths like M = CH 4 and NH 3 . Additionally, the utility of microcanonical rate constants for interpreting trends and inferring mechanistic details in the thermal kinetics is demonstrated.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Bicontinuous substrates with reduced pore restriction for CO 2 -selective composite membranes

A substrate with bicontinuous structure is attractive for thin-film composite (TFC) membrane synthesis due to its high surface porosity and well-interconnected bulk morphology. In this study, the vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) of the casting solution comprising water, 2-pyrrolidone, and polyethersulfone (PES) was studied. By tuning the water addition in the casting solution and water vapor exposure time, the optimized substrate exhibited a bicontinuous surface with a high porosity of 24.2% (or 216/µm 2 pore density), thereby mitigating pore restriction and showing a high CO 2 permeance of 2.94×10 5 GPU. Compared to the benchmark PES substrate with cellular surface pores and lower gas permeance, the use of the bicontinuous substrate led to a 12% increase in the CO 2 permeance of the TFC membrane. The mitigated pore restriction was further rationalized by a resistance-in-series model. The analysis of the lateral diffusion and substrate resistances indicates that an even higher surface pore density of the substrate is required to fully realize the potential of ultra-permeable, CO 2 -selective polymers in the TFC configuration. As a result, the scalability of the VIPS process was demonstrated by the roll-to-roll fabrication of the optimized bicontinuous substrate with a width of 21" and a length of >100'.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiHo3Ge2(O4F)2 by Materials Project

LiHo3(GeO4)2F2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. All Li–O bond lengths are 2.12 Å. There are two inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- and one F1- atom to form distorted HoO6F pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent HoO6F pentagonal bipyramids, corners with four equivalent GeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one HoO6F pentagonal bipyramid, and an edgeedge with one GeO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.44 Å. The Ho–F bond length is 2.23 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six O2- and two equivalent F1- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.56 Å. Both Ho–F bond lengths are 2.24 Å. Ge4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form GeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent HoO6F pentagonal bipyramids and an edgeedge with one HoO6F pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Ge–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.81 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and one Ge4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Ho3+, and one Ge4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one Ge4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Ho3+, and one Ge4+ atom. F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Ho3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Capturing CO 2 in Quadrupolar Binding Pockets: Broadband Microwave Spectroscopy of Pyrimidine-(CO 2 ) n , n = 1,2

Pyrimidine has two in-plane CH(δ+)/N̈(δ–)/CH(δ+) binding sites that are complementary to the (δ–/2δ+/δ–) quadrupole moment of CO 2 . For this study, we recorded broadband microwave spectra over the 7.5–17.5 GHz range for pyrimidine-(CO 2 ) n with n = 1 and 2 formed in a supersonic expansion. Based on fits of the rotational transitions, including nuclear hyperfine splitting due to the two 14 N nuclei, we have assigned 313 hyperfine components across 105 rotational transitions for the n = 1 complex and 208 hyperfine components across 105 rotational transitions for the n = 2 complex. The pyrimidine-CO 2 complex is planar, with CO 2 occupying one of the quadrupolar binding sites, forming a structure in which the CO 2 is stabilized in the plane by interactions with the C–H hydrogens adjacent to the nitrogen atom. This structure is closely analogous to that of the pyridine-CO 2 complex studied previously by (Doran, J. L. J. Mol. Struct. 2012, 1019, 191–195). The fit to the n = 2 cluster gives rotational constants consistent with a planar cluster of C 2v symmetry in which the second CO 2 molecule binds in the second quadrupolar binding pocket on the opposite side of the ring. The calculated total binding energy in pyrimidine-CO 2 is –13.7 kJ mol –1 , including corrections for basis set superposition error and zero-point energy, at the CCSD(T)/ 6-311++G(3df,2p) level, while that in pyrimidine-(CO 2 ) 2 is almost exactly double that size, indicating little interaction between the two CO 2 molecules in the two binding sites. The enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of binding are also calculated at 300 K within the harmonic oscillator/rigid-rotor model. This model is shown to lack quantitative accuracy when it is applied to the formation of weakly bound complexes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Confinement-induced clustering of H 2 and CO 2 gas molecules in hydrated nanopores

Gas molecule clustering within nanopores holds significance in the fields of nanofluidics, biology, gas adsorption/desorption, and geological gas storage. However, the intricate roles of nanoconfinement and surface chemistry that govern the formation of gas clusters remain inadequately explored. In this study, through free energy calculation in molecular simulations, we systematically compared the tendencies of H 2 and CO 2 molecules to aggregate within hydrated hydrophobic pyrophyllite and hydrophilic gibbsite nanopores. The results indicate that nanoconfinement enhances gas dimer formation in the nanopores, irrespective of surface chemistry. However, surface hydrophilicity prohibits the formation of gas clusters larger than dimers, while large gas clusters form easily in hydrophobic nanopores. Despite H 2 and CO 2 both being non-polar, the larger quadrupole moment of CO 2 leads to a stronger preference for dimer/cluster formation compared to H 2 . Here, our results also indicate that gases prefer to enter the nanopores as individual molecules, but exit the nanopores as dimers/clusters. This investigation provides a mechanistic understanding of gas cluster formation within nanopores, which is relevant to various applications, including geological gas storage.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho7(TeAu)2 by Materials Project

Ho7(AuTe)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Au and three Te atoms. Both Ho–Au bond lengths are 2.95 Å. There are one shorter (3.07 Å) and two longer (3.19 Å) Ho–Te bond lengths. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Au and two equivalent Te atoms. Both Ho–Au bond lengths are 3.00 Å. Both Ho–Te bond lengths are 3.23 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Au and one Te atom. There are two shorter (2.92 Å) and one longer (3.50 Å) Ho–Au bond lengths. The Ho–Te bond length is 3.12 Å. In the fourth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Au and two equivalent Te atoms. There are two shorter (2.97 Å) and one longer (3.77 Å) Ho–Au bond lengths. Both Ho–Te bond lengths are 3.18 Å. In the fifth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Au and two equivalent Te atoms. Both Ho–Au bond lengths are 3.00 Å. Both Ho–Te bond lengths are 3.19 Å. In the sixth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Au and three Te atoms. Both Ho–Au bond lengths are 2.94 Å. There are one shorter (3.09 Å) and two longer (3.25 Å) Ho–Te bond lengths. In the seventh Ho site, Ho is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to two equivalent Au and two equivalent Te atoms. Both Ho–Au bond lengths are 3.08 Å. Both Ho–Te bond lengths are 3.22 Å. In the eighth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to two equivalent Au and two equivalent Te atoms. Both Ho–Au bond lengths are 3.22 Å. Both Ho–Te bond lengths are 3.08 Å. There are two inequivalent Au sites. In the first Au site, Au is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Ho atoms. In the second Au site, Au is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Ho atoms. There are two inequivalent Te sites. In the first Te site, Te is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Ho atoms. In the second Te site, Te is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Ho atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Interactions among soil texture, pore structure, and labile carbon influence soil carbon gains

Perennial vegetation with high plant diversity, e.g., restored prairie, is known for stimulation of soil carbon (C) gains, due in part to enhanced formation of pore structure beneficial for long-term C storage. However, the prevalence of this phenomenon across soils of different types remains poorly understood. The aim of the study was to assess the associations between pore structure, soil C, and their differences in monoculture switchgrass and polyculture restored prairie vegetation across a wide range of soils dominating the Upper Midwest of the USA. Six experimental sites were sampled, representing three soil types with texture ranging from sandy to silt loams. The two vegetation systems studied at each site were (i) monoculture switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and (ii) polyculture restored prairie, also containing switchgrass as one of its species. X-ray computed micro-tomography (µCT) was employed to analyze soil pore structure. Structural equation modeling and multiple path analyses were used to assess direct and indirect effects of soil texture and pore characteristics on microbial biomass C (MBC), particulate organic matter (POM), dissolved organic C (DOC), short-term respiration (CO 2 ), and, ultimately, soil organic C (SOC). Across studied sites, prairie increased fractions of medium (50–150 µm Ø) pores by 11–45 %, SOC by 3–69 %, and MBC by 18–59 % (except for one site). The greater were the prairie-induced increases in the medium pore volumes, the greater were the prairie-induced SOC gains. Greater C losses via CO 2 and DOC contributed to slower C accumulation in the prairie soil. We surmise that the interactive feedback loop relating medium pores and soil C acts across a wide range of soil textures and is an important mechanism through which perennial vegetation with high plant diversity, such as restored prairie, promotes rapid SOC gains.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Co3P2(HO)16 by Materials Project

Co3P2(HO)16 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Co3P2(HO)16 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Co2+ sites. In the first Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and four longer (2.16 Å) Co–O bond lengths. In the second Co2+ site, Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.19 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with five CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–57°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.55–1.58 Å. There are four inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.74 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Co2+, one P5+, and two equivalent H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Co2+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Co2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Co2+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Co2+ and two H1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba8Ho3(Pt2O9)2 by Materials Project

Ba8Ho3(Pt2O9)2 crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ba2+ is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.84 Å) and six longer (3.01 Å) Ba–O bond lengths. Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form HoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PtO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ho–O bond lengths are 2.21 Å. There are two inequivalent Pt+2.75+ sites. In the first Pt+2.75+ site, Pt+2.75+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form PtO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent HoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Pt–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. In the second Pt+2.75+ site, Pt+2.75+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Pt–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Pt+2.75+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four equivalent Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Pt+2.75+ atom to form a mixture of distorted face and corner-sharing OBa4HoPt octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Computational Evaluation of Carriers in Facilitated Transport Membranes for Postcombustion Carbon Capture

Incorporating molecular amines as mobile carriers in facilitated transport membranes (FTMs) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the CO 2 permeance and CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of the membrane for CO 2 capture from flue gas. In this study, by employing computational techniques including density functional theory calculations and molecular simulations, the role of mobile carriers has been systematically studied at a molecular level from the perspectives of the amine–CO 2 reaction chemistry, diffusivities of carriers and gases, and N 2 solubility. The latter two properties were also investigated as a function of water uptake. The water uptake values of FTMs were experimentally quantified too. The introduction of mobile carriers was shown to substantially enhance the diffusivities of CO 2 reaction products compared to FTMs without mobile carriers. The choice of mobile carriers was also demonstrated to influence the separation performance. Computationally, 2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine sarcosinate (PZEA-Sar) exhibited a faster reaction kinetics and slightly higher CO 2 absorption capacity as compared to piperazine glycinate (PZ-Gly). Experimentally, the FTM incorporating PZEA-Sar mobile carriers also showed a higher CO 2 permeance. The good agreement validated the computational models employed and insights generated in this study. In conclusion, the outcomes of this work shed light on the future design and selection of carrier structures, and the adopted computational approaches can be employed to discover promising mobile carrier candidates.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reactive Suspension Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) suffer from dendrite growth and capacity loss, which compromise safety and cycle life. Here, we present a simple reactive suspension electrolyte (RSE) strategy. When metal oxide (MO x ) nanoparticles are dispersed in the liquid electrolyte, in situ formation of Li 2 O and Li–M phases occurs at the lithium metal anode. By studying two different types of RSEs, Type 1 RSEs (i.e., CuO RSE) without metal-Li alloying and Type 2 RSEs (i.e., ZnO RSE and In 2 O 3 RSE) with metal-Li alloying capability, we elucidate the roles of each reaction compound. Here, we find that Li 2 O can improve reversibility of Li metal anode by stabilizing the interphase while Li–M alloy phases guide uniform Li metal plating. Compared to the carbonate-type reference electrolyte, RSEs demonstrate reduced nucleation overpotential, lower interfacial impedance, and higher Coulombic efficiency, leading to an extended cycle life in Li|Li 1 Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 full cells.

Lee, Junyoung [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Basic Research Needs for Transformative Manufacturing

This report is based on a Basic Research Needs workshop for Transformative Manufacturing, which was held March 9 - 11, 2020. The focus of the workshop was to identify the basic science research priorities that could accelerate innovation to transform manufacturing in the future. This was the first workshop of its kind to examine how basic energy science can drive manufacturing forward and innovate new ways to manufacture goods. Five Priority Research Directions were identified that address these science challenges: (1) innovative synthetic approaches to enable scalable assembly of matter, (2) computational methods and theoretical models to transform how manufacturing processes are controlled, (3) new characterization tools that can handle the necessary complexity, scales, and processing speeds to meet manufacturing needs, (4) new science to address opportunities relevant to sustainable and energy efficient manufacturing, and (5) foundational approaches to co-design of materials, process, and products.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Competitive Sorption of H 2 O and CO 2 in Clay Mineral Interlayers

The first-reported competitive CO 2 –H 2 O sorption isotherms on a naturally occurring expandable clay mineral (saponite) exchanged with Na, K, and Cs at near ambient CO 2 concentrations (1% CO 2 ) are reported by combining ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with gravimetric sorption methods. Little CO 2 sorption was observed at high relative humidity (RH) but increased significantly at low RH. Unlike prior work where CO 2 sorption was reported on samples that were previously subjected to heating and/or evacuation treatment to remove sorbed H 2 O, this study manipulated CO 2 sorption by controlling RH. CO 2 sorption increased in the order Cs- > K- > Na-exchanged saponite and was anticorrelated with the Gibbs energy of hydration of the exchangeable cation. As expected, H 2 O sorption followed the opposite trend, with increased H 2 O sorption occurring in the order Na > K > Cs. The amount of CO 2 sorbed using 1 atm CO 2 (p/p o = 1.0) ranged from 50 to 30 mg CO 2 /g clay and from 1.25 to 0.8 mg CO2 /g clay for 1% CO 2 (p/p o = 0.01) in N 2 . The sensitivity of the ATR-FTIR measurements is demonstrated by detecting the CO 2 stretch of adsorbed CO 2 from air containing 500 ppmv CO 2 . The spectral features of sorbed CO 2 were minimally affected by the nature of the exchangeable cation or variations in H 2 O content. However, the position of the HOH bending band shifted significantly from 1638 to 1610 cm –1 as H 2 O content decreased, reflecting changes in intermolecular hydrogen bonding between H 2 O molecules in the saponite interlayer. The shift in position of the HOH bending band to lower energy was coincident with increased CO 2 sorption. CO 2 sorption in clay mineral interlayers is consistent with sorption on weakly hydrated partially hydrophobic sites found on low charge density smectites and is enhanced by lower RH and by the presence of weakly hydrated exchangeable cations like Cs + or K + . In conclusion, the greatest CO 2 sorption occurs on Cs-saponite because this is the least hydrated cation of the three used in the study and indicates that CO2 sorption occurs on the neutral portion of the siloxane surface.

Johnston, Cliff T. [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, ↗