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In-Package Common-Mode Filter for GaN Power Module with Improved Radiated EMI Performance
This paper discusses the impact of parasitic inductances on the electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance at radiated frequency and provides a new concept for high-frequency wide bandgap (WBG) power module package design with integrated π-type common mode filter (π-CMF). The connection parasitic-inductances of a π-type CMF model are analyzed, and the parasitic inductances from the CMF to the CM noise source and to the heatsink are minimized to improve the CMF's EMI performance in the radiated frequency range. Therefore, placing the π-CMF closer to the power module (i.e. in-package CMF) provides a larger noise attenuation compared to placing it outside the module (i.e. external CMF). To verify the theoretical analysis, a half-bridge GaN power module with an in-package π-CMF is designed, and experiments are conducted by comparing the attenuated noise spectrums of a 70-V/1.75-A hard-switching buck converter built by the designed module with an external CMF and the power-module integrated CMF. According to the experiment results, up to 10 dBμV more attenuation is achieved by the in-package CMF than the external CMF, validating the analytical conclusion.
Ab initio calculation of the $np \to d ³$ radiative capture process
In this study, lattice QCD calculations of two-nucleon systems are used to isolate the short-distance two-body electromagnetic contributions to the radiative capture process $np \to d\gamma$, and the photo-disintegration processes $\gamma^{(\ast)} d \to np$. In nuclear potential models, such contributions are described by phenomenological meson-exchange currents, while in the present work, they are determined directly from the quark and gluon interactions of QCD. Calculations of neutron-proton energy levels in multiple background magnetic fields are performed at two values of the quark masses, corresponding to pion masses of $m_\pi \sim 450$ and 806 MeV, and are combined with pionless nuclear effective field theory to determine these low-energy inelastic processes. Extrapolating to the physical pion mass, a cross section of $\sigma^{lqcd}(np\to d\gamma)=332.4({\tiny \begin{array}{l}+5.4 \\ - 4.7\end{array}})\ mb$ is obtained at an incident neutron speed of $v=2,200\ m/s$, consistent with the experimental value of $\sigma^{expt}(np \to d\gamma) = 334.2(0.5)\ mb$.
Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe 56
A model-independent technique was used to determine the gamma-ray strength function (gamma SF) of Fe-56 down to gamma-ray energies less than 1 MeV for the first time with GRETINA using the (p, p') reaction at 16MeV. No difference was observed in the energy dependence of the gamma SF built on 2(+) and 4(+) final states, supporting the Brink hypothesis. In addition, angular distribution and polarization measurements were performed. The angular distributions are consistent with dipole radiation. The polarization results show a small bias towards magnetic character in the region of the enhancement.
Quantum metrology of low frequency electromagnetic modes with frequency upconverters
We describe the RF Quantum Upconverter (RQU) and describe its application to quantum metrology of electromagnetic modes between dc and the Very High Frequency band (VHF) (≲300MHz). The RQU uses a Josephson interferometer made up of superconducting loops and Josephson junctions to implement a parametric interaction between a low-frequency electromagnetic mode (between dc and VHF) and a mode in the microwave C Band (~ 5GHz), analogous to the radiation pressure interaction between electromagnetic and mechanical modes in cavity optomechanics. The RQU can operate as a quantum-limited op-amp, or use protocols from optomechanics to implement non-classical measurement protocols equivalent to those used in cavity optomechanics, including back-action evading (BAE) measurements, sideband cooling, and two-mode squeezing. Furthermore, these protocols enable experiments using dc-VHF electromagnetic modes as quantum sensors.
Background considerations for SuperCDMS
Rejection and protection from background is a key issue for the next generation SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment that will have a cross-section sensitivity of better than 8 × 10{sup −46} cm{sup 2} for spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions. This paper presents the details of the methods used to reject electromagnetic backgrounds using the new iZIP detectors that are currently operated in the Soudan Underground Laboratory, MN and the methods the collaboration is investigating to protect against neutron background in the next generation SuperCDMS experiment.
Quantum metrology of low-frequency electromagnetic modes with frequency upconverters
We present the RF Quantum Upconverter (RQU) and describe its application to quantum metrology of electromagnetic modes between dc and the very high frequency band (VHF) ( ≲ 300 MHz). The RQU uses a Josephson interferometer made up of superconducting loops and Josephson junctions to implement a parametric interaction between a low-frequency electromagnetic mode (between dc and VHF) and a mode in the microwave C Band ( ∼ 5 GHz), analogous to the radiation pressure interaction between electromagnetic and mechanical modes in cavity optomechanics. We analyze RQU performance with quantum amplifier theory and show that the RQU can operate as a quantum-limited op-amp in this frequency range. It can also use nonclassical measurement protocols equivalent to those used in cavity optomechanics, including back-action evading (BAE) measurements, sideband cooling, and two-mode squeezing. These protocols enable experiments using dc VHF electromagnetic modes as quantum sensors with sensitivity better than the standard quantum limit (SQL). We demonstrate signal upconversion from low frequencies to the microwave C band using an RQU and show a phase-sensitive gain (extinction ratio) of 46.9 dB , which is a necessary step towards the realization of full BAE. Published by the American Physical Society 2025
High-frequency electromagnetic surface waves in a semi-bounded weakly ionized plasma
High-frequency electromagnetic surface waves (SWs) in a weakly ionized plasma half-space with Maxwellian electrons are studied taking into account elastic electron-neutral collisions. The SWs spectrum and damping rate are obtained numerically for a wide range of wavelengths, and the asymptotes of damping rate are analytically calculated in some limits. It is shown that the high-frequency SWs become strongly damped at wavelengths {lambda}<{lambda}{sub Min}, where {lambda}{sub Min} significantly depends on plasma parameters (e.g., electron temperature and electron and neutral atom density). The relative importance of collisional and Cherenkov (collisionless) damping of SWs is investigated and is graphically shown for a range of plasma parameters and SW wavelengths. The behavior of weakly ionized plasma with respect to the SW propagation has been recovered for the collisional parameter {eta}.
Electromagnetic emission from hot medium measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC
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Transmission Spectra and Optical Properties of a Mesoporous Photonic Crystal Based on Anodic Aluminum Oxide
Optical properties of a one-dimensional photonic-crystal film with a lattice period of ≈380 nm formed by electrochemical etching of an aluminum foil are investigated. Experimental data on the spectra of transmission and reflection in the region of the first, second, and third stop bands of anodic photonic crystal of aluminum oxide are compared with a theoretical dependence obtained from the well-known dispersion relation. The possibility of creating selective narrow-band optical filters based on mesoporous one-dimensional photonic crystals is analyzed. The conditions of enhancement of an electromagnetic field of laser radiation at 532 nm under normal incidence on a photonic-crystal surface are established. The possibility of generation of optical harmonics under the conditions of sharp increase in the effective field of the driving radiation in a mesoporous photonic crystal of anodic aluminum oxide filled with lithium iodate is analyzed.
Prompt-delayed γ-ray spectroscopy of neutron-rich 119.121 In isotopes
The Z = 50 shell closure, near N = 82, is unique in the sense that it is the only shell closure with the spin-orbit partner orbitals, π g 9 / 2 and π g 7 / 2 , enclosing the magic gap. The interaction of the proton hole/particle in the above-mentioned orbitals with neutrons in the νh 11/2 orbital is an important prerequisite to the understanding of the nuclear structure near N = 82 and the νπ interaction. To explore the structural similarity between the high-spin isomeric states in In ( Z = 49), Sn ( Z = 50), and Sb ( Z = 51) isotopes from a microscopic point of view. In addition, to understand the role of a proton hole or particle in the spin-orbit partner orbitals, π g 9 / 2 and π g 7 / 2 , respectively, with neutron holes in the ν h 11 / 2 orbital on these aforementioned isomers. The fusion and transfer induced fission reaction Be 9 ( U 238 , f ) with 6.2 MeV/u beam energy, using a unique setup consisting of AGATA, VAMOS++, and EXOGAM detectors, was used to populate through the fission process and study the neutron-rich In 119 , 121 isotopes. This setup enabled the prompt-delayed γ -ray spectroscopy of isotopes in the time range of 100 ns – 200 μ s . In the odd- A In 119 , 121 isotopes, indications of a short half-life 19/2 - isomeric state, in addition to the previously known 25/2 + isomeric state, were observed from the present data. Further, new prompt transitions above the 25/2 + isomer in In 121 were identified along with reevaluation of its half-life. The experimental data were compared with the theoretical results obtained in the framework of large-scale shell-model calculations in a restricted model space. Furthermore, the ( π g 9 / 2 ν h 11 / 2 ; I | H ^ | π g 9 / 2 ν h 11 / 2 ; I ) two-body matrix elements of residual interaction were modified to explain the excitation energies and the B ( E 2) transition probabilities in the neutron-rich In isotopes. The (i) decreasing trend of E (29/2 + ) - E (25/2 + ) in odd-In (with dominant configuration π g 9 / 2 - 1 ν h 11 / 2 - 2 and maximum aligned spin of 29/2 + ) and (ii) increasing trend of E (27/2 + ) - E (23/2 + ) in odd-Sb (with dominant configuration π g 7 / 2 + 1 ν h 11 / 2 - 2 and maximum aligned spin of 27/2 + ) with increasing neutron number could be understood as a consequence of hole-hole and particle-hole interactions, respectively.
Quasiparticle random-phase approximation calculations for M 1 transitions with the noniterative finite-amplitude method and application to neutron radiative capture cross sections
Here, we derive the equations of quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) based on the finite amplitude method with the Hartree-Fock+Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (HF+BCS) single-particle states, and calculate the magnetic dipole (M1) transition for deformed gadolinium isotopes. Our QRPA calculation shows both large spin-flip transitions in the 5 to 10 MeV excitation energy and the low energy orbital transition that would correspond to the M1 scissors mode observed in nuclear experiments. Then, we calculate neutron capture reactions based on the statistical Hauser-Feshbach theory with the photoabsorption cross sections of even-even nuclei given by QRPA. We find that the capture cross section is enhanced due to the contribution from the low energy M1 transition although the calculated capture cross section still underestimates the experimental data. This issue in the calculated capture cross section could be improved by uncertainties of the low energy E1 transition neglected in our QRPA calculation.
Near-field radiative thermal transport: From theory to experiment
Radiative thermal transport via the fluctuating electromagnetic near-field has recently attracted increasing attention due to its fundamental importance and its impact on a range of applications from data storage to thermal management and energy conversion. After a brief historical account of radiative thermal transport, we summarize the basics of fluctuational electrodynamics, a theoretical framework for the study of radiative heat transfer in terms of thermally excited propagating and evanescent electromagnetic waves. Various approaches to modeling near-field thermal transport are briefly discussed, together with key results and proposals for manipulation and utilization of radiative heat flow. Subsequently, we review the experimental advances in the characterization of both near-field heat flow and energy density. We conclude with remarks on the opportunities and challenges for future explorations of radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale.
Assessment of long-term spatio-temporal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure
Highlights: • A year's worth of RF-EMF data is collected in an urban sensor network is analysed. • A full spatio-temporal model of the RF-EMF exposure in the study area is built. • Short-term variations of the RF-EMF exposure are collected in temporal profiles. • Models using data collected at different instants are improved by adjusting for time. As both the environment and telecommunications networks are inherently dynamic, our exposure to environmental radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) at an arbitrary location is not at all constant in time. In this study, more than a year's worth of measurement data collected in a fixed low-cost exposimeter network distributed over an urban environment was analysed and used to build, for the first time, a full spatio-temporal surrogate model of outdoor exposure to downlink Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) signals. Though no global trend was discovered over the measuring period, the difference in measured exposure between two instances could reach up to 42 dB (a factor 12,000 in power density). Furthermore, it was found that, taking into account the hour and day of the measurement, the accuracy of the surrogate model in the area under study was improved by up to 50% compared to models that neglect the daily temporal variability of the RF signals. However, further study is required to assess the extent to which the results obtained in the considered environment can be extrapolated to other geographic locations.
Continuous evolution of electromagnetic field in heavy-ion collisions
In relativistic heavy-ion collisions the electromagnetic field exists before the hot nuclear matter emergence. Requiring the field continuity, we compute it in the central rapidity region by taking into account the electromagnetic response of the Quark Gluon Plasma. We show that the electromagnetic field is nearly time-independent from about 1 fm/c after the collision until the freezeout. In particular, its value is about 10% of the initial magnitude of the magnetic field. In conclusion, our result provides a theoretical basis for the common assumption that the electromagnetic field produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions varies slowly with time.
Spectrum and decay properties of the {sup 132}In odd–odd particle–hole nucleus
The spectrum of levels of the {sup 132}In odd–odd particle–hole nucleus and its electromagnetic properties were calculated in the random-phase approximation.
INTERACTION OF RECOILING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES WITH STARS IN GALACTIC NUCLEI
Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are the products of frequent galaxy mergers. The coalescence of the SMBHBs is a distinct source of gravitational wave (GW) radiation. The detections of the strong GW radiation and their possible electromagnetic counterparts are essential. Numerical relativity suggests that the post-merger supermassive black hole (SMBH) gets a kick velocity up to 4000 km s{sup -1} due to the anisotropic GW radiations. Here, we investigate the dynamical coevolution and interaction of the recoiling SMBHs and their galactic stellar environments with one million direct N-body simulations including the stellar tidal disruption by the recoiling SMBHs. Our results show that the accretion of disrupted stars does not significantly affect the SMBH dynamical evolution. We investigate the stellar tidal disruption rates as a function of the dynamical evolution of oscillating SMBHs in the galactic nuclei. Our simulations show that most stellar tidal disruptions are contributed by the unbound stars and occur when the oscillating SMBHs pass through the galactic center. The averaged disruption rate is {approx}10{sup -6} M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1}, which is about an order of magnitude lower than that by a stationary SMBH at similar galactic nuclei. Our results also show that a bound star cluster is around the oscillating SMBH of about {approx}0.7% the black hole mass. In addition, we discover a massive cloud of unbound stars following the oscillating SMBH. We also investigate the dependence of the results on the SMBH masses and density slopes of the galactic nuclei.