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At least 1,045 records · Page 58

Observation of structures in the J/ψ+ψ(2S) mass spectrum with the ATLAS detector

A search for resonant structures in the mass spectrum is performed using proton-proton collision data at , corresponding to an integrated luminosity of , recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The decay channels of and are analyzed. An excess near 6.9 GeV is observed in both channels with a combined significance of . No significant signal is observed near 7.2 GeV, and an upper limit on its yield relative to is provided. A simultaneous fit with the di- channel is carried out under assumptions regarding the resonance interferences, yielding a ratio of the partial decay widths between the and di- channels of for the resonance near 6.9 GeV.

Aad, G↗

Extended State Observer-Based Robust Model Predictive Velocity Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

This article proposes an extended state observer based robust model predictive velocity control to decrease system prediction error under parameter uncertainties for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). We develop a new PMSM model that consists of velocity and acceleration to lump the system information and an external disturbance into a disturbance. The extended state observer (ESO) is designed to estimate the velocity, acceleration, and disturbance. By estimating the state variables and disturbance using the ESO, the model predictive control (MPC) finds the optimal control input by predicting future system behavior. Additionally, the direct current controller is designed so that the direct current converges to zero. Because the proposed method is not designed based on the cascade structure from the viewpoint of velocity control, the optimization control for the velocity and currents can be defined. Thus, the proposed method is robust against external disturbances and parameter uncertainties owing to feedback linearization, state feedback, and ESO-based MPC using the acceleration PMSM model. The proposed control algorithm was experimentally verified and it showed improved velocity tracking performance compared with ESO-based MPC using the conventional PMSM model.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Observer-Based Nonlinear Control Scheme to Reduce Oscillations and Zero Crossing in Skid-Steer Vehicles

Motion sickness is a common condition experienced by drivers of skid-steer vehicles, primarily caused by zero crossing and oscillations in undamped systems. This study proposes an observer-based nonlinear control scheme to reduce transient oscillations and zero-crossing phenomena in skid-steer vehicles, thereby potentially alleviating motion sickness. Reducing transient oscillations and zero crossing in the transient response may alleviate motion sickness. A nonlinear damping controller is designed to improve transient response by reducing oscillations and zero-crossing. To design the controller, a reduced-order kinematic model based on coordinate transformation is developed. This transformation not only converts the system modeling into a controllable form but also enhances control performance. Modeling error is addressed by considering the distance between the center of the vehicle and the sensor location. Despite these improvements, model uncertainties and external disturbances remain, which may degrade control performance. To ensure robustness and estimate such disturbances, a high-order sliding mode observer (HOSMO) is incorporated. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through MATLAB/Simulink and TruckMaker simulations. From the simulation results, it was shown that the proposed method reduced the mean squared error of the tracking error to within 10 % compared to the state feedback controller with the HOSMO.

Seo, Jiwon [Chung-Ang University, Seoul (Korea, Re↗

Current Observer Based Predictive Decoupled Power Control Grid-Interactive Inverter

This paper presents a sensor-less current model predictive control (MPC) scheme via a full state observer based current estimator. The grid interactive inverters’ control schemes require current and voltage sensors. Elimination of current sensor enhances the inverter reliability. This paper leverages the inherent characteristics of MPC towards robust current sensor-less grid interactive inverter with LC filter. The observer for inductor current is developed based on the existing capacitor voltage measurement. The estimator dynamic state-space matrices are then obtained through reconstruction of the inverter model with the capacitor voltage and inductor current being the state variables. The controller objectives are to regulate active and reactive power in a decoupled manner. The theoretical expectation, controller performance, and accuracy of the current estimation are verified by conducting a real-time simulation via Typhoon HIL.

Zhang, Zhen↗

Bayesian Framework for Multi-Timescale State Estimation in Low-Observable Distribution Systems

To support the smart grid paradigm, there has been a significant increase in sensor deployments and metering infrastructure in distribution systems. However, the measurements provided by these sensors and metering devices are typically sampled at different rates and could suffer from losses during the aggregation process. It is crucial to effectively reconcile the time-series measurements for a reliable state estimation. While weighted least squares has been the traditional approach for state estimation, sparsity-based approaches like matrix completion have become popular due to their superior performance in low-observability conditions. This paper proposes a Bayesian framework for both multi-timescale data aggregation and matrix completion based state estimation. Specifically, the multiscale time-series data aggregated from heterogenous sources are reconciled using a multitask Gaussian process that exploits the spatio-temporal correlations. Here, the resulting consistent timeseries alongwith the confidence bound on the imputations are fed into a Bayesian matrix completion method augmented with linearized power-flow constraints to accurately estimate the states in low-observability conditions. Results on three phase unbalanced IEEE 37 and IEEE 123 bus test systems reveal the superior performance of the proposed Bayesian framework. The computational complexity for the proposed Bayesian framework is also quantified.

42 ENGINEERING↗

EarthShine: Observing our world as an exoplanet from the surface of the Moon

NASA’s return to the Moon coincides with explosive growth in exoplanet discovery. Missions are being formulated to search for habitable planets orbiting other stars, making this the ideal time to deploy an instrument suite to the lunar surface to help us recognize a habitable exoplanet when we see it. We present EarthShine, a technically mature, three-instrument suite to observe the whole Earth from the Moon as an exoplanet proxy. EarthShine data will validate and improve models critical for designing missions to image and characterize exoplanets, thus informing observing strategies for flagship missions to directly image exoplanets. EarthShine will answer interconnected questions in Earth and lunar science, exoplanets, and astrobiology, related to the credo “follow the water.” EarthShine can take advantage of current NASA programs to conduct science from the Moon with low-cost, mature space hardware to reduce risk and assure success. Like the 1968 Apollo Earthrise image of our home planet, lonely in the black sky, the appeal of EarthShine to a multidisciplinary array of researchers in Earth Science, Planetary Science, and astrophysics will maximize both its scientific impact and its impact on the general public.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Topographic effects on reflected acoustic waves from the OSIRIS-REx reentry observed from stratospheric balloons

During long-distance sound propagation in planetary atmospheres, acoustic waves may reflect off the air/surface interface one or more times. For low sound frequencies and flat interfaces, the incident and reflected wave tend to be nearly identical. However, this may not be the case when the downgoing acoustic wave encounters topography. Here, we describe a set of direct and reflected acoustic signals recorded on free-flying balloons during the hypersonic entry of the OSIRIS-REx sample return capsule (SRC). In two of the three cases presented here, an impulsive reflected arrival similar in form to the direct sonic boom of the SRC is observed, followed by a diffuse coda. In contrast, one of the floating stations lacked an impulsive reflection entirely, with only the coda present. We use full waveform modeling to show how reflection in the presence of complex topography can explain coda seen in all three examples as well as the lack of impulsive arrival on the third. Our results indicate that the complex signals often observed in long range acoustic propagation could be due, in part, to interactions with topography during transmission.

Lees, Jonathan M. [University of North Carolina, C↗

Real-space observation of fluctuating antiferromagnetic domains

Magnetic domains play a fundamental role in physics of magnetism and its technological applications. Dynamics of antiferromagnetic domains is poorly understood, although antiferromagnets are expected to be extensively used in future electronic devices wherein it determines the stability and operational speed. Dynamics of antiferromagnets also features prominently in the studies of topological quantum matter. Real-space imaging of fluctuating antiferromagnetic domains is therefore highly desired but has never been demonstrated. We use coherent x-ray diffraction to obtain videos of fluctuating micrometer-scale antiferromagnetic domains in Ni 2 MnTeO 6 on time scales from 10 -1 to 10 3 s. In the collinear phase, thermally activated domain wall motion is observed in the vicinity of the Néel temperature. Unexpectedly, the fluctuations persist through the full range of the higher-temperature helical phase. These observations illustrate the high potential significance of the dynamic domain imaging in phase transition studies and in magnetic device research.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Observing ion diffusion and reciprocating hopping motion in water

When an ionic crystal dissolves in solvent, the positive and negative ions associated with solvent molecules release from the crystal. However, the existing form, interaction, and dynamics of ions in real solution are poorly understood because of the substantial experimental challenge. We observed the diffusion and aggregation of polyoxometalate (POM) ions in water by using liquid phase transmission electron microscopy. Real-time observation reveals an unexpected local reciprocating hopping motion of the ions in water, which may be caused by the short-range polymerized bridge of water molecules. We find that ion oligomers, existing as highly active clusters, undergo frequent splitting, aggregation, and rearrangement in dilute solution. The formation and dissociation of ion oligomers indicate a weak counterion-mediated interaction. Furthermore, POM ions with tetrahedral geometry show directional interaction compared with spherical ions, which presents structure-dependent dynamics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Observation of edge supercurrent in topological antiferromagnet MnBi 2 Te 4 -based Josephson junctions

Hybridizing superconductivity with topology and magnetism attracts growing interest in condensed matter physics. Here, we present our findings on the measurement of supercurrent induced in an intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi 2 Te 4 . By constructing a MnBi 2 Te 4 proximity Josephson junction, we observed an anomalously large period of the Fraunhofer patterns, indicating a strong Josephson coupling state. As the MnBi 2 Te 4 thickness is reduced, a distinct asymmetric edge supercurrent emerges, aligning consistently with the observed oscillatory junction magnetoresistance. Leveraging this large asymmetric edge supercurrent, we have realized a nonvolatile Josephson diode device with programmable polarity, achieved through training with an out-of-plane magnetic field. Theoretical calculations substantiate that these behaviors are attributed to the interference between the highly asymmetric topological edge channel–mediated supercurrent induced in MnBi 2 Te 4 . Our study establishes this system as a promising avenue for investigating topological superconductivity, chiral Majorana edge modes, and advanced functionality device applications.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

Observation of anomalous thermal Hall effect in a Kagome superconductor

Broken time-reversal symmetry (TRS) in superconductors can induce not only spontaneous magnetization by the finite angular momentum of Cooper pairs but also the anomalous thermal Hall effects (ATHEs), whose detection has been extremely challenging. Here, we report the successful observation of an ATHE developing below the superconducting transition temperature at zero magnetic field in the kagome-lattice superconductor CsV 3 Sb 5 . This finding is verified by the absence of a signal in a conventional type-II superconductor using the same setup and by ruling out the trapped-vortex effects through micro-Hall array measurements. Both the temperature dependence and the magnitude of the observed anomalous thermal Hall conductivity are quite different from those expected for the quantized thermal edge current of an intrinsic ATHE but consistent with extrinsic impurity-induced ATHEs in chiral superconductivity. Our study of ATHE offers an alternative approach to probe TRS breaking in the superconducting states.

Yoshida, Hiroki [Univ. of Tokyo, Chiba (Japan)] (O↗

The dark matter interpretation of the 3.5-keV line is inconsistent with blank-sky observations

Observations of nearby galaxies and galaxy clusters have reported an unexpected x-ray emission line around 3.5 kilo–electron volts (keV). Proposals to explain this line include decaying dark matter—in particular, that the decay of sterile neutrinos with a mass around 7 keV could match the available data. If this interpretation is correct, the 3.5-keV line should also be emitted by dark matter in the halo of the Milky Way. We used more than 30 megaseconds of XMM-Newton (X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission) blank-sky observations to test this hypothesis, finding no evidence of the 3.5-keV line emission from the Milky Way halo. We set an upper limit on the decay rate of dark matter in this mass range, which is inconsistent with the possibility that the 3.5-keV line originates from dark matter decay.

Dessert, Christopher↗

Ultrafast Inverse Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity Observed by THz Emission

Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) phenomena arise from an interplay among structural chirality, electron spin orientation, and charge current. Steady-state observations such as magnetoresistance offer little insight into the timescales that govern the spin-charge interconversion and often conflate interfacial and bulk phenomena. By contrast, inverse CISS involves the conversion of spin to a charge current. Using terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy, we directly measured an ultrafast charge current due to inverse CISS with picosecond time resolution. Polarity and polarization analysis of the THz emission map the induced charge current direction upon spin injection. We found that a charge current is generated along the spin orientation that changes direction with stereochemical configuration. These observations directly demonstrate the inherent coupling between spin and charge currents in chiral systems, offering key insights into their fundamental dynamics.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Polarization observables in double neutral pion photoproduction

Abstract Measurements of target asymmetries and double-polarization observables for the reaction "Equation missing"<#comment/>are reported. The data were taken with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the ELSA facility (Bonn University) using the Bonn frozen-spin butanol ($$\hbox {C}_4\hbox {H}_9$$ C 4 H 9 OH) target, which provided transversely polarized protons. Linearly polarized photons were produced via bremsstrahlung off a diamond crystal. The data cover the photon energy range from "Equation missing"<#comment/>to "Equation missing"<#comment/>and nearly the complete angular range. The results have been included in the BnGa partial wave analysis. Experimental results and the fit agree very well. Observed systematic differences in the branching ratios for decays of "Equation missing"<#comment/>and$${\varDelta ^*}$$ Δ ∗ resonances are attributed to the internal structure of these excited nucleon states. Resonances which can be assigned to SU(6)$$\times $$ × O(3) two-oscillator configurations show larger branching ratios to intermediate states with non-zero intrinsic orbital angular momenta than resonances assigned to one-oscillator configurations.

Physics↗

Observation of X(2370) and search for X(2120) in $J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma K{\bar{K}} \eta '$: BESIII Collaboration

Using a sample of 1.31 × 10 9 J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector, we perform a study of J/ψ → γKK¯η'. X(2370) is observed in the KK¯η' invariant-mass distribution with a statistical significance of 8.3σ. Its resonance parameters are measured to be M = 2341.6 ± 6.5(stat.) ± 5.7(syst.) MeV/c 2 and Γ = 117 ± 10(stat.) ± 8(syst.) MeV. The product branching fractions for J/ψ → γX(2370), X(2370) → K + K – η' and J/ψ → γX(2370), X(2370) → $K$ $^{0}_{S}$ $K$ $^{0}_{S}$η' are determined to be (1.79 ± 0.23(stat.) ± 0.65(syst.)) × 10 –5 and (1.18 ± 0.32(stat.) ± 0.39(syst.)) × 10 –5 , respectively. No evident signal for X(2120) is observed in the KK¯η' invariant-mass distribution. The upper limits for the product branching fractions of B(J/ψ → γX(2120) → γK + K – η') and B(J/ψ → γX(2120) → $K$ $^{0}_{S}$ $K$ $^{0}_{S}$η') are determined to be 1.49 × 10 –5 and 6.38 × 10 –6 at the 90% confidence level, respectively.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Observation of new excited ${B} ^0_{s}$ states

A structure is observed in the ${B} ^{\pm }{K} ^{\mp }$ mass spectrum in a sample of proton–proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, collected with the LHCb detector and corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9$\,\text {fb} ^{-1}$. The structure is interpreted as the result of overlapping excited ${B} ^0_{s}$ states. With high significance, a two-peak hypothesis provides a better description of the data than a single resonance. Under this hypothesis the masses and widths of the two states, assuming they decay directly to ${B} ^{\pm }{K} ^{\mp }$, are determined to be $\begin{aligned} m_1&= 6063.5 \pm 1.2 \text { (stat)} \pm 0.8\text { (syst)}\,\text {Me}\text {V}, \\ \Gamma _1&= 26 \pm 4 \text { (stat)} \pm 4\text { (syst)}\,\text {Me}\text {V}, \\ m_2&= 6114 \pm 3 \text { (stat)} \pm 5\text { (syst)}\,\text {Me}\text {V}, \\ \Gamma _2&= 66 \pm 18 \text { (stat)} \pm 21\text { (syst)}\,\text {Me}\text {V}. \end{aligned}$ Alternative values assuming a decay through ${B} ^{*\pm }{K} ^{\mp }$, with a missing photon from the $B^{*\pm } \rightarrow B^{\pm }\gamma $ decay, which are shifted by approximately 45 $\,\text {Me}$V, are also determined. The possibility of a single state decaying in both channels is also considered. The ratio of the total production cross-section times branching fraction of the new states relative to the previously observed $B_{s2}^{*0}$ state is determined to be $0.87 \pm 0.15 \text { (stat)} \pm 0.19 \text { (syst)}$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Bulk observables at 5.02 TeV using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics

Abstract We compare predictions of 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) for a large set of bulk observables with experimental data collected in 5.02 TeV Pb–Pb collisions. We make predictions for identified hadron spectra, identified hadron average transverse momentum, charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity, the kaon-to-pion ( $$K/\pi $$ K / π ) and proton-to-pion ( $$p/\pi $$ p / π ) ratios, identified particle and charged particle elliptic flow, and HBT radii. We compare to data collected by the ALICE collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb–Pb collisions. We find that, based on available data, these bulk observables are well described by aHydroQP with an assumed initial central temperature of $$T_0=630$$ T 0 = 630 MeV at $$\tau _0 = 0.25$$ τ 0 = 0.25 fm/c and a constant specific shear viscosity of $$\eta /s=0.159$$ η / s = 0.159 , which corresponds to a peak specific bulk viscosity of $$\zeta /s = 0.048$$ ζ / s = 0.048 . In particular, we find that the momentum dependence of the kaon-to-pion ( $$K/\pi $$ K / π ) and proton-to-pion ( $$p/\pi $$ p / π ) ratios reported recently by the ALICE collaboration are extremely well described by aHydroQP in the 0–5% centrality class.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Observation of time-dependent internal charge amplification in a planar germanium detector at cryogenic temperature

For the first time, time-dependent internal charge amplification through impact ionization has been observed in a planar germanium (Ge) detector operated at cryogenic temperature. In a time period of 30 and 45 min after applying a bias voltage, the charge energy corresponding to a baseline of the 59.54 keVγ rays from a 241 Am source is amplified for a short period of time and then decreases back to the baseline. The amplification of charge energy depends strongly on the applied positive bias voltage with drifting holes across the detector. No such phenomenon is visible with drifting electrons across the detector. We find that the observed charge amplification is dictated by the impact ionization of charged states, which has a strong correlation with impurity level and applied electric field. We analyze the dominant physics mechanisms that are responsible for the creation and the impact ionization of charged states. Our analysis suggests that the appropriate level of impurity in a Ge detector can enhance charge yield through the impact ionization of charged states to achieve extremely low-energy detection threshold (< 10 meV) for MeV-scale dark matter searches if the charge amplification can be stabilized.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗