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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS1981

The reduction, verification and interpretation of Magsat magnetic data over Canada

Magnetic anomalies of lithospheric origin are weak at Magsat altitudes (20 to 30 nT at most), and are easily masked by much larger effects caused by field-aligned and other currents at high latitudes. Most of Canada lies under the influence of ionospheric currents in the auroral zone and polar cap. A more refined selection of quiet Magsat data allowed a revised scalar magnetic anomaly map of the whole region north of about 40 deg N latitude. Very preliminary vector anomaly maps and absolute vector component maps were derived. The scalar magnitudes show great promise for mapping the total force and anomaly fields. The Z vector data also appear to be good. The horizontal X and Y vector data are seriously contaminated with external fields and maybe other effects.

Coles, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1974

The planetary magnetic field and magnetosphere of Jupiter - Pioneer 10

Data obtained by the Pioneer 10 vector helium magnetometer are presented along with models of the intrinsic magnetic field of Jupiter and its magnetosphere. Data acquired between 2.84 and 6.0 Jupiter radii, where the intensity of the planetary field ranged between 1900 and 18,400 gamma, were used to develop a six-parameter eccentric dipole model of the field. The dipole so derived has a moment of 4.0 G (R sub J) cubed and a tilt angle with respect to Jupiter's rotation axis of 11 deg. A model of the Jovian magnetosphere is presented in which the essential feature is an eastward current sheet that forms an annulus with Jupiter at the center. At large distances from the planet the current sheet is nearly parallel to Jupiter's equator but, in general, does not lie in it. The current sheet is warped, so that it is above the equator on one side and below it on the other. The current sheet rotates with the planet, more or less like a rigid body, this behavior causes an apparent up and down motion and periodic crossings of the current sheet by Pioneer.

Smith, E. J.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Analysis of Discontinuities in a Rectangular Waveguide Using Dyadic Green's Function Approach in Conjunction with Method of Moments

The dyadic Green's function for an electric current source placed in a rectangular waveguide is derived using a magnetic vector potential approach. A complete solution for the electric and magnetic fields including the source location is obtained by simple differentiation of the vector potential around the source location. The simple differentiation approach which gives electric and magnetic fields identical to an earlier derivation is overlooked by the earlier workers in the derivation of the dyadic Green's function particularly around the source location. Numerical results obtained using the Green's function approach are compared with the results obtained using the Finite Element Method (FEM).

Deshpande, M. D.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Dione: A Pathfinder Mission for Understanding the Iono-sphere-Thermosphere Responses to Magnetospheric Forcing

Dione is a NASA small satellite prototype for future constellations that in different configurations will provide global and localized measurements of Ionosphere-Thermosphere responses to Magnetospheric energy input in a variety of scales, enabling their better forecast and prediction. This is done with a comprehensive sensor package which includes four instruments: a miniaturized fluxgate magnetometer providing magnetic field measurements with two sensor heads, an ion sensor that measures vector plasma drifts and deduce the in-situ electric fields, an electrostatic analyzer that measures precipitating electrons and up-going secondary electrons, and a neutral mass spectrometer measuring total neutral density and composition. Dione is 3-axis stabilized in a circular low-earth (400-600 km), high-inclination orbit, traversing the auroral precipitation and high latitude currents in every orbit. This paper focuses on the mission-level architecture, but provides contextual information on the science objectives, instruments, and space-craft.

Jaime Esper↗

NASA NTRS1993

Probe compensation in cylindrical near-field scanning: A novel simulation methodology

Probe pattern compensation is essential in near-field scanning geometry, where there is a great need to accurately know far-field patterns at wide angular range. This paper focuses on a novel formulation and computer simulation to determine the precise need for and effect of probe compensation in cylindrical near-field scanning. The methodology is applied to a linear test array antenna and the NASA scatterometer radar antenna. The formulation is based on representing the probe by its equivalent tangential magnetic currents. The interaction between the probe equivalent aperture currents and the test antenna fields is obtained with the application of a reciprocity theorem. This allows us to obtain the probe vector output pickup integral which is proportional to the amplitude and phase of the electric field induced in the probe aperture with respect to its position to the test antenna. The integral is evaluated for each probe position on the required sampling point on a cylindrical near-field surface enclosing the antenna. The use of a hypothetical circular-aperture probe with a different radius permits us to derive closed-form expressions for its far-field radiation patterns. These results, together with the probe vector output pickup, allow us to perform computer simulated synthetic measurements. The far-field patterns of the test antenna are formulated based on cylindrical wave expansions of both the probe and test antenna fields. In the limit as the probe radius becomes very small, the probe vector output is the direct response of the near-field at a point, and no probe compensation is needed. Useful results are generated to compare the far-field pattern of the test antenna constructed from the knowledge of the simulated near-field with and without probe pattern compensation and the exact results. These results are important since they clearly illustrate the angular range over which probe compensation is needed. It has been found that a probe with an aperture radius of 0.25(lambda), 0.5(lambda), and 1(lambda) needs a little probe compensation, if any, near the test antenna main beam. In addition, a probe with low directivity may provide a better signal-to-noise ratio than a highly directive one. This is evident in test antenna patterns without probe compensation at wide angles.

Hussein, Ziad A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Electric fields in the solar atmosphere - A review

A review is presented of remote sensing techniques which measure the electric field component transverse to the line of sight and achieve a sensitivity range of 5-10 V/cm. Three models are shown to predict quasistatic, macroscopic values of E(parallel), the electric field component parallel to the magnetic vector, beyond the sensitivity range considered. These processes are: the discharge model of flares; the models of return currents related to flare particle beams; and the models of neutral sheets related to two-ribbon flares and postflare loops. Time dependent electric fields related to MHD and plasma waves, and to plasma disturbance, may allow the detection of both E components (parallel and perpendicular). The uncertainty relating to the emission measures, time scales, volumes, and plasma conditions of these flares and electrified plasma volumes is emphasized. It is pointed out, however, that important information can be obtained by observing electric fields at existing sensitivity levels. By measuring these E-fields, the understanding of flares and related dynamic events can be improved.

Foukal, P.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Analysis of a dual-reflector antenna system using physical optics and digital computers

The application of physical-optics diffraction theory to a deployable dual-reflector geometry is discussed. The methods employed are not restricted to the Conical-Gregorian antenna, but apply in a general way to dual and even multiple reflector systems. Complex vector wave methods are used in the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regions of the reflectors. Field amplitude, phase, polarization data, and time average Poynting vectors are obtained via an IBM 360/91 digital computer. Focal region characteristics are plotted with the aid of a CalComp plotter. Comparison between the GSFC Huygens wavelet approach, JPL measurements, and JPL computer results based on the near field spherical wave expansion method are made wherever possible.

Schmidt, R. F.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Off-shell vertices in heavy particle effective theories and B → Dπℓν

We study the modifications to decay amplitudes in heavy to heavy semileptonic decays with multiple hadrons in the final state due to intermediate heavy hadrons being off-shell or having a finite width. Combining Heavy Hadron Chiral Perturbation Theory (HHχPT) with a BCFW on-shell factorization formula, we show that these effects induce O (1/M) corrections to the standard results computed in the narrow-width approximation and therefore are important in extracting form factors from data. A combination of perturbative unitarity, analyticity, and reparameterization invariance fully determine these corrections in terms of known Isgur-Wise functions without the need to introduce new form factors. In doing so, we develop a novel technique to compute the boundary term at complex infinity in the BCFW formula for theories with derivatively coupled scalars. While we have used the $\overline{B}$ → Dπℓν decay as an example, these techniques can generally be applied to effective field theories with (multiple) distinct reference vectors. Article PDF

Chiral Lagrangian↗

NASA NTRS2016

Exploring the Use of Alfven Waves in Magnetometer Calibration at Geosynchronous Orbit

An Alfven wave is a type magnetohydrodynamicwave that travels through a conducting fluid under the influence of a magnetic field. Researchers have successfully calculated offset vectors of magnetometers in interplanetary space by optimizing the offset to maximize certain Alfvenic properties of observed waves (Leinweber, Belcher). If suitable Alfven waves can be found in the magnetosphere at geosynchronous altitude then these techniques could be used to augment the overall calibration plan for magnetometers in this region such as on the GOES spacecraft, possibly increasing the time between regular maneuvers. Calibration maneuvers may be undesirable because they disrupt the activities of other instruments. Various algorithms to calculate an offset using Alfven waves were considered. A new variation of the Davis-Smith method was derived because it can be mathematically shown that the Davis-Smith method tolerates filtered data, which expands potential applications. The variant developed was designed to find only the offset in the plane normal to the main field because the overall direction of Earth's magnetic field rarely changes, and theory suggests the Alfvenic disturbances occur transverse to the main field. Other variations of the Davis-Smith method encounter problems with data containing waves that propagate in mostly the same direction. A searching algorithm was then designed to look for periods of time with potential Alfven waves in GOES 15 data based on parameters requiring that disturbances be normal to the main field and not change field magnitude. Final waves for calculation were hand-selected. These waves produced credible two-dimensional offset vectors when input to the Davis-Smith method. Multiple two-dimensional solutions in different planes can be combined to get a measurement of the complete offset. The resulting three dimensional offset did not show sufficient precision over several years to be used as a primary calibration method, but reflected changes in the offset fairly well, suggesting that the method could be helpful in monitoring trends of the offset vector when maneuvers cannot be used.

calibration↗

NASA NTRS1986

Interplanetary medium data book: Supplement 3A, 1977-1985

Supplement 3 of the Interplanetary Medium Data Book contains a detailed discussion of a data set compilation of hourly averaged interplanetary plasma and magnetic field parameters. The discussion addresses data sources, systematic and random differences, time shifting of ISEE 3 data, and plasma normalizations. Supplement 3 also contains solar rotation plots of field and plasma parameters. Supplement 3A contains computer-generated listings of selected parameters from the composite data set. These parameters are bulk speed (km/sec), density (per cu cm), temperature (in units of 1000 K) and the IMF parameters: average magnitude, latitude and longitude angles of the vector made up of the average GSE components, GSM Cartesian components, and the vector standard deviation. The units of field magnitude, components, and standard deviation are gammas, while the units of field direction angles and degrees.

Couzens, David A.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Second-order microscopic nonlinear susceptibility in a centrosymmetric material: application to imaging valence electron motion

We report measurements of phase-matched nonlinear x-ray and optical sum-frequency generation from single-crystal silicon using sub-resonant 0.95 eV laser pulses and 9.5 keV hard x-ray pulses from the LCLS free-electron laser. The sum-frequency signal appears as energy and momentum sidebands to the elastic Bragg peak. It is proportional to the magnitude squared of the relevant temporal and spatial Fourier components of the optically induced microscopic charges/currents. We measure the first- and second-order sideband to the 220 Bragg peak and find that the efficiency is maximized when the applied field is along the reciprocal lattice vector. For an optical intensity of $\sim10^{12} \text{W}/\text{cm}^2$, we measure peak efficiencies of $3\times 10^{-7}$ and $3\times 10^{-10}$ for the first and second-order sideband respectively (relative to the elastic Bragg peak). The first-order sideband is consistent with induced microscopic currents along the applied electric field (consistent with an isotropic response). The second-order sideband depends nontrivially on the optical field orientation and is consistent with an anisotropic response originating from induced charges along the bonds with C$_{3v}$ site symmetry. The results agree well with first-principles Bloch-Floquet calculations.

FOS: Physical sciences↗

NASA NTRS1983

Integrals of motion for the classical two-body problem with drag

Integrals of motion for the two-body problem with drag are obtained by operating on the second-order vector differential equation describing the motion. The force field consists of an inverse-square gravitational attraction and a drag force proportional to the velocity vector and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the attracting center. The developed integrals are the analogs of the Keplerian scalar energy, the vector angular momentum, and the Laplace vector.

Jezewski, D. J.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Characterization and integration of the singular test integrals in the method-of-moments implementation of the electric-field integral equation

In this paper, we characterize the logarithmic singularities arising in the method of moments from the Green’s function in integrals over the test domain, and we use two approaches for designing geometrically symmetric quadrature rules to integrate these singular integrands. These rules exhibit better convergence properties than quadrature rules for polynomials and, in general, lead to better accuracy with a lower number of quadrature points. In this work, we demonstrate their effectiveness for several examples encountered in both the scalar and vector potentials of the electric-field integral equation (singular, near-singular, and far interactions) as compared to the commonly employed polynomial scheme and the double Ma–Rokhlin–Wandzura (DMRW) rules, whose sample points are located asymmetrically within triangles.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS1995

Latitudinal variation of helicity of photospheric magnetic fields

Using a 1988-1994 data set of original photospheric vector magnetograms as well as published data, we have studied the average magnetic helicity of 69 diverse active regions, adopting the linear force-free field parameter alpha as a measure. This average value was determined by minimizing the differences between the computed constant-alpha force-free and observed horizontal magnetic fields. The average magnetic helicity shows a sign difference at the 2 sigma level in opposite hemispheres. In our data set, 76% of the active regions in the northern hemisphere have negative helicity, and 69% in the southern hemisphere, positive. Although the data show considerable variation from one active region to the next, the data set as a whole suggest that the magnitude of the average helicity increases with solar latitude, starting at zero near the equator, reaches a maximum near 15 deg - 25 deg in both hemispheres, and drops back toward smaller values avove 35 deg - 40 deg. Qualitative comparison with published models shows that such latitudinal variation of the average magnetic helicity may result from either turbulent convective motions or differential rotation, although our studies of rotating sunspots lead us to favor the former.

Pevtsov, Alexei A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

The radial dependences of the interplanetary magnetic field between 1 and 5 AU Pioneer 10

Pioneer 10 vector helium magnetometer data acquired in 1972-1973 during Bartels solar rotations 1896-1918 are used to investigate the radial dependences of the distant interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) between 1 and 5 AU. Least-square fits were determined for the radial dependences of the averages of the magnitudes of IMF components and total field and plane projections, and radial fits were prepared for the standard deviations of these variables over the solar rotation, one day, and three-hour intervals. The variation of the weighted averages of the radial component of the field with respect to the heliocentric distance, the variation of the tangential component of the field, and the characteristics of a subset corresponding to a relatively low average solar wind velocity are reported.

Rosenberg, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

A fundamental magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling mode involving field-aligned currents as deduced from DE-2 observations

From the magnetic and electric field observations on the DE-2 satellite it is deduced that the perturbation magnetic field and the electric field in the field-aligned current regions are, as a rule, orthogonal to each other and are highly correlated. This deduction is equivalent to the statement that the Poynting vector calculated from these magnetic and electric field components is equal to the ionospheric energy dissipation and that the height-integrated Hall current is divergence free. The state described is interpreted as a frequently prevailing mode of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling involving field-aligned currents.

Sugiura, M.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Tilted spin current generated by the collinear antiferromagnet ruthenium dioxide

Symmetry plays a central role in determining the polarization of spin currents induced by electric fields. It also influences how these spin currents generate spin-transfer torques in magnetic devices. Here, we show that an out-of-plane damping-like torque can be generated in ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 )/permalloy devices when the Néel vector of the collinear antiferromagnet RuO 2 is canted relative to the sample plane. By measuring characteristic changes in all three components of the electric-field-induced torque vector as a function of the angle of the electric field relative to the crystal axes, we find that the RuO 2 generates a spin current with a well-defined tilted spin orientation that is approximately parallel to the Néel vector. A maximum out-of-plane damping-like spin torque efficiency per unit electric field of 7±1 × 10 3 Ω -1 m -1 is measured at room temperature. Here, the observed angular dependence indicates that this is an antiferromagnetic spin Hall effect with symmetries that are distinct from other mechanisms of spin-current generation reported in antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS1992

Role of inductive electric fields in substorm development

A study discussing and investigating the role of inductive electric fields in substorm development is presented. It is common to use the scalar potential phi to calculate the electrostatic field E(sup ES)-(inverted Delta)(phi). However, vector potential A has not been extensively used to analyze results by the relation for the inductive electric field E(sup IND)-delta A/delta t. Because of the weak dependence in distance (1/r) these potentials show the effect of distant sources, unlike MHD (Magnetohydrodynamic) theory which is strictly local. The two can be separated by the choice of the Coulomb (transverse) gauge. It is proper to consider that the plasma polarizes to counteract the activation of the inductive electric field; this is a matter of cause and effect. However, such polarization produces a curl free electrostatic field and thus cannot alter the electromotive force due to induction. This idea has some interesting consequences for plasma physics, including violations of MHD theory, creation of the substorm current diversion, and a fresh look at dayside merging via plasma transfer events.

Heikkila, Walter J.↗