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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,045 records · Page 58
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

High Temperature Permeability of Carbon Cloth Phenolic Composite

The carbon fiber phenolic resin composite material used for the RSRM nozzle insulator occasionally experiences problems during operation from pocketing or spalling-like erosion and lifting of plies into the char layer. This phenomenon can be better understood if the permeability of the material at elevated temperatures is well defined. This paper describes an experimental approach to determining high temperature permeability of the carbon phenolic material used as the RSRM nozzle liner material. Two different approaches were conducted independently using disk and bar type specimens with the designed permeability apparatus. The principle of the apparatus was to subject a test specimen to a high pressure differential and a heat supply and to monitor both the pressure and temperature variations resulting from gas penetration through the permeable wall between the two chambers. The bar types, especially designed to eliminate sealing difficulties at a high temperature environment, were directly exposed to real time temperature elevation from 22 C to 260 C during the test period. The disk types were pre-heat treated up to 300 C for 8 hours and cooled to room temperature before testing. Nonlinear variation of downstream pressure at a certain temperature range implied moisture release and matrix pyrolysis. Permeability was calculated using a semi-numerical model of quasi-steady state. The test results and the numerical model are discussed in the paper.

Park, O. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1990

METCAN simulation of candidate metal matrix composites for high temperature applications

The METCAN (Metal Matrix Composite Analyzer) computer code is used to simulate the nonlinear behavior of select metal matrix composites in order to assess their potential for high temperature structural applications. Material properties for seven composites are generated at a fiber volume ratio of 0.33 for two bonding conditions (a perfect bond and a weak interphase case) at various temperatures. A comparison of the two bonding conditions studied shows a general reduction in value of all properties (except CTE) for the weak interphase case from the perfect bond case. However, in the weak interphase case, the residual stresses that develop are considerably less than those that form in the perfect bond case. Results of the computational simulation indicate that among the metal matrix composites examined, SiC/NiAl is the best candidate for high temperature applications at the given fiber volume ratio.

Lee, Ho-Jun↗
DOE OSTI2024

Elastic Modulus Measurement at High Temperatures for Miniature Ceramic Samples Using Laser Micro-Machining and Thermal Mechanical Analyzer

In this paper, we demonstrate a method of measuring the flexural elastic modulus of ceramics at an intermediate (~millimeter) scale at high temperatures. We used a picosecond laser to precisely cut microbeams from the location of interest in a bulk ceramic. They had a cross-section of approximately 100 μm × 300 μm and a length of ~1 cm. They were then tested in a thermal mechanical analyzer at room temperature, 500 °C, 800 °C, and 1100 °C using the four-point flexural testing method. We compared the elastic moduli of high-purity Al2O3 and AlN measured by our method with the reported values in the literature and found that the difference was less than 5% for both materials. This paper provides a new and accurate method of characterizing the high-temperature elastic modulus of miniature samples extracted from representative/selected areas of bulk materials.

Chemistry↗
NASA NTRS1961

Chemical and Thermodynamic Properties at High Temperatures: A Symposium

This book contains the program and all available abstracts of the 90' invited and contributed papers to be presented at the TUPAC Symposium on Chemical and Thermodynamic Properties at High Temperatures. The Symposium will be held in conjunction with the XVIIIth IUPAC Congress, Montreal, August 6 - 12, 1961. It has been organized, by the Subcommissions on Condensed States and on Gaseous States of the Commission on High Temperatures and Refractories and by the Subcommission on Experimental Thermodynamics of the Commission on Chemical Thermodynamics, acting in conjunction with the Organizing Committee of the IUPAC Congress. All inquiries concerning participation In the Symposium should be directed to: Secretary, XVIIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, National Research Council, Ottawa, 'Canada. Owing to the limited time and facilities available for the preparation and printing of the book, it has not been possible to refer the proofs of the abstracts to the authors for checking. Furthermore, it has not been possible to subject the manuscripts to a very thorough editorial examination. Some obvious errors in the manuscripts have been corrected; other errors undoubtedly have been introduced. Figures have been redrawn only when such a step was essential for reproduction purposes. Sincere apologies are offered to authors and readers for any errors which remain; however, in the circumstances neither the IUPAC Commissions who organized the Symposium, nor the U. S. Government Agencies who assisted in the preparation of this book can accept responsibility for the errors.

Walker, Raymond F.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Comparison of Compressive Stress-Strain Responses at High Temperatures for Representative Single Crystal and Polycrystal Superalloys

Polycrystalline disk superalloys and single crystal blade superalloys have divergent grain and precipitate microstructures but can each display reduced strength and increasing deformation for certain test conditions at high temperatures. To allow thermo-mechanical processes such as forging and rolling to be applied, favorable temperatures and strain rates must first be identified using compression testing. The objective of this study was to perform compression tests at high temperatures on a polycrystalline disk superalloy and a single crystal blade superalloy in order to compare their stress-strain responses for given test conditions and determine preferred conditions. It was determined that the conditions required for stable flow differed significantly between the polycrystalline and single crystal superalloys. The conditions leading to unstable flow were also identified for each alloy. The microstructural deformation modes for both stable and unstable flow are discussed.

compression, superalloy, turbine engine↗
NASA NTRS2008

Thin Film Ceramic Strain Sensor Development for High Temperature Environments

The need for sensors to operate in harsh environments is illustrated by the need for measurements in the turbine engine hot section. The degradation and damage that develops over time in hot section components can lead to catastrophic failure. At present, the degradation processes that occur in the harsh hot section environment are poorly characterized, which hinders development of more durable components, and since it is so difficult to model turbine blade temperatures, strains, etc, actual measurements are needed. The need to consider ceramic sensing elements is brought about by the temperature limits of metal thin film sensors in harsh environments. The effort at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) to develop high temperature thin film ceramic static strain gauges for application in turbine engines is described, first in the fan and compressor modules, and then in the hot section. The near-term goal of this research effort was to identify candidate thin film ceramic sensor materials and provide a list of possible thin film ceramic sensor materials and corresponding properties to test for viability. A thorough literature search was conducted for ceramics that have the potential for application as high temperature thin film strain gauges chemically and physically compatible with the NASA GRCs microfabrication procedures and substrate materials. Test results are given for tantalum, titanium and zirconium-based nitride and oxynitride ceramic films.

Wrbanek, John D.↗
NASA NTRS2004

High Temperature Solar Cell Development

The majority of satellites and near-earth probes developed to date have used photovoltaic arrays for power generation. If future mission to probe environments close to the sun will be able to use photovoltaic power, solar cells that can function at high temperatures, under high light intensity, and high radiation conditions must be developed. In this paper, we derive the optimum bandgap as a function of the operating temperature.

Landis, Geoffrey A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of Carbon Support Heat Treatment on the Performance of Ion-Pair High-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells

Heat treatment can significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of carbon supports, thereby influencing the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This study explores how varying carbon heat treatment temperatures—from 1,000 °C to 2,200 °C—affect the structure and performance of platinum-based catalysts in high-temperature PEM fuel cells. Increasing the heat treatment temperature led to a notable decrease in surface area, along with increases in carbon grain size and hydrophobicity. Although the catalyst supported on carbon treated at 1,000 °C exhibited the highest catalyst activity, the MEA using carbon treated at 1,500 °C delivered the best overall fuel cell performance. This is attributed to an optimized balance between hydrophobicity and accessible surface area, which enhances water management and catalyst utilization. These findings underscore the importance of carbon support engineering in improving the efficiency of ion-pair high-temperature PEM fuel cells.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS1978

High temperature thermal energy storage in moving sand

Several high-temperature (to 500 C) heat-storage systems using sand as the storage medium are described. The advantages of sand as a storage medium include low cost for sand, widespread availability, non-toxicity, non-degradation characteristics, easy containment, and safety. The systems considered include: stationary sand with closely spaced tubes throughout the volume, the use of a fluidized bed, use of conveyor belt transporter, and the use of a blower rapid transport system. For a stationary sand bed, very close spacing of heat transfer tubes throughout the volume is required, manifesting as high power related system cost. The suggestion of moving sand past or around pipes is intended to reduce the power related costs at the penalty of added system complexity. Preliminary system cost estimates are offered. These rough calculations indicate that mobile sand heat storage systems cost less than the stationary sand approach.

Turner, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Phosphate Reactions as Mechanisms of High-Temperature Lubrication

One of the major problems preventing the operation of advanced gas turbine engines at higher temperatures is the inability of currently used liquid lubricants to survive at these higher temperatures under friction and wear conditions. Current state-of-the-art organic liquid lubricants rapidly degrade at temperatures above 300 C; hence some other form of lubrication is necessary. Vapor-phase lubrication is a promising new technology for high-temperature lubrication. This lubrication method employs a liquid phosphate ester that is vaporized and delivered to bearings or gears; the vapor reacts with the metal surfaces, generating a solid lubricious film that has proven very stable at high temperatures. In this study, solid lubricious films were grown on cast-iron foils in order to obtain reaction and diffusion rate data to help characterize the growth mechanism. A phenomenological mathematical model of the film deposition process was derived incorporating transport and kinetic parameters that were coupled to the experimental data. This phenomenological model can now be reliably used as a predictive and scale-up tool for future vapor-phase lubrication studies.

Nagarajan, Anitha↗
NASA NTRS2001

Evaluation of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Aeropropulsion Use

Among the ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTC) are a group of materials consisting of zirconium diboride or hafnium diboride plus silicon carbide, and in some instances, carbon. These materials offer a good combination of properties that make them candidates for airframe leading edges on sharp-bodied reentry vehicles. These UHTC perform well in the environment for such applications, i.e., air at low pressure. The purpose of this study was to examine three of these materials under conditions more representative of a propulsion environment, i.e., higher oxygen partial pressure and total pressure. Results of strength and fracture toughness measurements, furnace oxidation and high velocity thermal shock exposures are presented for ZrB2 plus 20 volume % SiC, ZrB2 plus 14 volume % SiC plus 30 volume % C, and SCS-9a SiC fiber reinforced ZrB2 plus 20 volume % SiC. The poor oxidation resistance of UHTCs is the predominant factor limiting their applicability to propulsion applications.

Levine, Stanley R.↗
NASA NTRS2015

On the Recovery Stress of a Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy

Recovery stress in shape memory alloys (SMAs), also known as blocking stress, is an important property generally obtained during heating under a dimensional constraint as the material undergoes the martensitic phase transformation. This property has been instinctively utilized in most SMA shape-setting procedures, and has been used in numerous applications such as fastening and joining, rock splitting, safety release mechanisms, reinforced composites, medical devices, and many other applications. The stress generation is also relevant to actuator applications where jamming loads (e.g., in case the actuator gets stuck and is impeded from moving) need to be determined for proper hardware sizing. Recovery stresses in many SMA systems have been shown to reach stresses in the order of 800 MPa, achieved via thermo-mechanical training such as pre-straining, heat treatments or other factors. With the advent of high strength, high temperature SMAs, recovery stress data has been rarely probed, and there is no information pertinent to the magnitudes of these stresses. Thus, the purpose of this work is to investigate the recovery stress capability of a precipitation strengthened, Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 (at.) high temperature SMA in uniaxial tension and compression. This material has been shown to exhibit outstanding strength and stability during constant-stress, thermal cycling, but no data exists on constant-strain thermal cycling. Several training routines were implemented as part of this work including isothermal pre-straining, isobaric thermal cycling, and isothermal cyclic training routines. Regardless of the training method used, the recovery stress was characterized using constant-strain (strain-controlled condition) thermal cycling between the upper and lower cycle temperatures. Preliminary results indicate recovery stresses in excess of 1.5 GPa were obtained after a specific training routine. This stress magnitude is significantly higher than conventional NiTi stress generation capability.

Recovery Stress↗
NASA NTRS1972

Weldability, strength, and high temperature stability of chemically vapor deposited tungsten

Three types of CVD tungsten (fluoride-produced, chloride-produced and the combination of the two which is termed duplex) were evaluated to determine their weldability, high temperature strength and structural stability during 5000 hour exposure to temperatures of 1540 C and 1700 C. Each type of CVD tungsten could be successfully electron beam welded but the results for the chloride product were not as satisfactory as those of the other two materials. The high temperature strength behavior of the three materials did not differ greatly. However a large difference was noted for the grain growth behavior of the two basic CVD tungsten materials. Fluoride tungsten was found to be relatively stable while for the most part the grain size of chloride tungsten increased appreciably. The examination of freshly fractured surfaces with a scanning electron microscope revealed numerous bubbles in the fluoride material following its exposure to 1700 C for 5000 hours. Less severe thermal treatments produced relatively few bubbles in this material. Only at certain locations within the chloride material associated with the interruption of tungsten were bubbles noted.

Bryant, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Application of thermal life prediction model to high-temperature aerospace alloys B1900+Hf and Haynes 188

The results of the application of a newly proposed thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life prediction method to a series of laboratory TMF results on two high-temperature aerospace engine alloys are presented. The method, referred to as TMF/TS-SRP, is based on three relatively recent developments: the total strain version of the method of Strainrange Partitioning (TS-SRP), the bithermal testing technique for characterizing TMF behavior, and advanced viscoplastic constitutive models. The high-temperature data reported in a companion publication are used to evaluate the constants in the model and to provide the TMF verification data to check its accuracy. Predicted lives are in agreement with the experimental lives to within a factor of approximately 2.

Halford, Gary R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Application of a thermal fatigue life prediction model to high-temperature aerospace alloys B1900 + Hf and Haynes 188

The results of the application of a newly proposed thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life prediction method to a series of laboratory TMF results on two high-temperature aerospace engine alloys are presented. The method, referred to as TMF/TS-SRP, is based on three relatively recent developments: the total strain version of the method of Strain Range Partitioning (TS-SRP), the bithermal testing technique for characterizing TMF behavior, and advanced viscoplastic constitutive models. The high-temperature data reported in a companion publication are used to evaluate the constants in the model and to provide the TMF verification data to check its accuracy. Predicted lives are in agreement with the experimental lives to within a factor of approximately 2.

Halford, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS2002

High Temperature Si-doped BN Interphases for Woven SiC/SiC Composites

The hydrolytic stability of high-temperature deposited Si-doped BN has been shown in the past to be superior in comparison to "pure" BN processed at similar or even higher temperatures. This type of material would be very desirable as a SiC/SiC composite interphase that is formed by chemical infiltration into multi-ply woven preform. However, due to rapid deposition on the preform outer surface at the high processing temperature, this has proven very difficult. To overcome this issue, single plies of woven fabric were infiltrated with Si-doped BN. Three composite panels of different SiC fiber types were fabricated with Si-doped BN interphases including Sylramic, Hi-Nicalon Type S and Sylramic-iBN fiber-types. The latter fiber-type possesses a thin in-situ grown BN layer on the fiber surface. High Si contents (approx. 7 to 10 a/o) and low oxygen contents (less than 1 a/o) were achieved. All three composite systems demonstrated reasonable debonding and sliding properties. The coated Sylramic fabric and composites were weak due to fiber degradation apparently caused during interphase processing by the formation of TiN crystals on the fiber surface. The Hi-Nicalon Type S composites with Si-doped BN interphase were only slightly weaker than Hi-Nicalon Type S composites with conventional BN when the strength on the load-bearing fibers at failure was compared. On the other hand, the Sylramic-iBN fabric and composites with Si-doped BN showed excellent composite and intermediate temperature stress-rupture properties. Most impressive was the lack of any significant interphase oxidation on the fracture surface of stress-ruptured specimens tested well above matrix cracking at 815C.

Morscher, Gregory N.↗