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At least 1,045 records · Page 58

The early archaean crustal history of West Greenland as recorded by detrital zircons

The isotope systematics of some of the oldest samples on Earth from both Greenland and Australia was discussed. The antiquity was confirmed of the 4.1 to 4.2 Ga zircons from Western Australia; the model Lu-Hf age of these zircons, as measured with the ANU ion probe is 4.14 + or - 0.24 Ga, although the oldest preserved rock units there are anorthosites with a Lu-Hf model age of about 3.73 Ga. U-Pb ion probe ages of detrital zircons ranging between 2.87 and 3.89 Ga from an Akilia association quartzite was reported, whose age of deposition is probably around 3.8 Ga. It was argued that the younger age in this range are discordant because of late Pb-loss, probably associated with a high grade metamorphic event at about 3.6 Ga. It was also argued that the earliest crust in West Greenland and elsewhere is about 3.9 Ga, but in some places, such as Western Australia, crustal evolution took place much earlier, perhaps starting as far back as 4.3 Ga. This would account for the presence in that terrane of abundant K rich granitoid, the paucity of tonalitic and trondhjemitic materials, and the existence of Eu anomalies in early Archean sediments.

Kinny, P. D.↗

Growth of early archaean crust in the ancient Gneiss complex of Swaziland and adjacent Barberton Greenstone Belt, Southern Africa

The relationship between early Archean greenstones and high grade gneisses in the Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland and the neighboring Barberton greenstone belt in Southern Africa is discussed. New high precision zircon analyses reveal a complex history in individual zircons from tonalitic orthogneisses, with ages as old as 3644 + 4 Ma. This suggests the presence of continental crust prior to the formation of the supracrustal rocks of the Barberton greenstone belt, which have been previously considered the earliest rocks in the area. The author suggested that these data are incompatible with the intraoceanic settings that have been widely accepted for this terrane, and favors either a marginal basin or rift environment. By using the detailed age information obtained from zircons in combination with Ar-40 and Ar-39 and paleomagnetic measurements, the author estimated that plate velocities for this part of Africa craton were about 10 to 70 mm/yr, during the period 3.4 to 2.5 Ga. This is not incompatible with the idea that Archean plate velocities may have been similiar to those of today.

Kroener, A.↗

Archean crustal evolution of the northern North China Craton

The Archean granultie facies rocks of the North China (Sino-Korean) Craton mostly occur inside the northern boundary forming a unique and spectacular granulite belt trending roughly E-W from eastern Hebei, North China in the east to Mt. Daqinchan, western Inner Mongolia in the west, ranging about 1,000 km long. Over the years in the middle portion of this Archean high-grade metamorphic belt a stratigraphic unconformity between the khondalite rock assemblage and the medium in composition granulite assemblage in Datong-Xinghe area is determined. The geological structural properties of the North China Craton are discussed.

Qian, Xianglin↗

Evolution of the Dharwar Craton: A terrain of early Archean crustal stability, long term orogenic cycles and large scale palaeobiological activity

Traceable history of the Dharwar Craton goes back to approximately 3400 m.y. old tonalitic to trondhjemitic fundamental gneiss whose REE composition indicates its derivation from a preexisting basalt which apparently had very short time of crustal residence. The fundamental gneiss is preserved only as rare relicts in the vast gneissic complex of the Indian Peninsula (the Peninsular Gneiss), and as pebbles in the conglomerates of the Archean Dharwar sequence. Study of these relicts, shows evidence of a deformation episode prior to the deposition of the high- and low-grade Dharwar supracrustal sequence. The Dharwar supracrustal sequence is briefly described. Geochemistry of the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Dharwar supracrustal belts are examined.

Srinivasan, R.↗

A comparison of the bromination dynamics of various carbon and graphite fibers

The electrical resistance of four grades of pitch-based graphite fibers and three experimental organic vapor-derived fibers was determined in situ during bromination and subsequent exposure to ambient laboratory air. The results show that the least graphitic pitch-based fiber does not brominate significantly, and that bromination and debrominaton reactions proceed much slower for vapor-derived fibers than for pitch-based ones. It is suggested that this decreased reacton rate is primarily due to the differences in graphene plane orientation between the fiber types. The results also imply that the vapor-derived and pitch-based fibers produce true intercalation compounds.

Gaier, James R.↗

Covariance and the hierarchy of frame bundles

This is an essay on the general concept of covariance, and its connection with the structure of the nested set of higher frame bundles over a differentiable manifold. Examples of covariant geometric objects include not only linear tensor fields, densities and forms, but affinity fields, sectors and sector forms, higher order frame fields, etc., often having nonlinear transformation rules and Lie derivatives. The intrinsic, or invariant, sets of forms that arise on frame bundles satisfy the graded Cartan-Maurer structure equations of an infinite Lie algebra. Reduction of these gives invariant structure equations for Lie pseudogroups, and for G-structures of various orders. Some new results are introduced for prolongation of structure equations, and for treatment of Riemannian geometry with higher-order moving frames. The use of invariant form equations for nonlinear field physics is implicitly advocated.

Estabrook, Frank B.↗

Calibration of the reflectance of hard targets for a coherent Doppler lidar

Data on the bihemispherical and directional-hemispherical reflectance were measured on a gold standard, a flowers of sulfur secondary standard, glass bead blasted aluminum, and 120 grade aluminum oxide sandpaper. These reflectances were measured for the P(24) and P(20) 10-micron and R(26), R(20), and P(20) 9-micron CO2 lines. The specular and retroreflection character of scattering from aluminum and sandpaper was evident in the measurements. The results agree reasonably well with previous measurements. Also when the sphere is irradiated with polarized light no difference was noted in the reflectance, which indicates that the integrating sphere is a depolarizer.

Anderson, Richard↗

Hydrogen disposal investigation for the Space Shuttle launch complex at Vandenberg Air Force Base

The concern of an overpressure condition on the aft end of the Space Shuttle caused by ignition of unburned hydrogen being trapped in the Space Shuttle Main Engine exhaust duct at the Vandenberg AFB launch complex has been investigated for fifteen months. Approximately twenty-five concepts have been reviewed, with four concepts being thoroughly investigated. The four concepts investigated were hydrogen burnoff ignitors (ignitors located throughout the exhaust duct to continuously ignite any unburned hydrogen), jet mixing (utilizing large volumes of high pressure air to ensure complete combustion of the hydrogen), steam inert (utilizing flashing hot water to inert the duct with steam) and open duct concept (design an open duct or above grade J-deflector to avoid trapping hydrogen gas). Extensive studies, analyses and testing were performed at six test sites with technical support from twenty-two major organizations. In December 1986, the Air Force selected the steam inert concept to be utilized at the Vandenberg launch complex and authorized the design effort.

Breit, Terry J.↗

'But Captain, I've been doing this a lot longer than you have' - The effects of 'role-reversal' on crew interaction

Legislation providing for airline deregulation has, among other things, created some ambiguity with respect to cockpit role structures. With the demise of some airlines, the absorption of others, the merging of seniority lists, and a new shortage of pilots, individuals with experience equivalent to or greater than that of the pilot in command may be placed in roles of lesser status. A formerly senior captain may be flying in the right seat as a first officer with an individual very much 'junior' in terms of both age and experience. Moreover, the mandatory retirement of airline pilots at age 60 does not apply to flight engineers, and some are 'down-grading' to fly in that capacity. The effects of this 'role-reversal' phenomenon on the crew coordination process have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to begin investigating this phenomenon using data obtained from a previous 'short-haul' full mission study conducted by Foushee, Lauber, Baetge, and Acomb (1986).

Lozito, Sandra C.↗

I-Xe systematics in LL chondrites

A stepwise heating analysis of Ar and Xe data from five neutron-irradiated whole rock LL chondrites (Soko Banja, Alta Ameen, Tuxtuac, Guidder, and Olivenza) is presented, emphasizing the complicated thermal history of ordinary chondrites. None of the present meteorites show a well-defined (Ar-40)-(Ar-39) apparent age plateau comprised of more than two release fractions. Most of the samples are found to yield well-defined high-temperature correlations between Xe-129/Xe-130 and Xe-128/Xe-130, and thus determinations of I-129/I-127 and Xe-129/Xe-130 at the time of isotopic closure for Xe. As in the case of other ordinary chondrites, the I-Xe systematics for LL chondrites correlate neither with a metamorphic grade nor with chronologies based opon other methods.

Bernatowicz, T. J.↗

Iodine sorption study on the proposed use of Viton A in a shuttle galley water accumulator

The installation of a Viton A accumulator in the Shuttle galley has been proposed to prevent overpressurization of the hot water supply system. A laboratory study has been conducted to determine if there would be any interaction between the Viton A material and the iodine used to disinfect the water. Coupons of Viton A were exposed for 24 hours to aqueous iodine solutions similar in quality to the Shuttle's potable water. Changes in the iodine residual were monitored to determine the rate of iodine sorption by the coupon. Total organic carbon (TOC) was monitored to determine the rate of desorption of organic materials from the Viton A. The same coupons were then soaked in reagent-grade water for 24 hours, and iodine was monitored to determine the rate of iodine desorption. The coupons were again exposed to iodine solutions for 24 hours and iodine and TOC were monitored. No significant change in the iodine sorption rate was detected between the first and second exposures. A triangle taste test indicated at a 1 percent confidence level that the water exposed to Viton A had a different taste which was less acceptable to the panelists.

Gibbons, Randall E.↗

Development and testing of a unique carousel wind tunnel to experimentally determine the effect of gravity and the interparticle force on the physics of wind-blown particles

In the study of planetary aeolian processes the effect of gravity is not readily modeled. Gravity appears in the equations of particle motion along with the interparticle forces but the two are not separable. A wind tunnel that perimits multiphase flow experiments with wind blown particles at variable gravity was built and experiments were conducted at reduced gravity. The equations of particle motion initiation (saltation threshold) with variable gravity were experimentally verified and the interparticle force was separated. A uniquely design Carousel Wind Tunnel (CWT) allows for the long flow distance in a small sized tunnel since the test section if a continuous loop and develops the required turbulent boundary layer. A prototype model of the tunnel where only the inner drum rotates was built and tested in the KC-135 Weightless Wonder 4 zero-g aircraft. Future work includes further experiments with walnut shell in the KC-135 which sharply graded particles of widely varying median sizes including very small particles to see how interparticle force varies with particle size, and also experiments with other aeolian material.

Leach, R. N.↗

Mineralogy and composition of Archean Crust, Greenland: A pilot study

The Portable Instant Display and Analysis Spectrometer (PIDAS) was taken to southwestern Greenland to investigate in situ the potential application of AVIRIS to estimate the mineralogy and composition of rocks exposed in Archean terranes. The goal was to determine the feasibility of using a high spectral resolution scanner to find and study pristine rocks, those that have not been altered by subsequent deformation and metamorphism. The application of AVIRIS data to the problems in Greenland is logical. However, before a costly deployment of the U-2 aircraft to Greenland is proposed, this study was undertaken to acquire the spectral data necessary to verify that mineralogical mapping in the environmental conditions found there is possible. Although field conditions were far from favorable, all of the major objectives of the study were addressed. One of the major concerns was that lichens would obscure the rock surfaces. It was found that the spectral signature of the lichens was distinct from the underlying rocks. Thus, a spectrum of a rock outcrop, with its partial cover of lichens, can be un-mixed into rock and lichen components. The data acquired during the course of this study supports the conclusion that areas of pristine Archean crust can be differentiated from that which has experienced low grade alteration associated with Proterizoic faulting.

Goetz, Alexander F. H.↗

Ionic mechanisms subserving mechanosensory transduction and neural integration in statocyst hair cells of Hermissenda

The neural processing of gravitational-produced sensory stimulation of statocyst hair cells in the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda was studied. The goal in these studies was to understand how: gravireceptor neurons sense or transduce gravitational forces, gravitational stimulation is integrated so as to produce a graded receptor potential, and ultimately the generation of an action potential, and various neural adaptation phenomena which hair cells exhibit arise. The approach to these problems was primarily electrophysical.

Farley, Joseph↗

Soil mechanics on the Moon, Mars, and Mulberry

From a soil mechanics point of view, the Moon is a relatively simple place. Without any water, organics, or clay minerals, the geotechnical properties of the lunar soil are confined to a fairly limited range. Furthermore, the major soil-forming agent is meteorite impact, which breaks the big particles into little particles; and simultaneously, cements the little particles back together again with molten glass. After about a hundred million years of exposure to meteorite impact, the distribution of particle sizes in the soil achieves a sort of steady state. The majority of the returned lunar soil samples have been found to be well-graded silty-sand to sandy-silt (SM in the Unified Soil Classification System). Each of the particle size distributions plots within a relatively narrow band, which appears to be uniform over the entire lunar surface. This further restricts the range of physical properties of the lunar surface. In contrast, Martian soils should exhibit an extremely wide range of properties. We already know that there is a small amount of water in the soil, greater than in the Martian atmosphere. Furthermore, the soil is suspected to be smectitic clay. That makes two out of the three factors that greatly affect the properties of terrestrial soils.

Carrier, W. D., III↗

The interpretation of crustal dynamics data in terms of plate motions and regional deformation near plate boundaries

A particularly detailed set of observations in the vicinity of an intraplate, thrust earthquake (M 7.4) in Argentina, indicate a cyclic pattern of deformation very similar to that reported previously for interplate earthquakes. This deformation cycle, which may be characteristic of many seismically active areas, consists of: (1) steady strain accumulation, possibly punctuated by strain reversals; (2) coseismic strain release; (3) a period of continued strain release due to afterslip (persisting for perhaps a year or so); and (4) rapid postseismic strain accumulation which decreases exponentially and grades into steady strain accumulation. Deformation associated with three earthquakes in the U.S. (1940, M7.1 Imperial Valley California; 1964, M8.4 Alaska; 1959, M7.5 Hebgen Lake, Montana) are interpreted in light of this general earthquake cycle and are used to investigate the mechanics of strain release for these events. These examples indicate that large postseismic movements can occur for strike-slip, thrust, and normal fault events, and both viscoelastic relaxation and postseismic after-slip must be incorporated in models of earthquake related deformation. The mechanics of the strain release process revealed by these examples has implications for estimating earthquake repeat times from geodetic observations near active faults.

Solomon, Sean C.↗

Workshop on the Deep Continental Crust of South India

The various theories in the field on the Southern Indian granulite formation are discussed in this workshop proceeding. That some widely accepted ideas about the origin of granulites, particularly relating to the role of metamorphic fluids, will have to be modified, is one outcome of the workshop. Extended abstracts of the papers presented, summaries of the attendant discussions, up-to-date accounts of the geology of the South Indian Precambrian Shield, and detailed field trip guides to all areas visited are presented. It should serve as a convenient source of information and reference to those interested in the classic Precambrian high grade terrains on Earth.

Ashwal, Lewis D.↗