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DOE OSTI2013

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Laboratory Directed Research and Development (FY2012 Annual Report)

The LDRD annual report for fiscal year 2012 (FY12) provides a summary of LDRD funded projects for the fiscal year and consists of two parts: Overview: A broad description of the LDRD Program, highlights of accomplishments and awards for the year, program statistics, and the LDRD portfolio-management process. Project Summaries: A summary of each project, submitted by the principal investigator. Project summaries include the scope, motivation, goals, relevance to DOE/NNSA and LLNL mission areas, the technical progress achieved in FY12, and a list of publications that resulted from the research.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Report on Sustainability Program Peer Reviews at NNSA Laboratories

In FY 2012 peer reviews were conducted at three of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Laboratories on the implementation of sustainability programs to achieve the DOE Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan goals. The three Laboratories selected include Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). These reviews were initiated by the LANS/LLNS Board of Governors Business & Operations Committee and were joined by Sandia National Laboratories to get a broad understanding of the challenges and successes experienced at the three Labs. Each review used a common approach and process for inquiry. The peer review process provided a beneficial benchmarking opportunity for each of the Laboratories. The purpose of this report summary is to bring together the mutual challenges faced across the three NNSA national labs to deepen the conversations between the sites and NNSA as the customer to work constructively toward achieving progress on the sustainability goals. The team identified many noteworthy practices and common challenges faced at each of the three sites. At each site the review team also saw a strong connection between the Environmental Management System (EMS) and the implementation of the site’s sustainability program. One common challenge was that in spite of the linkage to the EMS program the implementation efforts to achieve the sustainability goals were perceived as being the sole responsibility of the facilities and infrastructure management organizations vice an expectation for strong employee engagement. Another common challenge was perceived within the procurement organizations and demonstrated effort toward meeting the sustainable acquisition requirements throughout the organization and the various contract instruments used at each site.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Computer Simulation of an Electrostatic Generator: Example Case

A test case of the LLNL Electrostatic Generator system was run on an in-house simulation code, the results of which can be used as a check on other E-S Generator simulation codes. This report describes the electrical circuit employed in the calculation, its parameters, and selected results. These results have not been checked against an independent code (such as the SPICE code) and therefor there is no implied guarantee of the validity of the data summarized here.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2013

A Python Object Oriented & Data Driven Testing Infrastructure for an Environmental Information Management System

Software systems such as TEIMS, the Taurus Environmental Information Management System evolve in size and complexity making manual testing no longer sufficient or feasible, becoming a performance and quality risk. TEIMS is a system of systems comprised of dynamic, data-driven web-based applications that support planning, operational monitoring, data collection, sample management, reporting and, scientific findings for LLNL’s Environmental Restoration Department (ERD). Selenium’s Integrated Development Environment (IDE) was previously used to support TEIMS testing. An approach with limited flexibility for future software development. As a student intern I was assigned the task to develop an object oriented testing infrastructure for TEIMS. A critical resource in this approach is the development of a catalogue of page elements. To accomplish this I created a comma separated value file, which is comprised of key identifiers based on page elements. Using the Python language and the Selenium Web driver I then developed the object mapping structure, which serves as a wrapper for exposure of each element allowing interaction with the tests and test suites. A master driver “Module” allowed the web driver to be shared among the objects and tests. I then developed a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) for test history, metrics and searching. This data driven approach provides flexibility and extensibility, allowing changes to the structure to be performed in a single place. The result is an object oriented/data driven infrastructure that allows tests to be simpler, flexible, and maintainable, with searchable results.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Progress in 2012-2013 on HEDLP LAB 11-583 Eagle Nebula

In the companion LLNL-led Eagle Nebula effort (Figure {Eagle}), experiments to characterize a multi-hohlraum "Long Duration Radiator" source at the Omega EP laser remain on schedule for June 2013. These experiments are being performed by a collaboration between HEDLP Eagle Nebula, Roberto Mancini s and Bob Heeter s photionization project, and CEA, who will field their µDMX spectrometer.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Investigation of Polymetric Biofilms Formed by Dangerous Pathogens, and the Prevention of Their Formation by Disinfectants and Bacteriophages (CRADA Final Report)

This was a collaborative effort between Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC as manager and operator of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Intralytix Inc., to study biofilms formed on the surfaces of polymers by especially dangerous pathogens and nosocomial infections, to explore the possibility of decontamination of surfaces using different classes of disinfectants and specific bacteriophages. The research was conducted under the Global Initiative for Proliferation Prevention (GIPP) Program of DOE, the United States Industry Coalition, Inc. (USIC), and cooperating New Independent States (NIS) of the Former Soviet Union (FSU). The Russian institutes involved with this project were from Ukrainian I.I.Mechnikov Anti-Plague Science Research Institute (UAPRI), Odessa, Ukraine; and G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (Eliava Institute), Tbilisi, Georgia. The technical objectives of this CRADA project were to develop novel bacteriophage preparations with polyvalent characteristics for use in variety of applications and useful for the treatment of antibiotic resistant pathogens and those associated with biofilm matrices. This would be achieved through the identification, testing and improvement of bacteriophages capable of lysing specific, targeted nosocomial and other pathogens with the above described properties.

Garcia, Emilio↗
DOE OSTI2013

Np(V) Sorption and Diffusion on Montmorillonite Clay Progress Report M4FT-13LL08060327

This progress report (Milestone Number M4FT-13LL08060327) summarizes research conducted at LLNL within Work Package Number FT-13LL080603, Disposal Research – Generic Engineered Barrier System Evaluations. The research is focused on quantifying Np(V) sorption to and diffusion through montmorillonite clay which is the primary mineralogic component of proposed bentonite backfill material in certain nuclear waste repository scenarios.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Experimental, Theoretical and Computational Studies of Plasma-Based Concepts for Future High Energy Accelerators

This is the final report on the DOE grant number DE-FG02-92ER40727 titled, “Experimental, Theoretical and Computational Studies of Plasma-Based Concepts for Future High Energy Accelerators.” During this grant period the UCLA program on Advanced Plasma Based Accelerators, headed by Professor C. Joshi has made many key scientific advances and trained a generation of students, many of whom have stayed in this research field and even started research programs of their own. In this final report however, we will focus on the last three years of the grant and report on the scientific progress made in each of the four tasks listed under this grant. Four tasks are focused on: Plasma Wakefield Accelerator Research at FACET, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, In House Research at UCLA’s Neptune and 20 TW Laser Laboratories, Laser-Wakefield Acceleration (LWFA) in Self Guided Regime: Experiments at the Callisto Laser at LLNL, and Theory and Simulations. Major scientific results have been obtained in each of the four tasks described in this report. These have led to publications in the prestigious scientific journals, graduation and continued training of high quality Ph.D. level students and have kept the U.S. at the forefront of plasma-based accelerators research field.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

High Power Microwave (HPM) Source Technology, CRADA No. TC02154.0

This project was a collaborative effort between Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC as manager and operator of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Raytheon Company, Missile Systems Rancho Innovations, to develop High Power Microwave (HPM) source technology. Under this effort, we sought to combine joint expertise to achieve scientific goals, develop new specialized knowledge, and utilize facilities and resources more effectively, in order to research, develop and deploy advanced technologies to improve US National Security. The HPM source technology used in this effort was developed outside of this CRADA under several efforts sponsored by the US government and internal Laboratory funding.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Utility-Scale Electromechanical Battery (EMB) for Modules of 200kWhr or More, CRADA No. TC02151.0

This was a collaborative effort between Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC as manager and operator of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and EMB Energy, Inc. (EMB Energy), to develop a utility-scale electro-mechanical battery (EMB) to facilitate bulk-energy storage. The technical objectives of this CRADA project were to design, fabricate and test an EMB capable of storing between 200-250 kWh of electrical energy without significant losses for up to 96 hours at a projected cost of $420 per kWh (installed), or less. The results of this CRADA would provide the information required to design a final full-scale demonstration unit (200-250 kWh) to support the finalization of engineering and manufacturing plans.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Chlorite Dissolution Kinetics at Variable pH and Temperatures up to 275 °C

The objective of this suite of experiments was to develop a useful kinetic dissolution expression for chlorite that would be applicable over a wide range of solution pH and temperature conditions representative of subsurface conditions in natural and/or engineering geothermal reservoirs. The resulting rate equation is dependent on both pH and temperature and utilizes two specific dissolution mechanisms (an “acid” and a “neutral” mechanism). Rate parameters were derived from data collected at LLNL and available published data from Lowson et al. (2007). The form of this rate equation (Equation 1) should be easy to incorporate into most existing reactive transport codes for use in prediction of rock-water interactions in EGS systems. Specifically, we find that the dissolution of chlorite, a sheet-silicate, is relatively slow at elevated temperatures (100-275 °C), compared to other framework silicate minerals for which higher temperature kinetic data are available (e.g., quartz and feldspars; see Palandri and Kharaka, 2004). This finding is in conflict with previously reported high activation energies for chlorite based on extrapolation of low-temperature experimental data to higher temperatures. Additionally, we note that the dissolution of chlorite does not increase under alkaline conditions, as has been noted for other minerals, but rather remains at the same level as that noted for neutral conditions, with only a weak dependence on temperature. Future work includes similar rate measurements and the derivation of useful rate equations for illite, smectite, and biotite from pH 3 to 10 and 100 to 275 °C. Geochemical alteration, changing stress fields, mass transport and heat transfer incorporated into computational models are needed to optimize geothermal energy production for EGS systems. The resulting mineral rate equations from this work can be directly incorporated in modeling efforts to fully assess the impacts of geochemical alteration on long-term fracture permeability for EGS systems across the Geothermal Program. Chlorite rate equations and data have been submitted to the Geothermal Data Repository.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

EEB Hub Regional Sankey Diagram: Philadelphia Authority for Industrial Development Historical and Forecast Energy by Planned Use at the Philadelphia Navy Yard

The Energy Efficient Buildings Hub (EEB Hub) is a DOE-funded center, focused on improving the energy use in commercial and large-scale residential buildings. One of the Hub’s goals has been to develop the means and methods to reduce energy use in commercial buildings by 20 percent by 2020. Understanding energy use in buildings is a key component to managing energy use at multiple scales, from the building to the city, to the region. Sankey diagrams are an accessible tool to visualize energy flows, and help identify opportunities to deploy energy saving technologies. A campus-level Sankey diagram was previously generated from 2010-2011 data for ~100 metered Navy Yard buildings to quantify natural gas and electricity usage by principal building activity. As these properties are renovated, the energy consumption and building principal activities are being updated and modified. To depict the multi-year time lapse of regional electricity distribution in the Navy Yard, LLNL generated Sankey diagrams using data from 36 properties (buildings, developments, equipment) used to develop Philadelphia Authority for Industrial Development’s (PIDC) Navy Yard Master Energy Plan (NYEMP). The diagrams presented in this report depict ~10 building use types and the yearly changes in forecasted usage in GWh from 2011 to 2022. The forecast captures increases in regional energy use from planned building additions and renovations and yearly increases for existing buildings. From 2009 to 2022, there is approximately 5.6 million square feet of planned additions and renovations. The largest addition of properties are for office (~ 2.3 million square feet for dedicated office, and larger for shared office space) and residential space (~1 million square feet). Until 2014, the largest user of energy is for flex space, reaching a forecasted 11.4 GWh. In 2015-2016, the largest forecasted user is for a data center reaching ~25.7 GWh. After 2016, the largest consumers are either for office space (reaching 63.2 GWh forecast in 2022), or heavy industry (68 GWh forecast in 2022).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Application of Subspace Detectors to 2012 Sumatera Earthquake Sequence

In this report the aftershock sequence of the 2012 Sumatra earthquake is used to study the performance of subspace detectors (Harris, 2006) to detect and classify the events. The ground truth used for this study is 1222 aftershock solutions from the LLNL database drawn mostly from the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB). Subspace detectors are built using several spawning strategies with waveforms recorded by the Makanchi Array (MKAR). Because we desire the subspace detectors to have a very low false alarm rate, the subspace templates are required to be about 50 seconds long (most of the P-bundle). For the same reason, the power detections used to create the subspace templates are restricted to have high SNR. Because of these restrictions, none of the subspace detectors are able to reproduce the entire ground truth catalog. They do have a very low false alarm rate, however, and so can reliably be used as single-array detection classifiers. Because of their reliability, in a suitably designed system, these detectors could be used to segregate detections from regions of high seismicity such as aftershock sequences, and allow processing of those detections in isolation from routine seismicity. It may also be possible to use these detectors to process groups of detections simultaneously. This leads to the concept of “analyst workload reduction factor”; a measure of the reduction in effort achieved by processing N detections in M groups instead of individually. If M is much smaller than N, a significant reduction factor is achieved.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

LBS GatlingGun13A

The High Energy Density Laboratory Physics (HEDLP)-funded Eagle nebula project, in collaboration with the LLNL/ University of Nevada Photoionization / Black Hole Physics effort, has successfully executed the first day of Laboratory Basic Science (LBS) Long Duration Radiator shots, performed at the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics Omega EP Laser. This experiment employed a novel technique used a copper multi-hohlraum target with 3 hohlraum filled with a 4mg/cc TPX foam fill to act as a gas surrogate. Each hohlraum was driven with an Omega EP UV beam with either a 6ns pulse with 3.3kJ energy or 10ns pulse with 4.3 kJ. Each hohlraum was heated in succession to generate an 18ns or 30ns, 100 eV x-ray source for future laboratory astrophysics studies. The x-ray source was characterized with the CEA μDMX diagnostic and VISAR using a Quartz shock sample with a CH ablator over a single hohlraum. The Shot day was successful with six hohlraum shots on Omega EP with two 30ns x-ray drive shots. The data indicated that the novel foam-filled multi-hohlraum (‘Gatling Gun’) long –duration source performed as designed with all three hohlraums lighting up without significant inter-hohlraum interference (Figure 1). In addition the x-ray drive source was able to illuminate a Ti photoionization demonstration physics package with a 90 to 100 eV x-ray drive, generating Ti L-shell band radiation as expected. This source will next be applied to study ablation-driven hydrodynamics experiments relevant to the Eagle nebula and use the source and further develop the photoionization studies with a controlled 30ns x-ray source.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Benchmark Imagery for Assessing Geospatial Semantic Content Extraction Algorithms (Final Report)

Benchmark Imagery for Assessing Geospatial Semantic Content Extraction Algorithms (the “Benchmark Imagery Project”) was a three-year endeavor funded by the Enabling Capabilities (EC) Team of DOE/NNSA’s Office of Proliferation Detection R&D, NA-22, and carried out through a collaborative effort between Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The primary objective was to create a set of benchmark imagery for validating algorithms designed to extract semantic content from geospatial images of industrial facilities. The goal was not to develop algorithms; rather, it was to provide information that could be used to do so. The secondary objective was to demonstrate how this information could be used for algorithm validation. This report summarizes the results of the Benchmark Imagery Project.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Handling and Characterization of Glow-Discharge Polymer Samples for the Light Gas Gun

The equation of state (EOS) of glow discharge polymer (GDP) was measured to high precision using the two-stage light gas gun at LLNL over pressures up to 700 kbar using 90 micron samples. As part of this effort, the GDP samples were characterized extensively, including their variation in initial density, response to curing at ambient conditions, the effect of vacuum exposure, and their initial chemical structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Multiscale Toxicology- Building the Next Generation Tools for Toxicology

A Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was established between Battelle Memorial Institute (BMI), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) with the goal of combining the analytical and synthetic strengths of the National Laboratories with BMI's expertise in basic and translational medical research to develop a collaborative pipeline and suite of high throughput and imaging technologies that could be used to provide a more comprehensive understanding of material and drug toxicology in humans.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗