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DOE OSTI2020

SECARB Semi-Annual Field Review Reports - Early Test

The Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) managed the overall Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III project and The Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), at the University of Texas at Austin, managed all activities associated with the Early Test field site near Cranfield, Mississippi (the Early Test or Cranfield Project). BEG was assisted in the management of site activities by Sandia Technologies (Sandia). BEG and Sandia implemented reporting procedures that included monthly and quarterly technical progress reports, as well as periodic reporting on key field activities. Subsequent sections of this report catalog the field activities and are organized in a semiannual chronology. The Cranfield Project was located approximately 12 miles east of Natchez, Mississippi. Denbury Onshore, LLC, began operating a commercial CO 2 flood of the field (using the subsurface injection of CO 2 for EOR) in June 2008. Carbon dioxide from the Jackson Dome, a natural source near Jackson, Mississippi, was delivered to the Cranfield oilfield via pipeline. Beginning in October 2008, the SECARB Early Test team characterized the surface and subsurface of the Cranfield site. During the field test CO 2 was injected into the lower Tuscaloosa Formation, a regionally extensive saline formation with the potential to hold millions of tons of CO 2 emissions. By January 2015, the team injected more than 11 million metric tons of CO 2 and monitored a total stored CO 2 mass of 5,326,975 metric tons. SECARB’s study operations occurred in four integrated research program areas within Cranfield field: (1) the High Volume Injection Test area (HiVIT); (2) the Detailed Area of Study (DAS); (3) the Geomechanical area; and (4) the near-surface observatory, also called the “P-site.” Carbon dioxide injection activities were conducted at the HiVIT and the DAS. Figure 1.1-1 provides a depiction of the DAS.

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DOE OSTI2020

SECARB 2020 Semi-Annual Field Review Reports - Anthropogenic Test

The Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) managed the overall Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III project and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) managed all activities associated with the Anthropogenic Test site. Advanced Resources International, Inc. (ARI) assisted EPRI with the management of site activities. EPRI and ARI followed reporting procedures that included monthly and quarterly technical progress reports, as well as periodic reporting on key field activities. Subsequent sections of this report catalog the field activities and are organized in a semi-annual chronology. The SECARB Anthropogenic Test was the largest demonstration of a fully integrated, pulverized coal-fueled carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in the United States as of 2012 and supports a commercial prototype of CO 2 capture; transportation; subsurface storage; and monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA); and assessment. The demonstration-scale, post-combustion CO 2 capture facility at Alabama Power Company’s Plant Barry diverted flue gas (25MW equivalent) from its Unit #5 coal burning facility and captured the CO 2 using Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) KM-CDRTM advanced amine technology. The captured CO2 was compressed at Plant Barry and transported by pipeline to the injection location southeast of Citronelle, Alabama. The Citronelle Project’s geologic storage and MVA sites were located on the flanks of the Citronelle Dome, approximately three miles southeast of the city of Citronelle. The injection zone, the Paluxy Formation, a saline formation that occurs at approximately 9,400 feet and overlies the oil production horizon of the Citronelle oilfield, presents a favorable injection reservoir in terms of areal extent and petrophysical characteristics. The confining zone, the basal shale of the overlying Washita-Fredericksburg Formation, is persistent throughout the Citronelle area and possesses the appropriate criteria to act as an effective CO 2 seal.

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DOE OSTI2021

Geologic Risk Assessment Activities at SECARB Cranfield, MS Site

Risk Assessment (RA) of RCSP Phase 3 sites is a DOE requirement and valuable to DOE’s program because this process encourage careful consideration of elements that could damage an individual project, or if severe ,damage credibility and public commercial acceptance of the sequestration process. Poor outcomes even from small projects can have negative consequences larger than the cost to the individual project. In addition, practice in risk assessment compared to project evolution is needed as part of the confidence-building toward future large scale, long term industrial activities.

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DOE OSTI2011

Task 15–NATCARB Atlas Update–CO 2 Sequestration Capacity Offshore Western Gulf of Mexico (SECARB CO 2 Capacity Assessment for Delineated Federal Waters)

The Gulf of Mexico Basin (GOM) is a world-class sedimentary wedge that offers huge potential for CO 2 sequestration. Our specific study area encompassed the western portions of the offshore Gulf of Mexico (GOM) that is under Federal jurisdiction (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement “BOEMRE”; formerly MMS) and adjacent state waters of Louisiana and Mississippi. The study refined a previous assessment of the capacity of selected potential storage targets and inventoried existing infrastructure such as pipelines and wells.

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DOE OSTI2011

SECARB Inventory of Existing Wells and Pipelines

This is a subpart of Subtask 15.1: Offshore Gulf of Mexico Resource Mapping – Federal Waters. Initial resource mapping information was compiled by the GCCC for the western portions of the offshore Gulf of Mexico that is under Federal jurisdiction, MMS OCS (Minerals Management Service Outer Continental Shelf). The study refined (1) a previous assessment of the capacity of selected potential storage targets beneath Federal waters, and (2) inventoried existing infrastructure such as pipelines and wells. Data from potential storage targets and existing infrastructure will feed into planned studies of regulatory requirements for the potential of re-using existing wells for carbon dioxide injection and long-term sequestration. The mapping information will be incorporated into the SECARB regional data base and will be made available for incorporation into the ATLAS III update.

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DOE OSTI2010

Task 15: Preliminary Evaluation of Offshore Transport and Storage of CO 2 (SECARB Phase III Final Report)

As part of Phase III of Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB), Task 15 (Preliminary Evaluation of Offshore Transport and Storage of CO 2 ), the Geological Survey of Alabama (GSA) has investigated the offshore potential for carbon sequestration in Alabama and the western Florida Panhandle in State and Federal waters. The primary objective of Task 15 is to evaluate the potential for geological storage of CO 2 utilizing existing offshore oil and natural gas fields in the Gulf of Mexico that are nearing the end of productive life, and to evaluate areas that have not been subject to oil and natural gas production. Potential targets were identified in State waters (Miocene sands) and Federal waters (Miocene sands and Cretaceous strata). Capacity was calculated for Miocene sands in Alabama State waters, Miocene sands in Federal waters off Alabama and the western Florida panhandle, and Cretaceous strata in Federal waters off Alabama and the western Florida panhandle. These capacities were calculated as an average for the areas investigated. Miocene sands have an average capacity of 9.4 x 10 5 mt/mi 2 in State waters, and 3.4 x 10 7 mt/mi 2 in Federal waters. The estimate of capacity of 3.3 x 10 6 mt/mi 2 for Cretaceous strata in Federal waters is a minimum estimate. Based on this information, the best target in this area would most likely be the Miocene sands in Federal waters offshore Alabama. The sands generally thicken to the west, which implies greater capacity. The western area of the Federal waters is also where there are the most pipelines and existing wells that might be used as existing infrastructure. If this resource is to be developed in the western area of the Federal waters, more detailed work utilizing 3D seismic data and additional well information would be needed.

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DOE OSTI2013

Preliminary Evaluation of Offshore Transport and Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide (Guidance Document for Offshore Sequestration of CO 2 )

The Preliminary Evaluation of Offshore Transport and Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide provides basic information and recommendations that will guide regulators, policy makers, legal professionals, and carbon-emitting industries in evaluating the potential for carbon dioxide storage in sub-seabed geological structures. The report explores geological and technical topics that should be considered to develop and apply a robust legal and regulatory framework that will facilitate the deployment of a successful offshore carbon dioxide storage project. The Southern States Energy Board and the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission convened an Offshore Task Force of experts in relevant fields to collectively prepare this report in support of the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program funded by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-05NT42590 and cost-sharing partners.

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DOE OSTI2021

SECARB Regional Project Assessment

The SECARB Cranfield Early Test Project was designed to safely demonstrate large-scale, long-term CO 2 injection and storage in a CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operation and associated saline reservoir. Storage during EOR operations has the potential to offset commercial costs, holding a significant promise for future large-scale deployment in the southeastern United States. Denbury Onshore LLC began CO 2 -EOR operations in July 2008 at the Cranfield oilfield located east of Natchez, Mississippi (Figure 1). The location offered an ideal setting to investigate storage monitoring at a commercial CO 2 -EOR operation. The field team, led by the Gulf Coast Carbon Center of the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University of Texas at Austin, deployed the largest suite of monitoring, verification, accounting (MVA) technologies to collect data to assess long-term CO 2 utilization and storage. The CO 2 injection interval is within the 3,000-meter-deep fluvial lower Tuscaloosa Formation, a large and regionally extensive saline reservoir, at a broad four-way structural closure that defines the Cranfield oilfield. Tests were conducted in the oil-producing area as well as in the non-oil-producing brine aquifer. The CO 2 used during EOR operation was transported via pipeline from the Jackson Dome, a natural source of CO 2 . The study focused on four integrated research areas: (1) the High-Volume Injection Test area (HiVIT); (2) the Detailed Area of Study (DAS); (3) the Geomechanical area; and (4) the near-surface observatory, also called the “P-site.” CO 2 injection occurred at the HiVIT and the DAS (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The DAS was located down-dip of the oil-water interface of the Cranfield oilfield. The well layout included one injection well and two down-dip observation wells. The team was the first of the regional partnerships to monitor more than 1 million metric tons of CO 2 . At the end of the project, the team monitored more than 11 million metric tons of CO 2 injected and 5 million metric tons of CO 2 stored. The Cranfield Project was the fifth project worldwide, and the first such project in the United States, to reach this CO 2 injection volume while being monitored to demonstrate storage effectiveness.

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DOE OSTI2015

Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field, Mobile Co., AL Surface and Shallow Subsurface Monitoring

The Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field is one of the United States’ largest demonstrations of CO 2 capture, transportation, injection, storage and monitoring using CO 2 derived from a coal-fired electric generating unit. This report summarizes the background and initial injection phase groundwater and soil flux monitoring results. The purpose of the groundwater monitoring program, as prescribed in the Underground Injection Control (UIC) permits is to assure that the project’s activities do not harm Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDWs). In particular, the objective of the program is to monitor for the release of injected CO2 into groundwater aquifers at the project site. Three shallow USDW monitoring wells were installed as part of the groundwater monitoring program. In addition, a water supply well located near the project’s deep characterization well was utilized for monitoring. Seventeen metals, general chemistry and field parameters (e.g. pH, specific conductance, turbidity) were sampled three times prior to injection and quarterly during the injection period to date. Changes in groundwater geochemistry potentially attributable to a release of carbon dioxide into the USDW from the injection activities are decreasing pH and increasing TIC. The change in pH may also accompany the mobilization of certain metals within the groundwater, but the changes are likely site-specific, based on the natural aquifer mineralogy (Wilkin and Diguilio, 2010). At this time, no downward trends for pH and increasing trends for TIC have been statistically determined in the monitor wells. Valid detections exceeding both the UIC discharge limit and the range of background concentrations observed as of the N=11 event include: Exceedance of the UIC permit discharge limit of manganese at D-9-7 MW-2S and D-9-9 MW-1, and exceedance of the UIC permit discharge limit of iron at D-9-9 MW-1. In addition, a statistically significant increase of barium and manganese has been observed at D-9-9 MW-1. However, Additional lines of evidence (namely, expected shifts in TIC or pH, per the research cited above) to interpret the cause (e.g., potential carbon dioxide influence) of the statistically determined exceedances and/or increases are absent at this time. Quarterly groundwater sampling and analysis will continue throughout the project. The UIC permit requires that soil CO 2 flux shall be monitored at the land surface at the injection site and at nearby locations. Twelve locations were chosen for surveys including a mix of near wellbore and offset locations. To date, 24 surveys have taken place with 12 occurring prior to the onset of injection operations in August 2012. Soil CO 2 flux appears to positively covary with soil temperature. A notably high soil CO 2 flux value (21 µmol/m 2 /sec) was observed from the D-9-9 #2 chamber location during sampling event #24 (9/24/2014). As a result of this finding, the frequency of soil CO 2 flux monitoring events will be increased to twice-monthly until this anomaly can be confirmed or determined to be an outlier. Soil CO 2 flux monitoring will continue for the duration of the project.

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DOE OSTI2015

SECARB Annual Report on In-Situ Monitoring Program

The Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field is the United States’ largest prototype of commercial CO 2 capture from a coal-fired power station and transportation, injection, storage and monitoring. This report details the results of the background and first year of injection monitoring results for the Anthropogenic Test. Monitoring methods include both direct and indirect measurements. The Class V Experimental Permit requires extensive monitoring of injected CO 2 at the surface and at deep and shallow depths. The safety, integrity and information objectives of the CO 2 monitoring plan are in place to: (1) create and sustain wellbore integrity; (2) assure safe CO 2 injection operations; 3) verify the location and migration of the injected CO 2 plume; and (4) monitor for any CO 2 leakage. A robust suite of monitoring approaches are utilized for the in-situ monitoring and include, pressure monitoring, various seismic surveys, pulsed neutron logging, reservoir fluid sampling and injection surveys. Data and observations collected using these monitoring methods will be used in the numerical model to inform the post-injection site care monitoring plan.

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DOE OSTI2012

SECARB Phase III Anthropogenic Test Site Implementation Plan

As part of the Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership’s (SECARB) Phase III initiative, a test site and anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) source have been selected for a large-scale demonstration of CO 2 separation, capture and sequestration in southwestern Alabama. The project, referred to as the Anthropogenic Test, represents a major step toward demonstrating the viability of integrating carbon capture and storage to mitigate climate change. The CO 2 storage project will inject CO 2 captured from Alabama Power's1 Plant Barry, equivalent to emissions from 25 megawatts of generating capacity. The CO 2 will be captured at the plant, transported via a short pipeline to Citronelle oilfield, and injected into brinesaturated Paluxy Formation sandstones at depths of approximately 9,400 to 10,500 ft. The Citronelle field is a working and actively maintained oilfield and provides the project team with a wealth of geophysical information as well as a pre-existing infrastructure to the project. However, completion practices employed in the field eliminates the use of a pre-existing well as the project’s primary injection well. This report outlines the major components of field operational activity and corresponding planning development for safe and reliable project performance: - Existing Infrastructure and Surface Facilities Construction; - Well Construction and Operations; - CO2 Injection; - Area of Review; - Monitoring, Verification and Accounting; - Project Closure.

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DOE OSTI2011

SECARB Additional Data and Support for the EA or EIS Review

Contents include the following: 1) Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of Six Well Sites, SECARB Tract, Mobile County, Alabama, May 3, 2010; 2) SECARB Phase III Anthropogenic Test Project–Electric Transmission Line Supplemental Environmental Information Volume, May 2010; 3) SECARB Phase III Anthropogenic Test Project–Pipeline Supplemental Environmental Information Volume (Revised), May 2010; and 4) Environmental Assessment for the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership–Phase III Anthropogenic Test Project, March 2011.

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DOE OSTI2015

Present Early Test Results @ NETL Annual Carbon Sequestration and Capture Meeting [Slides]

Contents include the following presentations: 1) Large Scale CO 2 Storage in the Lower Tuscaloosa Massive Sand Formation, December 12, 2007; 2) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Initiative Review Meeting, October 7-9, 2008; 3) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Annual Review Meeting, November 18, 2009; 4) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Annual Review Meeting Development Phase Field Tests, October 5, 2010; 5) Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership, November 15, 2011; 6) SECARB’s Early Test at Cranfield, Mississippi; 7) Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Early Test at Cranfield Status, August 18-20, 2015.

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DOE OSTI2018

Present Early Test Results at SECARB Industry Briefing [Slides]

Contents include the following presentations: 1) SECARB Phase III Early Test Cranfield, MS; 2) SECARB Phase III Early Test at Cranfield, March 9, 2010; 3) Update on Results of SECARB "Early" Test of Monitoring Large Volume Injection at Cranfield; 4) Progress Update SECARB "Early" Test Monitoring 3.5 Million Tons at Cranfield, March 7, 2012; 5) Cranfield Geophysical Monitoring Status and Results, March 8, 2012; 6) Large Volume CO 2 Injection at Cranfield, Early Field Test of the SECARB Phase III–Near-Surface Monitoring, March 7, 2012; 7) Shallow Groundwater Study at the Cranfield Site, March 12, 2013; 8) Subsurface Monitoring Studies–Results and Integration, March 12, 2013; 9) Review of the Petrophysics for the Cranfield Phase III Project, March 12, 2013; 10) Geomechanics at Cranfield, March 5, 2014; 11) Gulf Coast Carbon Center Near-Surface Update, March 4-5, 2014; 12) Monitoring Design Best Practices, March 5, 2014; 13) Assessing Impacts of CO 2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality and Monitoring Network Efficiency–Case Study at a CO 2 -EOR site, March 11, 2013; 14) Near-surface Stratigraphy and Geophysics, March 11, 2015; 15) Update on Reservoir Modeling and Final Testing and P&A Underway, March 11, 2013; 16) SECARB Early Test Retrospective; 17) Fluid Source Attribution at CCS and CO 2 -EOR Sites, March 8, 2016; 18) SECARB "Early Test" at Cranfield, March 8-9, 2017; 19) Analysis of Seismic Time-Lapse Observations at Cranfield; 20) SECARB Phase III Cranfield Project (Early Test), March 8, 2018; 21) Enhanced Analytical Simulation Tool (EASiTool) Dynamic Capacity Estimation; 22) Net Carbon Negative Oil Mass Accounting–Cranfield Case Study; 23) Knowledge Sharing; 24) Advancing Toward Commercialization Final Stages of the Early Test; 25) CO 2 EOR Feasibility in SECARB Region Limited by CH 4 ; 26) Understanding of CO2 Migration and Entrapment–Cranfield Site

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DOE OSTI2014

Information products and communication materials for NGOs

The Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III Anthropogenic Test is a full integrated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture, transportation, and geologic storage project located in southern Alabama. The CO 2 for the Anthropogenic Test is obtained from a demonstration-scale, post-combustion CO 2 capture facility at Southern Company's subsidiary Alabama Power's existing 2,657 Megawatt (MW) Barry Electric Generating Plant in Mobile County, Alabama. A small amount of flue gas from Plant Barry (equivalent to the amount produced when generating 25 MW of electricity) is being diverted from the plant's #5 coal burning unit and captured using a process developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) to produce high purity CO 2 . The captured CO 2 is compressed at Plant Barry and transported approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) by dedicated pipeline to the injection location at Citronelle Field. Public outreach and education associated with the Anthropogenic Test is critical to promoting public acceptance and eventual deployment of CCS technologies near large CO 2 sources in the Southeast. Southern Company, with support from the project team, has kept NGO communities informed of project status through press releases, public meetings, and presentations since site selection was announced on May 200, 2009. Maintaining good community relationships with neighbors and customers near its facilities is a priority. Goals are to educate NGO's about the demonstration, request that they inform their constituencies, and learn about their concerns related to CCS. The following report documents outreach activities by Southern Company and the project team through websites, press releases, local outreach, and presentations and outreach events.

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