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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,045 records · Page 58
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Fast growth and high-titer bioproduction from renewable formate via metal-dependent formate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli

Microbial bioproduction using one-carbon (C1) feedstocks has the potential to decarbonize the manufacturing of materials, fuels, and chemicals. Formate is a promising C1 feedstock, and the realization of industrial, formatotrophic platform organisms is a key goal for C1-based bioproduction. So far, a major limitation for synthetic formatotrophy has been slow energy supply due to slow formate dehydrogenase activity. Here, we implement a fast, metal-dependent formate dehydrogenase complex in a synthetic formatotrophic Escherichia coli utilizing the reductive glycine pathway. After a short-term evolution, we demonstrate formatotrophic growth of E. coli with a doubling time of less than 4.5 h, comparable to the fastest natural formatotrophs. To further explore the potential of a formate-based bioeconomy, this strain is engineered to produce mevalonate, as well as the terpenoid and aviation fuel precursor isoprenol, using formate we generate directly from the electrochemical reduction of CO2. This work demonstrates an improvement in bioproduct titer from formate, achieving the production of 3.8 g/L of mevalonate. Additionally, the abundant and recalcitrant polymer lignin is chemically decomposed into a formate-rich mixture of small organic acids and subsequently bioconverted into mevalonate. Overall, the described fast-growing, formatotrophic bioproduction strain demonstrates that a sustainable formate bioeconomy is within reach.

Cowan, Aidan E↗
DOE OSTI2026

Pressure-induced changes in structure, magnetic order and superconductivity in the ferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi 8 Te 13

Introducing superconductivity (SC) in an intrinsic magnetic topological system remains a significant challenge in modern condensed matter physics. Here, we show that SC can be induced by applying high pressure to a promising ambient-pressure magnetic topological insulator candidate, MnBi 8 Te 13 . Using electrical transport, magnetic susceptibility, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction, we construct a detailed temperature - pressure phase diagram. The ambient-pressure ferromagnetic order is progressively suppressed and replaced by an antiferromagnetic state. Above 16.6 GPa, bulk SC emerges with a critical temperature up to 6.8 K. This pressure-induced SC may co-exist with another AFM dome. In contrast, the related compounds with higher magnetic ion (Mn) concentration show no SC, highlighting the crucial role of Mn concentration in stabilizing SC. The observation of pressure-induced FM-AFM-SC transitions in MnBi 8 Te 13 not only establishes it as a rare Mn-based SC but also provides a platform to study the interplay between magnetism, SC, and potentially nontrivial band topology in correlated magnetic materials.

Huyan, S. [Ames Laboratory, and Iowa State Univ., ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Controlling quantum phases of electrons and excitons in moiré superlattices

Moiré lattices formed in twisted and lattice-mismatched van der Waals heterostructures have emerged as a platform to engineer the novel electronic and excitonic states at the nanoscale. This Perspective reviews the materials science of moiré heterostructures with a focus on the structural properties of the interface and its structural–property relationships. We first review the studies of the atomic relaxation and domain structures in moiré superlattices and how these structural studies provide critical insights into understanding the behaviors of quantum-confined electrons and excitons. We discuss the general frameworks to manipulate moiré structures and how such control can be harnessed for engineering new phases of matter and simulating various quantum phenomena. Lastly, we discuss routes toward large-scale moiré heterostructures and give an outlook on their applications in quantum electronics and optoelectronics. Special emphasis will be placed on the challenges and opportunities of the reliable fabrication and dynamical manipulation of moiré heterostructures.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct measurement of thermal Knudsen forces in rarefied gas environments

At micro- and nanoscales, momentum transfer between surfaces is influenced by various physical mechanisms, including quantum fluctuations, electromagnetic interactions, electric charges, and the dynamics of (rarefied) gases. Under non-isothermal conditions, rarefied gases give rise to thermal Knudsen forces whose magnitudes strongly depend on the gas species and surface characteristics. Knudsen forces are particularly relevant in nanotechnology, optical manipulation, and aerospace systems, where gas rarefaction occurs due to highly confined geometries, sub-micrometer length scales, and reduced particle densities. Despite their significance, predictive modeling of Knudsen forces is limited by a lack of comprehensive experimental data across diverse materials and surface morphologies. Here, in this work, we present a highly sensitive and adaptable measurement platform capable of directly quantifying Knudsen forces using a suspended, interchangeable micro-cantilever within controlled rarefied helium and nitrogen environments. The system integrates optical fiber interferometry to precisely capture out-of-plane displacements at sub-micrometer resolution, driven by Knudsen forces. From the empirical data, we derive a robust correlation linking the magnitudes of Knudsen forces to energy accommodation coefficients, offering deeper insights into the underlying gas–surface interaction mechanisms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of amplification via the acousto-electric effect of Rayleigh and Leaky-SAW modes in a monolithic surface InP:InGaAs/lithium niobate heterostructure

This work demonstrates a monolithic surface acoustic wave amplifier fabricated by state-of-the-art heterogenous integration of a III-V InGaAs-based epitaxial material stack and LiNbO 3 . We compare amplification of Raleigh-SAW and leaky-SAW modes on a on Y-cut, X-propagating delay line amplifier. Due to the superior properties of the materials employed, we observe a net terminal gain of 3dB for an LSAW overtone mode This platform enables further advances in active and non-reciprocal piezoelectric acoustic devices.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Autonomous x-ray scattering

Autonomous experimentation (AE) is an emerging paradigm that seeks to automate the entire workflow of an experiment, including—crucially—the decision-making step. Beyond mere automation and efficiency, AE aims to liberate scientists to tackle more challenging and complex problems. We describe our recent progress in the application of this concept at synchrotron x-ray scattering beamlines. We automate the measurement instrument, data analysis, and decision-making, and couple them into an autonomous loop. We exploit Gaussian process modeling to compute a surrogate model and associated uncertainty for the experimental problem, and define an objective function exploiting these. We provide example applications of AE to x-ray scattering, including imaging of samples, exploration of physical spaces through combinatorial methods, and coupling to in situ processing platforms These uses demonstrate how autonomous x-ray scattering can enhance efficiency, and discover new materials.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Thermal photonics with broken symmetries

Abstract Nanophotonic engineering provides an effective platform to manipulate thermal emission on-demand, enabling unprecedented heat management superior to conventional bulk materials. Amongst a plethora of nanophotonic structures, symmetries play an important role in controlling radiative heat transfer in both near-field and far-field. In physics, broken symmetries generally increase the degree of freedom in a system, enriching the understanding of physical mechanisms and bringing many exciting opportunities for novel applications. In this review, we discussed the underlying physics and functionalities of nanophotonic structures with broken geometrical symmetries, engineered mode symmetries, and broken reciprocity for the control of thermal emission. We overview a variety of physical phenomena and interesting applications, and provide the outlook for future development.

Liu, Tianji↗
DOE OSTI2026

Forensic characterization of surrogate nuclear explosion debris: radiochemical and spectroscopic strategies for method validation

Surrogate nuclear explosion debris (SNED) has emerged as a critical platform for advancing post-detonation nuclear forensic analysis in the absence of readily accessible historic materials. SNED enables controlled investigation and validation of analytical methodologies used to interrogate the chemical, isotopic, radiological, and microstructural signatures preserved in nuclear explosion debris. This review presents an integrated assessment of destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques commonly employed within decision-driven nuclear forensic workflows. Each technique is discussed individually while highlighting how it contributes to different stages of post-detonation analysis. Core methods – including gamma and alpha spectrometry, ICP-MS, TIMS, SIMS, SEM-EDS, XRF, LIBS, vibrational spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy – are critically evaluated with respect to forensic maturity, information content, and matrix limitations. Emphasis is placed on the role of SNED in benchmarking multi-modal workflows and identifying gaps in reproducing heterogeneity, fractionation, and radiation-driven evolution relevant to forensic attribution.

X-ray spectroscopic methods↗
DOE OSTI2024

Exploring New Diamond Surfaces with Precision Chemistry and Quantum Spectroscopy

Point defects in diamond known as color centers are a promising platform for quantum sensing. As atom-like systems, they can exhibit excellent spin coherence and can be manipulated with light. As solid-state defects, they can be produced at high densities and be incorporated into scalable devices. Diamond is a uniquely excellent host; it has a large band gap, can be synthesized with sub-ppb impurity concentrations, and can be isotopically purified to eliminate magnetic noise from nuclear spins. Specifically, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center has been demonstrated to be a highly sensitive, non-invasive magnetic probe capable of resolving the magnetic field of a single electron spin with nanometer spatial resolution. However, the development of NV centers and other color centers in diamond as a quantum platform crucially relies on developing methods to functionalize and process diamond surfaces. Diamond is the hardest material, making polishing and processing challenging, and diamond surfaces are inert and sterically hindered, making them notoriously difficult to chemically terminate and functionalize. Our approach is to discover new surface chemistries for diamond by combining multimodal surface spectroscopy with NV-based quantum spectroscopy to carefully characterize the diamond surface. We have developed a suite of techniques for characterizing the diamond surface using rapid tools for reaction screening and detailed surface spectroscopy tools for definitive identification of the surface bonding.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

CalTestBed - Twelve Benefit Co - Understanding Degradation of Water Management Properties in Gas Diffusion Layers (CRADA Final Report)

The research between Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and Twelve Benefit Co. enhanced Twelve’s understanding of how chemical changes to the gas diffusion layer lead to failure of their CO 2 electrolyzers. During the CRADA period, LBNL team tested Twelve’s gas diffusion layer samples (GDL), some with microporous layer (MPL) and some without MPL using the water-air capillary pressure setup. LBNL team also tested microporous layer samples using the fuel cell test stands and compared those results with commercial GDL and MPL. Understanding the hydrophobicity of the material, along with electrochemical performance is the key to determining Twelve’s ability to scale their platform. Further improvements to Twelve’s CO 2 electrolyzer can enhance the net zero emissions with their technology.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2003

Development and Testing of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Mars Rover Program: Elemental Analyses at Stand-Off Distances

One of the most fundamental pieces of information about any planetary body is the elemental composition of its surface materials. The Viking Martian landers employed XRF (x-ray fluorescence) and the MER rovers are carrying APXS (alpha-proton x-ray spectrometer) instruments upgraded from that used on the Pathfinder rover to supply elemental composition information for soils and rocks to which direct contact is possible. These in- situ analyses require that the lander or rover be in contact with the sample. In addition to in-situ instrumentation, the present generation of rovers carry instruments that operate at stand-off distances. The Mini-TES is an example of a stand-off instrument on the MER rovers. Other examples for future missions include infrared point spectrometers and microscopic-imagers that can operate at a distance. The main advantage of such types of analyses is obvious: the sensing element does not need to be in contact or even adjacent to the target sample. This opens up new sensing capabilities. For example, targets that cannot be reached by a rover due to impassable terrain or targets positioned on a cliff face can now be accessed using stand-off analysis. In addition, the duty cycle of stand-off analysis can be much greater than that provided by in-situ measurements because the stand-off analysis probe can be aimed rapidly at different features of interest eliminating the need for the rover to actually move to the target. Over the past five years we have been developing a stand-off method of elemental analysis based on atomic emission spectroscopy called laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A laser-produced spark vaporizes and excites the target material, the elements of which emit at characteristic wavelengths. Using this method, material can be analyzed from within a radius of several tens of meters from the instrument platform. A relatively large area can therefore be sampled from a simple lander without requiring a rover or sampling arms. The placement of such an instrument on a rover would allow the sampling of locations distant from the landing site. Here we give a description of the LIBS method and its advantages. We discuss recent work on determining its characteristics for Mars exploration, including accuracy, detection limits, and suitability for determining the presence of water ice and hydrated minerals. We also give a description of prototype instruments we have tested in field settings.

D A Cremers↗
DOE OSTI2021

In Situ Machine Learning for Intelligent Data Capture on Exascale Platforms. Final Report

In many dynamic systems, interesting events occur locally in time and space. Examples of such systems include ignition events in combustion simulations, material fractures in mechanics simulations, and extreme weather events in climate simulations. Due to memory constraints and data I/O costs, current simulation workflows save data at regularly spaced time-steps, at a fixed rate determined before the start of the simulation. Often this mode of operation results in missed events of interest, necessitating a simulation restart from before an event occurred with more frequent data saves. This data saving workflow is grossly inefficient and is already a bottleneck in the computing process. We propose to develop machine learning algorithms that can detect when interesting dynamical events are occurring, triggering data saves. These machine learning algorithms will perform in situ anomaly detection to flag regions with different dynamical properties than those previously recorded. The adaptive data saves would be local in time and space to match the event of interest, thereby enabling a much more efficient workflow that will reduce data I/O costs and data storage memory requirements. The algorithms will be tested on two applications: auto-ignition simulations and climate simulations. A critical component of this project will be developing machine learning algorithms that can be deployed efficiently in situ on HPC platforms with out-of-the-box functionality. The development of in situ machine learning methods to detect anomalous events would enable a more efficient and effective workflow, in which all the relevant data are saved in a single simulation run, without re-starts or scientist intervention.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

CRADA Final Report: Ultralong Cycle Life and Ultrafast Charging Batteries to Electrify High Duty-Cycle, Mobile Platforms

As part of the Cyclotron Road program, Tyfast Energy Corp. aimed to investigate the Li 3 V 2 O 5 (LVO) anode material for next generation lithium batteries. State of the art and fast charging lithium-ion batteries are based on the lithium titanate or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) anode chemistry. LTO cells demonstrate fast charging times (<6 mins), long cycle life (>20,000 cycles), but at the expense of very low energy density (<200Wh/L, <80Wh/kg). Silicon anodes have the promise of achieving fast charging times, however, issues with cycling stability in combination with fast charging is unknown. LVO has unique properties that enable new performance window for lithium batteries. First, LVO operates at an average potential of 0.6V vs. Li/Li + , well above the Li-metal plating region allowing ultrafast charge capability without sacrificing safety. Second, the LVO has a high specific capacity of 250 mAh/g making battery pack energy density equivalent with current high-energy Li-ion chemistries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Plasma and X-ray radiation-induced damage mechanisms in a tungsten heavy alloy

Tungsten-based materials are among the main candidate plasma-facing materials for future fusion reactors where extreme conditions of thermomechanical stresses, radiation, and energetic particles must be withstood. Here a hybrid X-pinch platform combined with a pulsed power machine was used to study damage mechanisms in 90W–4Cu–6Ni tungsten heavy alloy as a result of exposure to high energy density plasma, X-ray radiation, and the resulting thermal shock. It was found that the plasma-facing surface of the material undergoes severe melting and ablation with the extent of ablation being higher in the Cu–Ni phase than the W particles. Rapid melting and solidification transform the W particles into fine dendrite morphologies embedded in the Cu–Ni solid solution. Cracking was also observed in the subsurface layers at the interfaces between the W particles and the Cu-rich phase of the Cu–Ni matrix. X-ray radiation, on the other hand, cause slight melting on the surface without significant ablation and no cracking.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Voltage‐Modulated Untwist Deformations and Multispectral Optical Effects from Ion Intercalation into Chiral Ceramic Nanoparticles

Abstract Reconfiguration of chiral ceramic nanostructures after ion intercalation should favor specific nanoscale twists leading to strong chiroptical effects. In this work, V 2 O 3 nanoparticles are shown to have “built‐in” chiral distortions caused by binding of tartaric acid enantiomers to the nanoparticle surface. As evidenced by spectroscopy/microscopy techniques and calculations of nanoscale chirality measures, the intercalation of Zn 2+ ions into the V 2 O 3 lattice results in particle expansion, untwist deformations, and chirality reduction. Coherent deformations in the particle ensemble manifest as changes in sign and positions of circular polarization bands at ultraviolet, visible, mid‐infrared (IR), near‐IR (NIR), and IR wavelengths. The g‐ factors observed for IR and NIR spectral diapasons are ≈100–400 times higher than those for previously reported dielectric, semiconductor, and plasmonic nanoparticles. Nanocomposite films layer‐by‐layer assembled (LBL) from V 2 O 3 nanoparticles reveal cyclic‐voltage‐driven modulation of optical activity. Device prototypes for IR and NIR range problematic for liquid crystals and other organic materials are demonstrated. High optical activity, synthetic simplicity, sustainable processability, and environmental robustness of the chiral LBL nanocomposites provide a versatile platform for photonic devices. Similar reconfigurations of particle shapes are expected for multiple chiral ceramic nanostructures, leading to unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Real-time 3D analysis during electron tomography using tomviz

The demand for high-throughput electron tomography is rapidly increasing in biological and material sciences. However, this 3D imaging technique is computationally bottlenecked by alignment and reconstruction which runs from hours to days. We demonstrate real-time tomography with dynamic 3D tomographic visualization to enable rapid interpretation of specimen structure immediately as data is collected on an electron microscope. Using geometrically complex chiral nanoparticles, we show volumetric interpretation can begin in less than 10 minutes and a high-quality tomogram is available within 30 minutes. Real-time tomography is integrated into tomviz, an open-source and cross-platform 3D data analysis tool that contains intuitive graphical user interfaces (GUI), to enable any scientist to characterize biological and material structure in 3D.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Finite-Time Teleportation Phase Transition in Random Quantum Circuits

How long does it take to entangle two distant qubits in a quantum circuit evolved by generic unitary dynamics? Here, we show that if the time evolution is followed by measurements of all but two infinitely separated test qubits, then the entanglement between them can undergo a phase transition and become nonzero at a finite critical time t c . The fidelity of teleporting a quantum state from an input qubit to an infinitely distant output qubit shows the same critical onset. Specifically, these finite-time transitions occur in short-range interacting two-dimensional random unitary circuits and in sufficiently long-range interacting one-dimensional circuits. The phase transition is understood by mapping the random continuous-time evolution to a finite-temperature thermal state of an effective spin Hamiltonian, where the inverse temperature equals the evolution time in the circuit. In this framework, the entanglement between two distant qubits at times t > t c corresponds to the emergence of long-range ferromagnetic spin correlations below the critical temperature. We verify these predictions using numerical simulation of Clifford circuits and propose potential realizations in existing platforms for quantum simulation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗