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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,063 records · Page 59
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

U.S. Commercial Building Stock Analysis of COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies: Preprint

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of improving building indoor air quality to reduce occupants’ chances of contracting airborne illness. The ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force (ASHRAE-ETF) released several COVID-19 mitigation strategies at the onset of the pandemic. This study explores four of those recommendations for reducing transmission of COVID-19 inside buildings: (1) 100% outdoor air ventilation, (2) MERV-13 or better filters, (3) demand control ventilation removal, and (4) HVAC flushing mode. These recommendations were simulated and assessed using ComStock, a model of the U.S. commercial building stock. The study showed the 100% outdoor air ventilation recommendation had the largest impact on energy consumption, noncoincident peak demand, and thermostat violations. Removing demand control ventilation had the smallest national aggregate impact, installing MERV-13 filters led to slight increases in energy use and peak demand, and HVAC outdoor air flushing led to modest energy use and peak demand increases.

building energy modelling↗
DOE OSTI2022

Creep and cascade failure mitigation in heat pipe reactors

Technique(s) to mitigate creep and/or cascade failure in high temperature heat pipe reactor cores may include gas loading each heat pipe such that when one or more heat pipes in the heat pipe array fail, the adjacent heat pipes can accommodate added heat load with little change in temperature.

Reid, Robert Stowers↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mitigation of Leakage and Water Ingress for a Promising Phase Change Material (PCM) Containing Polythylene Glycol (PEG): Preprint

A promising and cost-effective phase change material (PCM) containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600, 800, and/or 1000 has been synthesized. It is shape stabilized using a sol-gel method and displays promising thermal properties. These properties make the PCMs good candidates for thermal batteries and other thermal energy storage applications in the building sector. However, PEG leakage is observed at elevated temperatures, and due to the hygroscopic nature of PEG, moisture ingress is also observed, which can have a significant effect on performance and durability. Thus, we have developed hydrophobic coatings to prevent PEG leakage and mitigate moisture ingress. The selected approach involves a secondary sol-gel process during which a thin layer formulated with hydrophobic precursors is deposited onto the surface of the PCM samples. Several coating formulations have been investigated, including formulations composed of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), diethoxy(dimethyl)silane (DEDMS), triethoxymethylsilane (TEMS), and n- octyltriethoxysilane (OTES). We find that this is effective at increasing hydrophobicity of the PCM substrates. It also decreases substrate leakage.

ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Friction Stir Processed Repair Welding of Dry Storage Canisters and Mitigation Strategies: Effect of Engineered Barrier Layer on Environmental Degradation

The proposed project aims to develop a friction sir based repair technique to heal cracks of stainless steel dry storage canisters (DSCs), created by the effect of stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In real service conditions, the welded parts of the canisters become prone to SCC under exposure to aggressive chemical environment. The focus of the project is on developing a mitigation strategy that can be implemented for countering SCC in DSCs following a two-pronged approach: (i) apply friction stir processing (FSP) as a crack repair technique while creating compressive residual stresses at the canister material surface, thus improving resistance against SCC; (ii) add molybdenum and/or nitrogen by friction stir based alloying process to create compositions that improve pitting resistance and thus enhance resistance against SCC. The specific project objectives are listed below: • Investigate FSW of 304L SS a potential repair welding technique of dry storage canisters; • Optimize the FSW parameters to introduce surface compressive stress profiles in the weldments; • Develop a FSP method to surface alloy the 304L with nitrogen and Mo by adding CrN and Mo powders; • Evaluate the surface compressive residual stress profile during FSW and FSP processes; • Evaluate the localized corrosion resistance of the FSW and FSP samples as a function of temperature, chloride concentration, and surface alloy composition; • Evaluate the SCC behavior of the FSW and FSP samples as a function of stress, chloride concentration, and temperature at different surface chemistries and induced residual stress profiles.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Systems and methods for detecting and mitigating cyber attacks on power systems comprising distributed energy resources

Extensive deployment of interoperable distributed energy resources (DER) on power systems is increasing the power system cybersecurity attack surface. National and jurisdictional interconnection standards require DER to include a range of autonomous and commanded grid-support functions which can drastically influence power quality, voltage, and the generation-load balance. Investigations of the impact to the power system in scenarios where communications and operations of DER are controlled by an adversary show that each grid-support function exposes the power system to distinct types and magnitudes of risk. The invention provides methods for minimizing the risks to distribution and transmission systems using an engineered control system which detects and mitigates unsafe control commands.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cybersecurity vulnerability mitigation framework

Systems, methods, and computer media for mitigating cybersecurity vulnerabilities of systems are provided herein. A current cybersecurity maturity of a system can be determined based on maturity criteria. The maturity criteria can be ranked based on importance. Solution candidates for increasing the cybersecurity maturity of the system can be determined based on the ranking. The solution candidates specify cybersecurity levels for the maturity criteria. A present state value reflecting the current cybersecurity maturity of the system can be calculated. For the solution candidates, an implementation state value and a transition state value can be determined. The implementation state value represents implementation of the maturity levels of the solution candidate, and the transition state value represents a transition from the present state value to the implementation state value. Based on the transition state values, a solution candidate can be selected for the system, and the system can be modified accordingly.

Gourisetti, Sri Nikhil Gupta↗
DOE OSTI2023

Do Scientists Need Mitigating Agents and Who is Responsible for Providing Them? Musings on Vučković and Sikimić’s ‘How to Fight Linguistic Injustice in Science’.

The recent paper by Aleksandra Vučković and Vlasta Sikimić delves into an important issue for modern science and humanities fields: the linguistic privileges of native English speakers and perceived injustice toward non-native speakers when publishing research and participating in scientific events as well as the approaches to relieve the issue by introducing mitigating agents—scientists who will volunteer (or be assigned) to take on the task of solving the language problems of their colleagues. The authors touched upon a sensitive issue that resonates with numerous people far beyond the scientific context.

Pronskikh, Vitaly Stanislavovich↗
DOE OSTI2022

Excitation control of dual-wound machines for coupling mitigation

A dual-wound machine comprises a dual-wound generator supplying power to two separate powered zones. The generator comprises a wound rotor with a field winding and a stator with two sets of phase windings and a field control loop that controls the excitation voltage applied to the field winding and therefore the magnetic field produced by the rotor, in order to maintain a constant field flux in the generator and mitigate dynamic coupling between the two sets of phase windings when supplying power to unbalanced loads.

Rashkin, Lee Joshua↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon Mitigation Potential of Heat Pump Integrated with Thermal Storage for Grid-Interactive Residential Buildings

Residential buildings’ heating and cooling loads are associated with significant carbon emissions and peak electricity demand. Phase change material (PCM) based thermal energy storage (TES) can be used for space heating and cooling by embedding into the heat pump equipment. Past work on TES integrated with heat pumps (HP) has demonstrated significant load shifting and economic benefits. However, the potential for TES to reduce carbon emissions has not been widely explored. This study evaluates carbon mitigation potential of an ice-based TES coupled to HP (HP-TES) based on a simple rule-based control strategy accounting for electric grid emissions data. A vapor compression HP model using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The modeled HP-TES system for single-family residential building demonstrates decreased carbon emissions with reduced peak utility cost.

Sultan, Sara↗
DOE OSTI2023

Delay-locked-loop timing error mitigation

Systems, methods, and circuits provide delay-locked loop (DLL) timing error mitigation. A DLL false-lock detection system can include DLL circuitry configured to receive a reference clock signal having a time period. The system can include shift register circuitry and latched comparison circuitry which can determine a time period of a locked condition of the DLL delay line with respect to the reference clock signal time period. The system can determine whether the system is correctly locked to the base time period or incorrectly locked to a multiple of the base time period. A further system can operate to cause a phase detector circuitry in a DLL to ignore the first edge of a reference clock signal presented to the phase detector circuitry and thereby avoid stuck-lock conditions.

Filippini, Leo↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Feedstock-Conversion Interface Consortium - Understanding and Mitigating the Impacts of Feedstock Variability in Bioconversion Processes

The Feedstock-Conversion Interface Consortium is led by DOE as a collaborative effort among researchers from 9 National Laboratories. The FCIC was formed because biomass feedstock properties are variable and different from other commodities, and empirical approaches to address these issues have been unsuccessful. The FCIC uses first-principles-based science to de-risk biorefinery scale-up and deployment by understanding and mitigating the impacts of feedstock variability on bioenergy conversion processes. In this presentation, we present a brief overview of key FCIC prinicples and recent results.

biomass↗
DOE OSTI2023

Systems and methods for detecting and mitigating cyber attacks on power systems comprising distributed energy resources

Extensive deployment of interoperable distributed energy resources (DER) on power systems is increasing the power system cybersecurity attack surface. National and jurisdictional interconnection standards require DER to include a range of autonomous and commanded grid-support functions which can drastically influence power quality, voltage, and the generation-load balance. Investigations of the impact to the power system in scenarios where communications and operations of DER are controlled by an adversary show that each grid-support function exposes the power system to distinct types and magnitudes of risk. The invention provides methods for minimizing the risks to distribution and transmission systems using an engineered control system which detects and mitigates unsafe control commands.

Johnson, Jay Tillay↗
DOE OSTI2022

First-collision source treatment for ray effect mitigation in discrete-ordinate radiation transport solutions

Deterministic transport codes play a fundamental role in the modelling and simulation of neutron transport. One of the most common deterministic methods is the method of discrete ordinates, also known as the S method. While offering significant advantages over other deterministic methods or stochastic methods like Monte Carlo, the method of discrete ordinates suffers from non-physical artifacts in its local solution due to its discretization of angle. These artifacts, referred to as ray effects because of their ray-like appearance, tend to be worse in problems with small sources in areas with little scattering. Significant effort has gone into developing methods to mitigate ray effects, such as the first-collision source treatment, which separates the angular flux into the uncollided and collided fluxes and solving them using non-traditional techniques such as ray tracing. One such code capable of doing this is Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's deterministic transport code ARDRA. Current ray tracing methods typically trace to a set of points inside a zone to compute an overall flux. However, this approach has significant drawbacks, such as a low order of convergence and not being conservative. Therefore, a new method has been developed that traces instead to a set of points on each of a zone's surfaces and computing the currents, before using these to obtain the flux. A comparison between these two ray tracing methods showed significant advantages to the new surface method, including inherent conservation, a higher convergence rate, and an increase in calculable information like leakage. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. (authors)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

BESSIE: Battery & Energy Storage Supply Chain Analysis, Mitigation Deployment, and Tools

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) and their associated power electronic interfaces are key components to delivering clean and more resilient energy, providing much-needed fast-ramping, emergency discharge, generation, and operations support to the electric grid. These services have grown to be invaluable over the past ten years and will soon be an irreplaceable element of energy delivery. The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) strives to address these challenges through a strategic approach to supply chain risk assessment and mitigation for BESS and related digital energy equipment through the BESSIE project under the Center for Securing Digital Energy Technology. Recognizing that decreasing dependence on a foreign supply chain will take significant time and investment, BESSIE’s focus is strategically addressing battery supply chain risks by pairing short-term steps to operate securely through today’s risks with long-term steps to shape the supply chain over the coming years.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cyber Threat Landscape and Engineering Mitigations for Grid Forming Inverters

This talk will cover the cyber threat landscape and engineering mitigations for grid forming (GFM) inverters. It will discuss the penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in the United States and expected growth. It will then discuss the threat landscape for IBRs based on current and expected penetration. Real-world examples of cyber incidents affecting IBRs will be presented, concluding with an introduction to Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) and a guide on applying it to GFM inverters.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

I Can't Patch My OT Systems! A Look at CISA's KEVC Workarounds & Mitigations for OT

We examine the state of publicly available information about known exploitable vulnerabilities applicable to operational technology (OT) environments. Specifically, we analyze the Known Exploitable Vulnerabilities Catalog (KEVC) maintained by the US Department of Homeland Security Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to assess whether currently available data is sufficient for effective and reliable remediation in OT settings. Our team analyzed all KEVC entries through July 2025 to determine the extent to which OT environments can rely on existing remediation recommendations. We found that although most entries in the KEVC could affect OT environments, only 13% include vendor workarounds or mitigations as alternatives to patching. This paper also examines the feasibility of developing such alternatives based on vulnerability and exploit characteristics, and we present early evidence of success with this approach.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

IEEE PES GM Poster - Cyber-Informed Engineering Approach to Mitigating BESS Supply Chain Concerns

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are increasingly important to meet the needs of grid resilience and reliability. BESS provide critical grid services, maintaining stability of the grid with increased variable conditions. However, there are significant geopolitical and security concerns regarding their operation in critical infrastructure, due to lack of a domestic supply chain and prevalence of foreign entity of concern (FEOC) components in BESS and associated inverter-based resources. The supply chain challenge is dually exacerbated by a lack of alternative suppliers who can meet the economic targets for energy delivery and a potentially adversarial supply chain. Solutions are needed to secure components, addressing mixed layers of risk and engineering controls. This paper presents a specific application of Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) principles for BESS and recommends an alternative strategy to blocking the supply chain, ensuring that grid modernization targets can be met despite lack of a validated or secure supply chain. This study focuses on the United State (U.S.) use case, but the process can be applied globally to address supply chain security challenges. CIE practices represent the next step in functional assurance and risk mitigation, ensuring optimal resource allocation and enhancing security measures to safeguard the future of energy in the U.S. and beyond.

25 - ENERGY STORAGE↗