Using X-ray CT to understand greenhouse gas and water migration in cement-based materials
Presented by LRST at the ACI Fall Convention, 10/28
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Presented by LRST at the ACI Fall Convention, 10/28
Talk presented in WSI ACI workshop on Sep 7, 2022.
Slides for talk to be delivered in the WSI ACI workshop on Sep 7 2022.
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(Ag, CU) (In,Ga)Se2 -based solar cells have achieved high collection efficiencies, but defects still limit efficiencies well below the theoretical limit. The near-conduction band defect, typically observed at EV+0.98 eV, has been ubiquitous across (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 samples from multiple vendors. The current work explores a wider range of composition and demonstrates the trap energy varies relative to the valence band but is approximately constant relative to the conduction band (~Ec-0.13 eV). There is also no definitive dependence of the trap concentration on composition.
Traditional selective catalytic reduction aftertreatment technologies used to reduce [Formula: see text] are very limited at exhaust temperatures below [Formula: see text]. Therefore, under these low engine load conditions, having effective in-cylinder control of [Formula: see text] emissions is important. Previous work by the authors explored the effect of fuel physical properties on the ability to control [Formula: see text] in-cylinder. That work was limited to one direct injection near top dead center. Modern diesel high-pressure fuel systems have the capability of five or more injections in one engine cycle. A higher-volatility diesel fuel and high amounts of exhaust gas recirculation to delay ignition could provide an opportunity for reduction in engine-out [Formula: see text] through an increased level of fuel premixing. By appropriately timing multiple short injections, a more optimal distribution of fuel in-cylinder may be achieved, which could reduce [Formula: see text] while maintaining an efficient combustion phasing. A computational fluid dynamics model previously validated against experimental data was used to explore several injection strategies with increased levels of fuel premixing to assess the potential trade-offs between [Formula: see text] and CO/unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions and thus reduce reliance on the aftertreatment system for [Formula: see text] control. The results show that the devised injection strategies resulted in an increased level of fuel premixing. However, none of the attempted injection strategies resulted in significant [Formula: see text] reductions, and all strategies showed a significant increase in CO and UHC emissions.