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At least 1,063 records · Page 59

Lightning as an embryonic source of VLF hiss

The characteristics of hiss emissions triggered by lightning-generated whistlers are studied based on observations of the DE-1 satellite obtained between December 28, 1986 and January 18, 1987. The results suggest that these emissions may constitute the dominant wave activity in the 1.5-6-kHz range on L shells of 3.5-3 in the afternoon sector during geomagnetically quiet periods. The lightning-generated waves may play a dominant role in the loss of 0.5-50-keV electrons trapped on these field lines in the afternoon sector, and may also provide a loss mechanism for ring current protons.

Sonwalkar, Vikas S.↗

Lightning trends as a precursor to microbursts

The feasibility of using lightning-rate data to aid in the early warning of microburst occurrence in moist environments is illustrated. Convective tendency images were generated for a small microburst-producing storm that developed in northern Alabama on July 20, 1986 during the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment. Radar observations were obtained from the NCAR CP2 10-cm dual-polarization Doppler radar, while the measurements of total lightning activity were provided by the National Severe Storm Laboratory, a mobile laboratory that was located under the storm throughout its lifetime. The scenario for the evolution of wet microburst producing thunderstorms is described.

Buechler, Dennis E.↗

A case study of a low lightning rate storm during the Florida winter

Meteorological and cloud electrical data collected during a winter storm on January 21, 1988 at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida are presented. A pronounced transition from area-integrated convergence to divergence with associated peak electrical activity was observed, which appears to be characteristic for both the summer and the winter storms at KSC. The mesoscale precipitation region behind the squall line was substantially electrified over an area far larger than the KSC complex. It is noted that, in such a situation, the accumulated electric charge and peak lightning currents may be an order of magnitude greater than those encountered in isolated summer thunderstorms, and the lightning hazard is correspondingly greater.

Williams, Earle R.↗

The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit

Consideration is given to the development of the Lightning Mapper Sensor (LMS), a space sensor capable of mapping intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges from geostationary orbit during day and night. The LMS is expected to have a spatial resolution of 10 km and a detection efficiency of 90 percent. The LMS combines modern solid state mosaic focal planes with extensive on-board signal processing to make it possible to detect weak background-contaminated signals. The LMS is planned to have a 10.5 degree field of view covering all of the continental U.S. The characteristics and design of the LMS are described, noting the possible applications of the sensor.

Christian, Hugh J.↗

Geographical Variations In Measured Lightning Fields

Brief report describes continuing program of measurements to determine variations, caused by local terrain, in vertical electric fields radiated by distant lightning. Lightning electromagnetic field increased or decreased with respect to nominal value, depending on slope of local terrain, extent of local vegitation, and distances, sizes, and shapes of nearby structures.

Maier, Launa↗

Testing for lightning as a source of radio bursts observed on the nightside of Venus

In certain previous studies of radio burst events recorded by the Pioneer Venus Orbiting Electric Field Detector (OEFD), data were sorted for statistical purposes according to occurrence at filter band frequencies smaller than or greater than typical values of the ambient electron gyrofrequency. The expectation in making this distinction was that the lowest frequency signals, at 100 Hz, were candidates for propagation through the ionosphere to the spacecraft in the whistler mode, and that the higher frequency signals, if of subionospheric origin, would require some different ionospheric penetration mechanism. On the basis of certain assumptions about the homogeneity and horizontal stratification of the Venusian nightside ionosphere, methods were developed for case-by-case testing of the hypothesis that any particular burst event originated in subionospheric lightning. The tests, which are capable of refinement, allow prediction of the resonance cone angle, refractive index, wave dispersion, and wave polarization. The tests have been applied to data from 11 periods along 7 orbits, and are believed to represent an improved way of categorizing OEFD burst data for purposes of investigating source/propagation mechanisms. Four of the five burst events that were not found consistent with the lightning hypothesis involved receptions at multiple OEFD filter band frequencies.

Sonwalkar, Vikas S.↗

Rocket-triggered lightning strikes and forest fire ignition

The following are presented: (1) background information on the rocket-triggered lightning project an Kennedy Space Center (KSC); (2) a summary of the forecasting problem; (3) the facilities and equipment available for undertaking field experiments at KSC; (4) previous research activity performed; (5) a description of the atmospheric science field laboratory near Mosquito Lagoon on the KSC complex; (6) methods of data acquisition; and (7) present results. New sources of data for the 1990 field experiment include measuring the electric field in the lower few thousand feet of the atmosphere by suspending field measuring devices below a tethered balloon, and measuring the electric field intensity in clouds and in the atmosphere with aircraft. The latter program began in July of 1990. Also, future prospects for both triggered lightning and forest fire research at KSC are listed.

Fenner, James↗

RSRM top hat cover simulator lightning test, volume 1

The test sequence was to measure electric and magnetic fields induced inside a redesigned solid rocket motor case when a simulated lightning discharge strikes an exposed top hat cover simulator. The test sequence was conducted between 21 June and 17 July 1990. Thirty-six high rate-of-rise Marx generator discharges and eight high current bank discharges were injected onto three different test article configurations. Attach points included three locations on the top hat cover simulator and two locations on the mounting bolts. Top hat cover simulator and mounting bolt damage and grain cover damage was observed. Overall electric field levels were well below 30 kilowatts/meter. Electric field levels ranged from 184.7 to 345.9 volts/meter and magnetic field levels were calculated from 6.921 to 39.73 amperes/meter. It is recommended that the redesigned solid rocket motor top hat cover be used in Configuration 1 or Configuration 2 as an interim lightning protection device until a lightweight cover can be designed.

Source record↗

Analysis of lightning field changes produced by Florida thunderstorms

A new method is introduced for inferring the charges deposited in a lightning flash. Lightning-caused field changes (delta E's) are described by a more general volume charge distribution than is defined on a large cartesian grid system centered above the measuring networks. It is shown that a linear system of equations can be used to relate delta E's at the ground to the values of charge on this grid. It is possible to apply more general physical constraints to the charge solutions, and it is possible to access the information content of the delta E data. Computer-simulated delta E inversions show that the location and symmetry of the charge retrievals are usually consistent with the known test sources.

Koshak, William John↗

Intracloud development of lightning strikes to aircraft

The analysis of airborne electromagnetic records of seven lightning strikes to the FAA CV-580 instrumented airplane during the 1987 field campaign was aimed at revealing and interpreting processes taken place during the intracloud propagation of lighting strikes initiated on or intercepted by the airplane. It is shown that intracloud development of the strike may consist of recoil streamers, dart leader/return stroke sequences, and the secondary initiations of new discharges. These processes, with their high current pulse amplitudes, may present greater threat to aircraft than current pulses during strike initiation. The latter are presently considered by the technical community to be the primary lightning threat to aircraft.

Mazur, Vladislav↗

Current wave-form observed during lightning strikes on aircraft

A preliminary validation of a number of mechanisms that can be associated with the various phases encountered during in-flight lightning strikes are provided. It is known that a lightning strike on an aircraft occurs in several phases: a preparation phase, an electric arc attachment phase, a connection phase, and a re-light phase. This analysis is confined to the study of the readings obtained during the electric arc attachment phase and to experiments carried out to validate the scenarios that are currently understood. The objective of the analysis is to explain this attachment phase. A brief review of the experiments that are currently being performed in an attempt to understand the re-light phase is also presented.

Boulay, J. L.↗

Investigations into the damage for various types of unprotected carbon fibre composites with a variety of lightning arc attachments

Very little quantitative information exists on the extent and nature of damage caused to unprotected carbon fiber composites (CFC's) due to lightning arc attachment. An initial investigation into the arc damage to three different types and various thickness of CFC's from A and C component type lightning discharges is described. The difference in damage which the two types of waveform produced and the way the area of damage varies with different levels of action integral and charge transfer is compared. In some cases, the temperature rise at the rear of the panels was recorded for various levels of action integral and charge transfer. A comparison was made of the area of damage from visual inspection and soft x ray photography, using a suitable penetrant in the damage area. It is concluded there is a need for a more detailed analysis of the damage.

Reid, G. W.↗

The performance of cable braids and terminations to lightning induced transients

The latest specification detailing the test waveforms for indirect lightning transients as applied to aircraft wiring systems specify very high voltages and currents. Although considerable data exists for measuring cable screen leakage using such methods as surface transfer impedance and bulk cable injection, there is little data on the likely core transient level that is likely to be induced from these threats. In particular, the new Waveform 5 at very high current levels (10 kA) is reputed to cause severe cable damage. A range of representative cables were made with various screen termination techniques and screening levels. These were tested first to determine their relative screening performance and then they were subjected to lightning transient testing to all the specified waveforms. Core voltages were measured for each test. Tests were also performed on bundles with fewer wires to determine the failure criteria with Waveform 5 and these tests also include flat conductor cables. The test showed that correctly terminated cable bundles performed well in all the tests and would provide a high level of protection to the electronic systems. The use of overbraides, provided the individual screens are well terminated, appears to be unnecessary.

Crofts, David↗

First and subsequent return stroke properties of cloud-to-ground lightning

Lightning properties obtained by a network of magnetic direction finders and by electric field measurements for distances from 50 to 500 km are compared for three summer thunderstorms in Sweden. The data from direct field recordings indicate 31, 17, and 26 pcts. of negative subsequent return strokes with peak current (as inferred from the peak electric field) higher than the first. Electric fields from first strokes are compared with normalized amplitudes registered by the magnetic direction finding system. The efficiency of detection by the magnetic direction finding system is discussed in terms of the percentage of lightning flashes observed by electric field measurements that are not localized. Statistics of the number of strokes per flash and the interstroke time intervals are presented.

Namasivayam, S.↗

Activation of the Navy's indirect effects lightning simulation laboratory

The Naval Air Test Center is currently the Navy's lead lab for electromagnetic effects testing. As part of this charter, it has been performing lightning effects testing on Navy aircraft in support of specification compliance since 1973. An overview is presented of lightning test and evaluation efforts at NATC, both past and present, as well as its plans for the future. The array of simulation capabilities presently operational are described, and a high level look is given to the test methodology now being used. The principal discussion centers on the results from the recent air launched ordnance test and testing of the Navy's A-6E all weather attack aircraft. Particular attention is paid to the NATC's test approach, including details about coaxial return construction, aircraft preparation, and the test waveforms and data acquisition systems that were used.

Whitaker, Mike↗

Characterization of vertical electric fields and associated voltages induced on a overhead power line from close artificially initiated lightning

Measurements were characterized of simultaneous vertical electric fields and voltages induced at both ends of a 448 m overhead power line by artificially initiated lightning return strokes. The lightning discharges struck ground about 20 m from one end of the line. The measured line voltages could be grouped into two categories: those in which multiple, similarly shaped, evenly spaced pulses were observed, which are called oscillatory; and those dominated by a principal pulse with subsidiary oscillations of much smaller amplitude, which are called impulsive. Voltage amplitudes range from tens of kilovolts for oscillatory voltages to hundreds of kilovolts for impulsive voltages.

Rubinstein, Marcos↗

A transportable 50 kA dual mode lightning simulator

A transportable lightning simulator was designed, built and tested, which is capable of delivering more than 50 kA to an 8 micro-H test object. The simulator was designed to be a versatile device in the lightning laboratory while meeting the requirements of MIL-STD-1757A for component E current waveforms. The system is capable of operating in either a ringing mode with a Q greater than 5 and a nominal frequency of 160 kHz, or a unipolar mode with no hardware configuration changes. The ringing mode is obtained by the LCR series circuit formed by the pulse generator and test object. The unipolar mode is obtained by closing an electrically triggered crowbar switch at peak current. The simulator exceeds the peak current requirement and rate of rise requirements for MIL-STD-1757A in both the ringing and unipolar modes. The pulse half width in the unipolar mode is in excess of 50 microsec and the action is in excess of 10(exp 5) A(exp 2)s. The design, component values, and test results are presented.

Salisbury, K.↗

Mathematical models for determining the protected spaces of the vertical lightning rod

Two mathematical models are presented for determining the protected spaces of the vertical lightning-rod. In the first model there was applied the circular approximation. Through the introduction of the modified striking distance in the second improved approximation there was obtained a new model for the protected space of the lightning-rod. The models are of general type, foreseen for the three-dimensional space and they are simply applied on solving the practical problems.

Mladenovic, I.↗