Propagation of partially coherent radiation using Wigner functions
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72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Development of a microwave capacitive method for the spectroscopy of the complex permittivity
We describe a vector network analyzer-based method to study the electromagnetic properties of nanoscale dielectrics at microwave frequencies (1 MHz–40 GHz). The complex permittivity spectrum of a given dielectric can be determined by placing it in a capacitor accessed on its both electrodes by coplanar waveguides. However, inherent propagation delays along the signal paths together with frequency-dependent effective surface of the capacitor at microwave frequencies can lead to significant distortion in the measured permittivity, which in turn can give rise to artificial frequency variations of the complex permittivity. We detail a fully analytical rigorous correction sequence with neither recourse to extrinsic loss mechanisms nor to arbitrary parasitic signal paths. We illustrate our method on 3 emblematic dielectrics: ferroelectric morphotropic lead zirconate titanate, its paraelectric pyrochlore counterpart, and strontium titanate. Permittivity spectra taken at various points along the hysteresis loop help shedding light onto the nature of the different dielectric energy loss mechanisms. Thanks to the analytical character of our method, we can discuss routes to extend it to higher frequencies and we can identify unambiguously the sources of potential artifacts.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
THE n-DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS AND DOUBLE LAYERS IN THE ELECTRON-BEAM-RETURN-CURRENT SYSTEM OF SOLAR FLARES
We investigate processes in the electron-beam-return-current system in the impulsive phase of solar flares to answer a question about the formation of the n-electron distribution detected in this phase of solar flares. An evolution of the electron-beam-return-current system with an initial local density depression is studied using a three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell model. In the system the strong double layer is formed. Its electric field potential increases with the electron beam flux. In this electric field potential, the electrons of background plasma are strongly accelerated and propagate in the return-current direction. The high-energy part of their distribution at the high-potential side of the strong double layer resembles that of the n-distribution. Thus, the detection of the n-distributions, where a form of the high-energy part of the distribution is the most important, can indicate the presence of strong double layers in solar flares. The similarity between processes in solar flare loops and those in the downward current region of the terrestrial aurora, where the double layers were observed by FAST satellite, supports this idea.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations in a relativistic magnetized electron–positron plasma
Spontaneous fluctuations are a robust phenomenon of plasmas near equilibrium, which does not depend on the existence of instabilities, and their characterization provides valuable information about the role of the relativistic temperatures T∼mc{sup 2} in relativistic regimes. In this paper, we study the broadband spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations in a relativistic and magnetized pair plasma described by Maxwell–Jüttner distribution functions, based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that the transverse electromagnetic fluctuations are constrained by a temperature-independent critical frequency ω{sub c}=√(Ω{sub c}{sup 2}+(ck){sup 2}), which separates the collisionless damping regime (|ω|<ω{sub c}) from the case where the waves can propagate without damping (|ω|>ω{sub c}). Further, relativistic simulations show an excellent agreement between analytical and numerical results. We expect this formalism to contribute to obtaining useful physical information about the state of relativistic plasmas.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Transient analysis of printed lines using finite-difference time-domain method
Comprehensive studies of ultra-wideband pulses and electromagnetic coupling on printed coupled lines have been performed using full-wave 3D finite-difference time-domain analysis. Effects of unequal phase velocities of coupled modes, coupling between line traces, and the frequency dispersion on the waveform fidelity and crosstalk have been investigated in detail. To discriminate the contributions of different mechanisms into pulse evolution, single and coupled microstrip lines without (ϵ r = 1) and with (ϵ r > 1) dielectric substrates have been examined. To consistently compare the performance of the coupled lines with substrates of different permittivities and transients of different characteristic times, a generic metric similar to the electrical wavelength has been introduced. The features of pulse propagation on coupled lines with layered and pedestal substrates and on the irregular traces have been explored. Finally, physical interpretations of the simulation results are discussed in the paper.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Exact analysis of particle dynamics in combined field of finite duration laser pulse and static axial magnetic field
Dynamics of a charged particle is studied in the field of a relativistically intense linearly polarized finite duration laser pulse in the presence of a static axial magnetic field. For a finite duration laser pulse whose temporal shape is defined by Gaussian profile, exact analytical expressions are derived for the particle trajectory, momentum, and energy as function of laser phase. From the solutions, it is shown that, unlike for the monochromatic plane wave case, resonant phase locking time between the particle and laser pulse is finite. The net energy transferred to the particle does not increase monotonically but tends to saturate. It is further shown that appropriate tuning of cyclotron frequency of the particle with the characteristic frequency in the pulse spectrum can lead to the generation of accelerated particles with variable energies in MeV-TeV range.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
New electromagnetic mode in a non-Maxwellian high-beta plasma
An electromagnetic (EM) mode outside of the electron cyclotron frequency in a dense plasma discharge is reported. The experimental plasma was generated in a weak, uniform magnetic field and natural magnetic fluctuations were monitored and examined for cross correlations. Wave dispersion, propagation direction polarization and the electron velocity distribution were also derived. The fluctuations observed were neither cyclotron harmonic waves nor whistlers and consisted of circularly polarized waves propagating along field lines in 3-6 cm diam flux tubes. The mode was carried away from the cathode by streaming energetic electrons. The results may be pertinent in studies of EM modes in auroral arcs or magnetic fluctuations in tokamaks with runaway electrons.
Urrutia, J. M.↗
Phase Coupling Between Spectral Components of Collapsing Langmuir Solitons in Solar Type III Radio Bursts
We present the high time resolution observations of one of the Langmuir wave packets obtained in the source region of a solar type III radio burst. This wave packet satisfies the threshold condition of the supersonic modulational instability, as well as the criterion of a collapsing Langmuir soliton, i.e., the spatial scale derived from its peak intensity is less than that derived from its short time scale. The spectrum of t his wave packet contains an intense spectral peak at local electron plasma frequency, f(sub pe) and relatively weaker peaks at 2f(sub pe) and 3f(sub pe). We apply the wavelet based bispectral analysis technique on this wave packet and compute the bicoherence between its spectral components. It is found that the bicoherence exhibits two peaks at (approximately f(sub pe), approximately f(sub pe)) and (approximately f(sub pe) approximately 2f(sub pe)), which strongly suggest that the spectral peak at 2f(sub pe) probably corresponds to the second harmonic radio emission, generated as a result of the merging of antiparallel propagating Langmuir waves trapped in the collapsing Langmuir soliton, and, the spectral peak at 3f(sub pe) probably corresponds to the third harmonic radio emission, generated as a result of merging of a trapped Langmuir wave and a second harmonic electromagnetic wave.
Thejappa, G.↗
Modeling and analyzing parasitic parameters in high frequency converters
This research focuses on electromagnetic interference (EMI) / electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design and analysis in power electronics systems. To limit the EMI under the standards, different methods and strategies are investigated. Parasitic parameters of high frequency (HF) transformer are analyzed using a novel analytical method, finite element method (FEM), and experimental measurements for different structures and windings arrangements. Also, the magnetic field, electric field, electric displacement, and electric potential distribution are simulated and analyzed. Moreover, a high voltage system is considered and analyzed to improve the EMC. The EMI propagation paths are analyzed. The EMI noise level of the system is obtained and compared to the IEC61800-3 standard. To improve the EMC, the parasitic parameters of the transformer, as the main path of EMI circulation, are analyzed and optimized to block the propagation. Furthermore, the geometry structure of the HF transformer is optimized to lower the parasitics in the system. Three pareto-optimal techniques are investigated for the optimization. The models and results are verified by 3D-FEM and experimental results for several given scenarios. Furthermore, the EMC modeling and conducted EMI analysis are developed for a system including an AC-DC-DC power supply (rectifier and dual active bridge (DAB) converter). Moreover, the common mode (CM) EMI noise propagation through the system is discussed and the noise sources and effect of components on the noise are analyzed. Additionally, the CM impedance of different parts of the system and the noise levels are discussed. Finally, EMI attenuation techniques were applied to the system.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Radio propagation effects of rocket exhaust plasmas.
Rocket exhaust plasma disturbance on radio transmission between vehicle and ground station noting multipath, forward and backscatter
PLASMA-ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION↗
Noise propagation effects in power supply distribution systems for high-energy physics experiments
High-energy physics experiments are supplied by thousands of power supply units placed in distant areas from the front-end electronics. The power supply units and the front-end electronics are connected through long power cables that propagate the output noise from the power supplies to the detector. Here, this paper addresses the effect of long cables on the noise propagation and the impact that those cables have on the conducted emission levels required for the power supplies and the selection of EMI filters for the front-end electronic low-voltage input. Lastly, this analysis is part of the electromagnetic compatibility based design focused on functional safety to define the type of cable, shield connections, EMI filters and power supply specifications required to ensure the successful integration of the detector and, specifically, to achieve the designed performance of the front-end electronics.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
The structure of the magnetosphere as deduced from magnetospherically reflected whistlers
Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic wave phenomenon called the magnetospherically reflected (MR) whistler was investigated. VLF (0.3 to 12.5 kHz) data obtained from the Orbiting Geophysical Observatories 1 and 3 from October 1964 to December 1966 were used. MR whistlers are produced by the dispersive propagation of energy from atmospheric lightning through the magnetosphere to the satellite along ray paths which undergo one or more reflections due to the presence of ions. The gross features of MR whistler frequency-time spectrograms are explained in terms of propagation through a magnetosphere composed of thermal ions and electrons and having small density gradients across L-shells. Irregularities observed in MR spectra were interpreted in terms of propagation through field-aligned density structures. Trough and enhancement density structures were found to produce unique and easily recognizable signatures in MR spectra. Sharp cross-field density dropoff produces extra traces in MR spectrograms.
Edgar, B. C.↗
Science and technology results from the OSS-1 Payload on the Space Shuttle
The OSS-1 Payload of nine experiments was carried on the STS-3 Space Shuttle flight in March of 1982. The OSS-1 Payload contained four instruments that evaluated specific aspects of the Orbiter's environment, including the levels of particulate, gaseous and electromagnetic emissions given off by the Orbiter, and the interactions between the Orbiter and the surrounding plasma. In addition to these environmental observations, these instruments performed scientific investigations in astronomy and in space plasma physics, including active experiments in electron beam propagation. Other experiments were in the areas of solar physics, plant growth, micrometeorite studies and the technology of actively controlled heat pipes. A description is given of the initial results from these experiments, with some implications of these results for future operation of space experiments from the Shuttle payload bay. One major result was the unexpected discovery of a faint surface-induced optical glow created near the Shuttle surfaces by impacts of ambient atmospheric atoms and molecules.
Chipman, E.↗
Some recent developments in the interpretation of MST radar returns from clear air (keynote paper), part 2
Mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar returns from clear air come about through the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the inhomogeneous structures of refractive index in the atmosphere. In order to interpret the data correctly to obtain information concerning the dynamics of the atmosphere, one must first know how the various refractive index structures can affect the propagation and scattering of the radio waves. This can be achieved through theoretical and model studies. On the other hand, in order to carry out realistic theoretical studies, realistic models of the inhomogeneous structures of the atmospheric refractive index are needed. These are available only through observational data. Therefore the close interplays between theoretical and observational investigations are essential in making progress in this area. Some results on certain aspects of the problem are presented with emphasis on those aspects that may lead to new developments.
Liu, C. H.↗
Electromagnetic electron beam instabilities - Hot, isotropic beams
This paper considers the linear theory of electromagnetic instabilities driven by an electron beam in a homogeneous, nonrelativistic, Vlasov plasma. The beam is relatively hot, isotropic in its own frame, and streams parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field B. Numerical solutions of the full dispersion equation for propagation parallel or antiparallel to B are presented, and the linear properties of the whistler heat flux and electron beam firehose instabilities are exhibited and compared. Under a broad range of parmameters the former mode has the lower beam speed threshold, and the larger maximum growth rate. In addition, it is demonstrated that, for a sufficiently large relative beam density, relative beam temperature, and plasma beta the whistler heat flux instability has a much lower beam speed threshold than the electrostatic electron beam instability. The application of these instabilities to first-order Fermi acceleration of electrons at space plasma shocks is discussed.
Gary, S. P.↗
Inhibition of electron thermal conduction by electromagnetic instabilities
Heat flux inhibition by electromagnetic instabilities in a hot magnetized plasma is investigated. Low-frequency electromagnetic waves become unstable due to anisotropy of the electron distribution function. The chaotic magnetic field thus generated scatters the electrons with a specific effective mean free path. Saturation of the instability due to wave-wave interaction, nonlinear scattering, wave propagation, and collisional damping is considered. The effective mean free path is found self-consistently, using a simple model to estimate saturation level and scattering, and is shown to decrease with the temperature gradient length. The results, limited to the assumptions of the model, are applied to astrophysical systems. For some interstellar clouds the instability is found to be important. Collisional damping stabilizes the plasma, and the heat conduction can be dominated by superthermal electrons.
Levinson, Amir↗
Science and technology results from the OSS-1 payload on the Space Shuttle
The OSS-1 Payload of nine experiments was carried on the STS-3 Space Shuttle flight in March of 1982. The OSS-1 Payload contained four instruments that evaluated specific aspects of the Orbiter's environment, including the levels of particulate, gaseous and electromagnetic emissions given off by the Orbiter, and the interactions between the Orbiter and the surrounding plasma. In addition to these environmental observations, these instruments performed scientific investigations in astronomy and in space plasma physics, including active experiments in electron beam propagation. Other experiments were in the areas of solar physics, plant growth, micrometeorite studies and the technology of actively controlled heat pipes. We present the initial results from these experiments, with some implications of these results for future operation of space experiments from the Shuttle payload bay. One major result was the unexpected discovery of a faint surface-induced optical glow created near the Shuttle surfaces by impacts of ambient atmospheric atoms and molecules.
short duration↗
Shielded-Twisted-Pair Cable Model for Chafe Fault Detection via Time-Domain Reflectometry
This report details the development, verification, and validation of an innovative physics-based model of electrical signal propagation through shielded-twisted-pair cable, which is commonly found on aircraft and offers an ideal proving ground for detection of small holes in a shield well before catastrophic damage occurs. The accuracy of this model is verified through numerical electromagnetic simulations using a commercially available software tool. The model is shown to be representative of more realistic (analytically intractable) cable configurations as well. A probabilistic framework is developed for validating the model accuracy with reflectometry data obtained from real aircraft-grade cables chafed in the laboratory.
Schuet, Stefan R.↗