Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “PIONS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,063 records · Page 59
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Phenomenology of electroweak portal dark showers: high energy direct probes and low energy complementarity

We investigate the phenomenology of a dark QCD sector interacting with the Standard Model (SM) via the electroweak (EW) portals. The portal interactions allow SM bosons, such as Z and h, or additional bosons that mix with them, to decay into dark quarks, producing dark showers. The light dark mesons are expected to be long-lived particles (LLPs), as their decays back to the SM states through the EW-portal interactions typically have macroscopic decay lengths. We focus on dark shower events initiated by various bosons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The most prominent signal is the displaced decay of GeV-scale dark pions as LLPs. Current limits on dark shower signals at LHC detectors are recast from public data to provide simplified limits insensitive to UV physics details. Future limits in the high-luminosity phase and proposed auxiliary detectors are also projected. Additionally, we study the flavor-changing neutral current (FCNC) B decays into dark pions, obtaining both current and projected constraints at the LHC and other facilities. These constraints can be combined for specific models, which are illustrated in two EW-portal benchmarks: one with the heavy doublet fermion mediation and another with the Z′ mediator including a mass mixing. The collider reach shows significant potential to probe the parameter space unconstrained by EW precision tests, highlighting the necessity of dedicated LLP search strategies and facilities.

Dark Matter at Colliders↗
DOE OSTI2019

Search for new particles decaying to a jet and an emerging jet

A search is performed for events consistent with the pair production of a new heavy particle that acts as a mediator between a dark sector and normal matter, and that decays to a light quark and a new fermion called a dark quark. The search is based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 16.1 fb$^{-1}$ from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016. The dark quark is charged only under a new quantum-chromodynamics-like force, and forms an "emerging jet" via a parton shower, containing long-lived dark hadrons that give rise to displaced vertices when decaying to standard model hadrons. The data are consistent with the expectation from standard model processes. Limits are set at 95% confidence level excluding dark pion decay lengths between 5 and 225 mm for dark mediators with masses between 400 and 1250 GeV. Decay lengths smaller than 5 mm and greater than 225 mm are also excluded in the lower part of this mass range. The dependence of the limit on the dark pion mass is weak for masses between 1 and 10 GeV. As a result, this analysis is the first dedicated search for the pair production of a new particle that decays to a jet and an emerging jet.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Double-copy towards supergravity inflation with α-attractor models

A bstract Key to the simplicity of supergravity α -attractor models of inflation are Volkov-Akulov fermions, often in the form of nilpotent superfields. Here we explore the possibility of using the double-copy to construct theories of Dirac-Born-Infeld-Volkov-Akulov (DBIVA) coupled to supergravity. A color-dual bootstrap admits scattering amplitudes involving pions and vectors through five-point tree-level order by order in mass-dimension, but requires the introduction of a Tr( F 3 ) operator. Gauge theories with this operator were recently found to require a tower of higher-derivative operators to be compatible with the duality between color and kinematics. Adjoint-type double-copy construction at its most conservative seems to require the UV completion of DBIVA + pure Poincaré supergravity scattering amplitudes to a family of theories involving DBIVA-like particles coupled to Weyl-Einstein supergravity. We also point out an alternative solution to color-dual gauged pions that allows adjoint double-copy without a tower of higher derivative corrections but at the cost of exchange symmetry between scalars.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Topological freeze-out by semi-annihilation

We point out that a QCD-like dark sector can be coupled to the Standard Model by gauging the topological Skyrme current, which measures the dark baryon number in the infrared, to give a technically natural model for dark matter. This coupling allows for a semi-annihilation process χχ → χX μ , where X μ is the gauge boson mediator and χ a dark pion field, which plays the dominant role in setting the dark matter relic abundance. The topological interaction is purely p-wave and so free from indirect detection constraints. We show that the dark matter pion mass needs to be in the range 10 MeV ≲ m χ ≲ 1 TeV; towards the lighter end of this range, there can moreover be significant self-interactions. We discuss prospects for probing this scenario at collider experiments, ranging from the LHC to low-energy e + e − colliders, future Higgs factories, and beam-dump experiments.

Models for Dark Matter↗
DOE OSTI2016

Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $ TeV

The production of prompt charmed mesons D 0 , D + and D* + , and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair, √ s NN, of 2.76 TeV. The production yields for rapidity |y| < 0.5 are presented as a function of transverse momentum, p T , in the interval 1–36 GeV/c for the centrality class 0–10% and in the interval 1–16 GeV/c for the centrality class 30–50%. The nuclear modification factor R AA was computed using a proton-proton reference at √s = 2.76 TeV, based on measurements at √s = 7 TeV and on theoretical calculations. A maximum suppression by a factor of 5-6 with respect to binary-scaled pp yields is observed for the most central collisions at p T of about 10 GeV/c. A suppression by a factor of about 2-3 persists at the highest p T covered by the measurements. At low pT (1-3 GeV/c), the R AA has large uncertainties that span the range 0.35 (factor of about 3 suppression) to 1 (no suppression). In all p T intervals, the R AA is larger in the 30-50% centrality class compared to central collisions. Furthermore, the D-meson R AA is also compared with that of charged pions and, at large p T , charged hadrons, and with model calculations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nucleon momentum fraction, helicity and transversity from 2+1-flavor lattice QCD

A detailed analysis of the systematic uncertainties in the calculation of the isovector momentum fraction, ( x ) u - d , helicity moment, ( x ) Δ u - Δ d , and the transversity moment, ( x ) δu - δd , of the nucleon is presented using high-statistics data on seven ensembles of gauge configurations generated by the JLab/W&M/LANL/MIT collaborations using 2 + 1-flavors of dynamical Wilson-clover quarks. The much higher statistics have facilitated better control over all systematics compared to previous lattice calculations. The least understood systematic — excited-state contamination — is quantified by studying the variation of the results as a function of different estimates of the mass gap of the first excited state, obtained from two- and three-point correlation functions, and as a function of the pion mass M π . The final results are obtained using a simultaneous fit in the lattice spacing a , pion mass M π and the finite volume parameter M π L keeping leading order corrections. The data show no significant dependence on the lattice spacing and some evidence for finite-volume corrections. Our final results, in the $ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $ scheme at 2 GeV, are ( x ) u - d = 0 . 155(17)(20), ( x ) Δ u - Δ d = 0 . 183(14)(20) and ( x ) δu - δd = 0 . 220(18)(20), where the first error is the overall analysis uncertainty assuming excited-state contributions have been removed, and the second is an additional systematic uncertainty due to possible residual excited-state contributions. These results are consistent with phenomenological global fit values.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Interactions of πK, ππK and KKπ systems at maximal isospin from lattice QCD

We study the interactions of systems of two and three nondegenerate mesons composed of pions and kaons at maximal isospin using lattice QCD, specifically $π^+K^+, π^+π^+K^+$ and $K^+K^+π^+$. Utilizing the stochastic LapH method, we determine the spectrum of these systems on two CLS $N_f$ = 2 + 1 ensembles with pion masses of 200 MeV and 340 MeV, and include many levels in different momentum frames. We constrain the K matrices describing two- and three-particle interactions by fitting the spectrum to the results predicted by the finite-volume formalism, including up to p waves. This requires also results for the $π^+π^+$ and $K^+K^+$ spectrum, which have been obtained previously on the same configurations. We explore different fitting strategies, comparing fits to energy shifts with fits to energies boosted to the rest frame, and also comparing simultaneous global fits to all relevant two- and three-particle channels to those where we first fit twoparticle channels and then add in the three-particle information. We provide the first determination of the three-particle K matrix in $π^+π^+K^+$ and $K^+K^+π^+$ systems, finding statistically significant nonzero results in most cases. We include s and $\textit{p}$ waves in the K matrix for $π^+K^+$ scattering, finding evidence for an attractive p-wave scattering length. We compare our results to Chiral Perturbation Theory, including an investigation of the impact of discretization errors, for which we provide the leading order predictions obtained using Wilson Chiral Perturbation Theory.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

2 νββ spectrum in chiral effective field theory

We investigate two-neutrino double beta decay (2νββ) in chiral effective field theory. We find contributions from weak magnetism and double-weak pion-exchange at next-to-leading-order in the chiral power counting. We discuss the impact of the chiral corrections on the electron spectra and find that they should be included in analyses of 2νββ decay that aim to uncover new physics signatures in the electron spectrum. We illustrate this point by revisiting the effect of sterile neutrinos and non-standard charged interactions. We also find that the pion-exchange contributions involve nuclear matrix elements that are related to those appearing in neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ). We investigate whether the 0νββ nuclear matrix elements can be obtained from detailed measurements of the energy spectrum of the outgoing electrons in 2νββ transitions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Light-front representation of chiral dynamics in peripheral transverse densities

The nucleon's electromagnetic form factors are expressed in terms of the transverse densities of charge and magnetization at fixed light-front time. At peripheral transverse distances b = O(M_pi^{-1}) the densities are governed by chiral dynamics and can be calculated model-independently using chiral effective field theory (EFT). We represent the leading-order chiral EFT results for the peripheral transverse densities as overlap integrals of chiral light-front wave functions, describing the transition of the initial nucleon to soft pion-nucleon intermediate states and back. The new representation (a) explains the parametric order of the peripheral transverse densities; (b) establishes an inequality between the spin-independent and -dependent densities; (c) exposes the role of pion orbital angular momentum in chiral dynamics; (d) reveals a large left-right asymmetry of the current in a transversely polarized nucleon and suggests a simple interpretation. The light-front representation enables a first-quantized, quantum-mechanical view of chiral dynamics that is fully relativistic and exactly equivalent to the second-quantized, field-theoretical formulation. It relates the charge and magnetization densities measured in low-energy elastic scattering to the generalized parton distributions probed in peripheral high-energy scattering processes. The method can be applied to nucleon form factors of other operators, e.g. the energy-momentum tensor.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Event-shape and multiplicity dependence of freeze-out radii in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$= 7 TeV

Two-particle correlations in high-energy collision experiments enable the extraction of particle source radii by using the Bose-Einstein enhancement of pion production at low relative momentum q ∝ 1/R. It was previously observed that in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7TeV the average pair transverse momentum k T range of such analyses is limited due to large background correlations which were attributed to mini-jet phenomena. To investigate this further, an event-shape dependent analysis of Bose-Einstein correlations for pion pairs is performed in this work. By categorizing the events by their transverse sphericity S T into spherical (S T > 0:7) and jet-like (S T < 0:3) events a method was developed that allows for the determination of source radii for much larger values of k T for the first time. Spherical events demonstrate little or no background correlations while jet-like events are dominated by them. This observation agrees with the hypothesis of a mini-jet origin of the non-femtoscopic background correlations and gives new insight into the physics interpretation of the k T dependence of the radii. The emission source size in spherical events shows a substantially diminished k T dependence, while jet-like events show indications of a negative trend with respect to k T in the highest multiplicity events. Regarding the emission source shape, the correlation functions for both event sphericity classes show good agreement with an exponential shape, rather than a Gaussian one.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Linear sigma dark matter

We present a model of self-interacting dark matter based on QCD-like theories and inspired by the proximity of a 0 (980 ± 20) to the $K\bar{K}$ (990) threshold. Dark matter is comprised of dark pions which self-scatter via the σ resonance close to the ππ threshold. While the linear sigma model serves as a qualitative guide, a fully unitary description of the scattering in the strongly coupled regime is given by effective range theory. The introduction of a kinetically mixed dark photon allows the dark pion to either freeze-out or -in. We study the viable parameter space which explains the observed relic abundance while evading all current constraints. Searches for dark matter self interactions at different scales, (in)direct detection signals, and (in)visibly-decaying dark photons will test this model in the near future.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

J/ ψ elliptic and triangular flow in Pb-Pb collisions at \( \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} \) = 5 . 02 TeV

The inclusive J/ ψ elliptic ( v 2 ) and triangular ( v 3 ) flow coefficients measured at forward rapidity (2 . 5 < y < 4) and the v 2 measured at midrapidity (| y | < 0 . 9) in Pb-Pb collisions at \( \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} \) = 5 . 02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported. The entire Pb-Pb data sample collected during Run 2 is employed, amounting to an integrated luminosity of 750 μ b – 1 at forward rapidity and 93 μ b – 1 at midrapidity. The results are obtained using the scalar product method and are reported as a function of transverse momentum p T and collision centrality. At midrapidity, the J/ ψ v 2 is in agreement with the forward rapidity measurement. The centrality averaged results indicate a positive J/ ψ v 3 with a significance of more than 5 σ at forward rapidity in the p T range 2 < p T < 5 GeV/ c . The forward rapidity v 2 , v 3 , and v 3 /v 2 results at low and intermediate p T ( p T ≲ 8 GeV/ c ) exhibit a mass hierarchy when compared to pions and D mesons, while converging into a species-independent curve at higher p T . At low and intermediate p T , the results could be interpreted in terms of a later thermalization of charm quarks compared to light quarks, while at high p T , path-length dependent effects seem to dominate. The J/ ψ v 2 measurements are further compared to a microscopic transport model calculation. Using a simplified extension of the quark scaling approach involving both light and charm quark flow components, it is shown that the D-meson v n measurements can be described based on those for charged pions and J/ ψ flow.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Interactions of two and three mesons including higher partial waves from lattice QCD

We study two- and three-meson systems composed either of pions or kaons at maximal isospin using Monte Carlo simulations of lattice QCD. Utilizing the stochastic LapH method, we are able to determine hundreds of two- and three-particle energy levels, in nine different momentum frames, with high precision. We fit these levels using the relativistic finite-volume formalism based on a generic effective field theory in order to determine the parameters of the two- and three-particle K-matrices. We find that the statistical precision of our spectra is sufficient to probe not only the dominant s-wave interactions, but also those in d waves. In particular, we determine for the first time a term in the three-particle K-matrix that contains two-particle d waves. We use three N f = 2 + 1 CLS ensembles with pion masses of 200, 280, and 340 MeV. This allows us to study the chiral dependence of the scattering observables, and compare to the expectations of chiral perturbation theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Azimuthal single- and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic lepton scattering by transversely polarized protons

A comprehensive set of azimuthal single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive leptoproduction of pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons from transversely polarized protons is presented. These asymmetries include the previously published HERMES results on Collins and Sivers asymmetries, the analysis of which has been extended to include protons and antiprotons and also to an extraction in a three-dimensional kinematic binning and enlarged phase space. They are complemented by corresponding results for the remaining four single-spin and four double-spin asymmetries allowed in the one-photon-exchange approximation of the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering process for target-polarization orientation perpendicular to the direction of the incoming lepton beam. Among those results, significant non-vanishing cos ( Φ–Φ S ) modulations provide evidence for a sizable worm-gear (II) distribution, ${g}_{1\mathrm{T}}^q\left(x,{\mathrm{p}}_T^2\right)$. Most of the other modulations are found to be consistent with zero with the notable exception of large sin ( Φ S ) modulations for charged pions and K + .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

${{\bar{d}} - {\bar{u}}}$ Flavor Asymmetry in the Proton in Chiral Effective Field Theory

The ${\bar d - \bar u}$ flavor asymmetry in the proton arising from pion loops is computed using chiral effective field theory. The calculation includes both nucleon and Δ intermediate states, and uses both the fully relativistic and heavy baryon frameworks. The x dependence of ${\bar d - \bar u}$ extracted from the Fermilab E866 Drell–Yan data can be well reproduced in terms of a single transverse momentum cutoff parameter regulating the ultraviolet behavior of the loop integrals. In addition to the distribution at x > 0, corrections to the integrated asymmetry from zero momentum contributions are computed, which arise from pion rainbow and bubble diagrams at x = 0. These have not been accounted for in previous analyses, and can make important contributions to the lowest moment of ${\bar d-\bar u}$ .

Salamu, Y.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Transverse Densities of Octet Baryons from Chiral Effective Field Theory

Transverse densities describe the distribution of charge and current at fixed light-front time and provide a frame-independent spatial representation of hadrons as relativistic systems. In this paper, we calculate the transverse densities of the octet baryons at peripheral distances b=O(M π -1 ) in an approach that combines chiral effective field theory (χχEFT) and dispersion analysis. The densities are represented as dispersive integrals of the imaginary parts of the baryon electromagnetic form factors in the timelike region (spectral functions). The spectral functions on the two-pion cut at t>4M$2\atop{π}$ are computed using relativistic χEFT with octet and decuplet baryons in the extended on-mass-shell renormalization scheme. The calculations are extended into the ρ-meson mass region using a dispersive method that incorporates the timelike pion form-factor data. The approach allows us to construct densities at distances b>1 fm with controlled uncertainties. Finally, our results provide insight into the peripheral structure of nucleons and hyperons and can be compared with empirical densities and lattice-QCD calculations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

CLAS12 RICH: New Hybrid Geometry for Strangeness Studies

The Jefferson Lab (JLab) CLAS12 detector will provide a world- leading facility for the study of electron-nucleon scattering. The CLAS12 physics program is very broad and includes studies on quarks dynamics as well as studies on the meson and baryon spectroscopy with quasi-real photoproduction in a large variety of nal states. The particle identification will be complemented by a Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH), that will provide separation of kaons from protons and pions in the momentum range between 3-8 GeV/c allowing the study of pion and kaon electroproduction in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering as well as studying double and triple strange baryons. In this work, we will focus on the new technologies developed for the RICH, especially on the complex optical system, that allows to reduce the photo-detection area. Particular attention is given to the characterization of the surface in relationship with the simulation capability of GEANT4.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

The effective chiral Lagrangian from dimension-six parity and time-reversal violation

We classify the parity- and time-reversal-violating operators involving quark and gluon fields that have effective dimension six: the quark electric dipole moment, the quark and gluon chromo-electric dipole moments, and four four-quark operators. We construct the effective chiral Lagrangian with hadronic and electromagnetic interactions that originate from them, which serves as the basis for calculations of low-energy observables. The form of the effective interactions depends on the chiral properties of these operators. We develop a power-counting scheme and calculate within this scheme, as an example, the parity- and time-reversal-violating pion–nucleon form factor. We also discuss the electric dipole moments of the nucleon and light nuclei. -- Highlights: •Classification of T-odd dimension-six sources based on impact on observables. •Building of the chiral Lagrangian for each dimension-six source. •Calculation of the PT-odd pion–nucleon form factor for each source. •Discussion of hadronic EDMs for each source and comparison with the theta term.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗