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At least 1,045 records · Page 58
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2021

3. Climbing to the Top of Mount Fuji: Uniting Theory and Observations of Oxygen Triple Isotope Systematics

The near-simultaneous discovery of both minor isotopes of oxygen in 1929 was a watershed moment for modern science, to say nothing of its impacts on isotope geochemistry. At the time, oxygen was the international standard for atomic weight, as it had been for over twenty-five years. However, chemists and physicists had grown fond of different definitions: physicists used the weight of the 16O atom, while chemists used half the weight of atmospheric oxygen (O2) to define the precise weight of 16 atomic mass units. While they usually avoided direct conflicts, these contrasting definitions found an unexpected impasse in the near-infrared absorption spectrum of atmospheric oxygen: it contained a series of faint lines that could not be explained by any known atmospheric constituents.

Laurence Y. Yeung↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Artemis Innovative Assembly and Integration Operations of the Launch Abort Systemat KSC

This paper describes the Artemis program assembly and integration approach that enables affordable and low risk processing operations for the Launch Abort System at KSC. NASA is currently developing the Artemis 1 spacecraft to meet the test objectives of an uncrewed orbital mission to the moon and return to earth in 2021. The Artemis Orion spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM), a Service Module (SM), and a Launch Abort System (LAS) to safely transport a crew of 4 to the moon and return to earth. The LAS enables the CM to have an abort capability for the crew during the launch phase of the mission from the launch pad throughout the ascent phase. The LAS includes motor elements for abort, attitude control, and stage separation is assembled at the Launch Abort System Facility (LASF) adjacent to the CM/SM (CSM) assembly operations in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building (O&C) at KSC. The LAS integration to the CSM is completed in the LASF and the completed Artemis spacecraft is integrated to the Space Launch System (SLS) in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at KSC. A significant LAS development flight test milestone was recently completed in 2019 for the Ascent Abort (AA-2) flight test at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station where a high-altitude abort test was successfully achieved using a Peacekeeper booster stage exercising all of the LAS systems including propulsion, avionics, and pyrotechnics demonstrating he LAS readiness for crewed flight. The first operational flight of the LAS will be for the Artemis 2 mission which is the first crewed mission for the Orion program planned in 2023.

William J Koenig↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Qualitative Systematic Review Evaluating the Impact of Elevated Ambient Co2 in Atmosphere on Pharmaceutical Stability

Pharmaceuticals are an essential component of the medical system for crewed missions. Current research has identified decreased stability in space-flown pharmaceuticals compared to ground controls, and this presents a significant risk for future exploration-class missions where resupply will be limited. While the cause is not known, the elevated ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) in the spacecraft atmosphere has been postulated as a potential cause.

A Yuen↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Carbonatite metasomatism and water systematics of peridotite xenoliths from Lanzarote, Canaries

Water in Earth’s mantle, present as structural hydrogen in minerals, influences large scale processes like mantle deformation, plate tectonics, and melting. To better understand the processes controlling water concentrations in the Earth’s upper mantle, we analyzed hydrogen (calculated as ppm wt. H2O), major, and trace element concentrations in minerals from harzburgite xenoliths of Lanzarote, Canaries. Previous studies have shown evidence for carbonatite metasomatism in Lanzarote peridotites and carbonatite magmas have erupted in the Canaries. Thus, the Canaries offer a rare opportunity to examine the role of metasomatism and carbonatitic magmas in rehydrating the oceanic lithosphere during plume-lithosphere interaction. Major element data (obtained by electron microprobe) show that these peridotites are highly depleted compared to the primitive mantle, with a high average olivine Mg# (91.1 ± 0.5), low bulk rock Al2O3 (0.4 to 1.4 wt.%), high spinel Cr# (40 to 72) from which high degrees of melting were estimated (15 to 21%). There is no evidence of hydrous phases (e.g., amphibole and phlogopite), thus water in these peridotites is thought to be stored only in nominally anhydrous minerals and melt inclusions. Water concentrations (determined by polarized FTIR spectroscopy), in the peridotite silicate minerals range from 2.7 to 13 ppm in olivine, 42 to 265 ppm in orthopyroxene (Opx), and 76 to 470 ppm in clinopyroxene (Cpx). Reconstructed bulk rock water concentrations range from 5 to 115 ppm, generally lower than estimates for the depleted mantle (DM, 50-200 ppm). Trace element data in Opx, Cpx, and bulk rock frequently show high La/Yb ratios (up to 12.2, 71.5, 45.2; respectively) and strong negative Zr, Hf, and Ti anomalies relative to REE, consistent with carbonatite metasomatism. With decreasing Ti/Eucpx ratios, a proxy for carbonatite metasomatism, the bulk water increases. The calculated trace element compositions of melts in equilibrium with Cpx strongly resemble those of carbonatites. However, the bulk rock water concentrations are two magnitudes lower than what is expected by equilibrium with a carbonatite melt. Evidently, carbonatitic metasomatism did rehydrate of the Lanzarote mantle lithosphere but less so than expected, implying lower partitioning of H in the presence of CO2than a silicate melt.

S. Patterson↗
NASA NTRS2021

A Systematic Approach to Developing Paths Towards Airborne Vehicle Autonomy

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) demands greater levels of aircraft autonomy than are currently implemented today. To enable this requirement, novel aircraft functionalities and technologies as well as supporting airworthiness and operational regulations are required. A structured method to derive a comprehensive list of aircraft level decision-making functions is defined and applied. The resulting function set is programmed into an ontology, and enables autonomous decision-making through the application of a defined decision-making process. Paths to implementing the functions are generated by applying a structured four step method. By surveying current technologies, airspace, procedures and regulations, the paths generation method defines incremental paths to autonomy that the current regulatory environment can support. Opportunities to implement novel technologies and functions are identified, and regulatory mechanisms supporting their implementation are underscored. The analysis provides the tools to further define aircraft functions and paths to their implementation, while demonstrating that for particular use cases, aircraft autonomy is attainable in the medium-term.

Paul Vajda↗
NASA NTRS2022

Systematic Detection of Anomalous Ionospheric Perturbations Above LEOs From GNSS POD Data Including Possible Tsunami Signatures

In this article, we show the capability of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise orbit determination (POD) low Earth orbit (LEO) data to detect anomalous ionospheric disturbances in the spectral range of the signals associated with earthquakes and tsunamis, applied to two of these events in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands during 2016. This is achieved thanks to the new PIES approach (POD-GNSS LEO Detrended Ionospheric Electron Content Significant Deviations). The significance of such ionospheric signals above the swarm LEOs is confirmed with different types of independent data: in situ electron density measurements provided by the Langmuir Probe (LP) onboard swarm LEOs, DORIS, and ground-based GNSS colocated measurements, as it is described in this article. In this way, we conclude the possible detection of the tsunami-related ionospheric gravity wave in PNG 2016 event, consistent with the most-recent theory, which shows that a tsunami (which is localized in space and time) excites a spectrum of gravity waves, some of which have faster horizontal phase speeds than the tsunami. We believe that this work shows as well the feasibility of a future potential monitoring system of ionospheric disturbances, to be made possible by hundreds of CubeSats with POD GNSS receivers among other appropriate sensors, and supported for real-time or near real-time confirmation and characterization by thousands of worldwide existing ground GNSS receivers.

Global Navigation Satellite System↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Iron Redox Systematics in Martian Mantle Melts and Identification of Primary Liquids

Many MgO-rich shergottites have olivine phenocrysts and a natural question to ask is if any of these represent primary melts from the martian mantle. To answer this requires knowledge of olivine liquid equilibrium in appropriate magma compositions. Because olivine-phyric shergottites represent either primary liquids or liquids that have been modified by fractionation or accumulation of olivine (or other phases), the equilibrium (and its Kd) 2MgO (liq) + Fe2SiO4 (olivine) = 2FeO (liq) + Mg2SiO4 (olivine), can be used to evaluate whether the olivine-bearing rocks represent liquids.

olivine↗