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At least 1,063 records · Page 59

System identification requirements for high-bandwidth rotorcraft flight control system design

The application of system identification methods to high-bandwidth rotorcraft flight control system design is examined. Flight test and modeling requirements are illustrated using flight test data from a BO-105 hingeless rotor helicopter. The proposed approach involves the identification of nonparametric (transfer function and state space) model identification. Results for the BO-105 show the need for including coupled body/rotor flapping and lead-lag dynamics in the identification model structure to allow the accurate prediction of control ssytem bandwidth limitations.

Tischler, Mark B.↗

Microstructure characterization by angle-resolved scatter and comparison to measurements made by other techniques

The theory and measurement of angle-resolved scatter are described. Values of rms roughness that were obtained by using this technique to characterize four different materials are compared with values that were obtained by using a total integrated scatter measuring instrument, an optical profiler, and a mechanical profiler. The spatial frequency bandwidths and modulation transfer functions of the four instruments are different, and results are described in light of these differences.

Jacobson, R. D.↗

Model reduction using new optimal Routh approximant technique

An optimal Routh approximant of a single-input single-output dynamic system is a reduced-order transfer function of which the denominator is obtained by the Routh approximation method while the numerator is determined by minimizing a time-response integral-squared-error (ISE) criterion. In this paper, a new elegant approach is presented for obtaining the optimal Routh approximants for linear time-invariant continuous-time systems. The approach is based on the Routh canonical expansion, which is a finite-term orthogonal series of rational basis functions, and minimization of the ISE criterion. A procedure for combining the above approach with the bilinear transformation is also presented in order to obtain the optimal bilinear Routh approximants of linear time-invariant discrete-time systems. The proposed technique is simple in formulation and is amenable to practical implementation.

Hwang, Chyi↗

Flows around sunspots and pores

Observations are reported yielding high-resolution white-light data regarding the flow pattern of penumbral material and granules around sunspots and pores. The data are culled from optical observations near the limit of the telescope modulation transfer function, and correlation tracking is employed to track the motions of penumbral features and granules. Dark fibrils and bright grains in the sunspots' inner penumbra regions move toward the umbra, and the opposite occurs in the outer penumbra. Before pore formation and during the pores existence granular flows are found to converge on the features. The paper also details the evolution of an emerging flux region, and two types of photospheric dark alignments are described in the region of new flux emergence.

Wang, Haimin↗

Properties of thermospheric gravity waves on earth, Venus and Mars

A spectral model with spherical harmonics and Fourier components that can simulate atmospheric perturbations in the global geometry of a multiconstituent atmosphere is presented. The boundaries are the planetary surface where the transport velocities vanish and the exobase where molecular heat conduction and viscosity dominate. The time consuming integration of the conservation equations is reduced to computing the transfer function (TF) which describes the dynamic properties of the medium divorced from the complexities in the temporal and horizontal variations of the excitation source. Given the TF, the atmospheric response to a chosen source distribution is then obtained in short order. Theoretical studies are presented to illuminate some properties of gravity waves on earth, Venus and Mars.

Mayr, H. G.↗

Experimental verification of Space Platform battery discharger design optimization

The detailed design of two candidate topologies for the Space Platform battery discharger, a four module boost converter (FMBC) and a voltage-fed push-pull autotransformer (VFPPAT), is presented. Each has unique problems. The FMBC requires careful design and analysis in order to obtain good dynamic performance. This is due to the presence of a right-half-plane (RHP) zero in the control-to-output transfer function. The VFPPAT presents a challenging power stage design in order to yield high efficiency and light component weight. The authors describe the design of each of these converters and compare their efficiency, weight, and dynamic characteristics.

Sable, Dan M.↗

Algorithmic improvements for simulator motion drive

Contemporary simulator motion drive algorithms typically are designed in an analog (continuous) environment, but are implemented in a digital (discrete) environment. The intended continuous system, specified as frequency domain (Laplace transform) transfer functions, may not be represented properly by the algorithms used for digital implementation. The motion drive software in use with the Vertical Motion Simulator at Ames Research Center was investigated recently; the original algorithms (Euler) were changed to a state transition method. Comparison of the frequency responses of the original and new implementations showed that the state transition method more closely approximates the desired analog responses. In addition, test pilots who evaluated both implementations preferred the motions generated with the state transition method over those generated with the Euler integration method.

Laforce, Soren↗

Techniques and applications for binaural sound manipulation in human-machine interfaces

The implementation of binaural sound to speech and auditory sound cues (auditory icons) is addressed from both an applications and technical standpoint. Techniques overviewed include processing by means of filtering with head-related transfer functions. Application to advanced cockpit human interface systems is discussed, although the techniques are extendable to any human-machine interface. Research issues pertaining to three-dimensional sound displays under investigation at the Aerospace Human Factors Division at NASA Ames Research Center are described.

Begault, Durand R.↗

Simultaneous H2/H-infinity optimal control - The state feedback case

A simultaneous H2/H-infinity control problem is considered. This problem seeks to minimize the H2 norm of a closed-loop transfer matrix while simultaneously satisfying a prescribed H-infinity norm bound on some other closed-loop transfer matrix by utilizing dynamic state feedback controllers. Such a problem was formulated earlier by Rotea and Khargonekar (1991) who considered only so called regular problems. Here, for a class of singular problems, necessary and sufficient conditions are established so that the posed simultaneous H2/H-infinity problem is solvable by using state feedback controllers. The class of singular problems considered have a left invertible transfer function matrix from the control input to the controlled output which is used for the H2 norm performance measure. This class of problems subsumes the class of regular problems.

Saberi, Ali↗

Compensating For Computational Delay In Flight Simulation

Computer-generated imagery processed with corrective phase shifts at lower frequencies. Algorithm developed from transfer functions predicting lower-frequency components of response of aircraft short time into future. Effects of delay at lower frequencies counteracted by introducing compensatory phase shifts, opposite those caused by delay, into signals driving computer-generated imagery.

Mcfarland, Richard E.↗

Analysis Of Delays In Simulation Of Flight

Report presents analysis of delays in transport of signals through various subsystems and components of flight-simulation system. Addresses all parts of simulation process and system, from analog-to-digital conversion and sampling of pilot's command input, through multiple sampling rate digital processing via transfer-function mathematical models of responses of simulated aircraft and of simulation system itself, to system output sampled at same rate as pilot's command input.

Mcfarland, R. E.↗

Autonomous Frequency-Domain System-Identification Program

Autonomous Frequency Domain Identification (AU-FREDI) computer program implements system of methods, algorithms, and software developed for identification of parameters of mathematical models of dynamics of flexible structures and characterization, by use of system transfer functions, of such models, dynamics, and structures regarded as systems. Software considered collection of routines modified and reassembled to suit system-identification and control experiments on large flexible structures.

Yam, Yeung↗

Providing structural modules with self-integrity monitoring software user's manual

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Contract NAS7-961 (A Small Business Innovation and Research (SBIR) contract from NASA) involved research dealing with remote structural damage detection using the concept of substructures. Several approaches were developed. The main two were: (1) the module (substructure) transfer function matrix (MTFM) approach; and (2) modal strain energy distribution method (MSEDM). Either method can be used with a global structure; however, the focus was on substructures. As part of the research contract, computer software was to be developed which would implement the developed methods. This was done and it was used to process all the finite element generated numerical data for the research. The software was written for the IBM AT personal computer. Copies of it were placed on floppy disks. This report serves as a user's manual for the two sets of damage detection software. Sections 2.0 and 3.0 discuss the use of the MTFM and MSEDM software, respectively.

Source record↗

Research Studies on Advanced Optical Module/Head Designs for Optical Data Storage

Preprints are presented from the recent 1992 Optical Data Storage meeting in San Jose. The papers are divided into the following topical areas: Magneto-optical media (Modeling/design and fabrication/characterization/testing); Optical heads (holographic optical elements); and Optical heads (integrated optics). Some representative titles are as follow: Diffraction analysis and evaluation of several focus and track error detection schemes for magneto-optical disk systems; Proposal for massively parallel data storage system; Transfer function characteristics of super resolving systems; Modeling and measurement of a micro-optic beam deflector; Oxidation processes in magneto-optic and related materials; and A modal analysis of lamellar diffraction gratings in conical mountings.

Source record↗

Numerical methods for the analysis of sampled-data systems and for the computation of system zeros

MARSYAS is a computer-aided control system design package for the simulation and analysis of dynamic systems. In the summer of 1991 MARSYAS was updated to allow for the analysis of sampled-data systems in terms of frequency response, stability, etc. This update was continued during the summer of 1992 in order to extend further MARSYAS commands to the study of sampled-data systems. Further work was done to examine the computation of OPENAT transfer functions, root-locii and w-plane frequency response plots.

Hodel, A. Scottedward↗

Modal characterization of the ASCIE segmented optics testbed: New algorithms and experimental results

New frequency response measurement procedures, on-line modal tuning techniques, and off-line modal identification algorithms are developed and applied to the modal identification of the Advanced Structures/Controls Integrated Experiment (ASCIE), a generic segmented optics telescope test-bed representative of future complex space structures. The frequency response measurement procedure uses all the actuators simultaneously to excite the structure and all the sensors to measure the structural response so that all the transfer functions are measured simultaneously. Structural responses to sinusoidal excitations are measured and analyzed to calculate spectral responses. The spectral responses in turn are analyzed as the spectral data become available and, which is new, the results are used to maintain high quality measurements. Data acquisition, processing, and checking procedures are fully automated. As the acquisition of the frequency response progresses, an on-line algorithm keeps track of the actuator force distribution that maximizes the structural response to automatically tune to a structural mode when approaching a resonant frequency. This tuning is insensitive to delays, ill-conditioning, and nonproportional damping. Experimental results show that is useful for modal surveys even in high modal density regions. For thorough modeling, a constructive procedure is proposed to identify the dynamics of a complex system from its frequency response with the minimization of a least-squares cost function as a desirable objective. This procedure relies on off-line modal separation algorithms to extract modal information and on least-squares parameter subset optimization to combine the modal results and globally fit the modal parameters to the measured data. The modal separation algorithms resolved modal density of 5 modes/Hz in the ASCIE experiment. They promise to be useful in many challenging applications.

Carrier, Alain C.↗

Single link flexible beam testbed project

This thesis describes the single link flexible beam testbed at the CLaMS laboratory in terms of its hardware, software, and linear model, and presents two controllers, each including a hub angle proportional-derivative (PD) feedback compensator and one augmented by a second static gain full state feedback loop, based upon a synthesized strictly positive real (SPR) output, that increases specific flexible mode pole damping ratios w.r.t the PD only case and hence reduces unwanted residual oscillation effects. Restricting full state feedback gains so as to produce a SPR open loop transfer function ensures that the associated compensator has an infinite gain margin and a phase margin of at least (-90, 90) degrees. Both experimental and simulation data are evaluated in order to compare some different observer performance when applied to the real testbed and to the linear model when uncompensated flexible modes are included.

Hughes, Declan↗

ERS-1 scatterometer calibration and validation activities at ECMWF. B: From radar backscatter characteristics to wind vector solutions

Calibration and validation activities for the ERS-1 scatterometer were carried out at ECMWF (European Center for Medium range Weather Forecast) complementary to the 'Haltenbanken' field campaign off the coast of Norway. At a Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) center a wealth of verifying data is available both in time and space. This data is used to redefine the wind retrieval procedure given the instrumental characteristics. It was found that a maximum likelihood estimation procedure to obtain the coefficients of a reformulated sigma deg to wind relationship should use radar measurements in logarithmic rather than physical space, and use winds as the wind components rather than wind speed and direction. Doing this, a much more accurate transfer function than the one currently operated by ESA was derived. Sigma deg measurement space shows no signature of a separation in an upwind solution cone and a downwind solution cone. As such signature was anticipated in ESA's wind direction ambiguity removal algorithm, reconsideration of the procedure is necessary. Despite the fact that revisions have to be made in the process of wind retrieval; a grid potential is shown for scatterometry in meteorology and climatology.

Stoffelen, AD↗