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At least 1,027 records · Page 57
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

The ASAS-SN bright supernova catalogue – V. 2018–2020

We catalogue the 443 bright supernovae (SNe) discovered by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) in 2018−2020 along with the 519 SNe recovered by ASAS-SN and 516 additional m peak ≤ 18 mag SNe missed by ASAS-SN. Our statistical analysis focuses primarily on the 984 SNe discovered or recovered in ASAS-SN g-band observations. The complete sample of 2427 ASAS-SN SNe includes earlier V-band samples and unrecovered SNe. For each SN, we identify the host galaxy, its UV to mid-IR photometry, and the SN’s offset from the centre of the host. Updated peak magnitudes, redshifts, spectral classifications, and host galaxy identifications supersede earlier results. With the increase of the limiting magnitude to g ≤ 18 mag, the ASAS-SN sample is nearly complete up to m peak = 16.7 mag and is 90 per cent complete for m peak ≤ 17.0 mag. This is an increase from the V-band sample, where it was roughly complete up to m peak = 16.2 mag and 70 per cent complete for m peak ≤ 17.0 mag.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1981

Echelle spectroscopy with a charge-coupled device /CCD/

The recent availability of large format CCD's with high quantum efficiency makes it possible to achieve significant advances in high dispersion astronomical spectroscopy. An echelle CCD combination excels or equals other techniques presently available, and offers the advantage of complete spectral coverage of several thousand Angstroms in a single exposure. Attention is given to experiments which were conducted with a CCD camera head and an echelle spectrograph on a 4-meter telescope. It was found possible to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of 150/1 on a 13th magnitude star at 6000 A in a two-hour exposure at 0.16 A/pixel, limited primarily by photon statistics. For fainter objects, readout noise is the limiting factor in precision. For 20 electron rms readout noise, an S/N = 15/1 at 18th magnitude is expected, all other things being equal.

York, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1984

LANDSAT 4 investigations of Thematic Mapper and multispectral scanner applications

The optimum index factor package was used to choose TM band for color compositing. Processing techniques were also used on TM data over several sites to: (1) reduce the amount of data that needs to be processed and analyzed by using statistical methods or by combining full-resolution products with spatially compressed products; (2) digitally process small subareas to improve the visual appearance of large-scale products or to merge different-resolution image data; and (3) evaluate and compare the information content of the different three-band combinations that can be made using the TM data. Results indicate that for some applications the added spectral information over MSS is even more important than the TM's increased spatial resolution.

Lauer, D. T.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Turbulence Associated With Broadband Shock Noise in Hot Jets

Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TRPIV) has been applied to a series of jet flows to measure turbulence statistics associated with broadband shock associated noise (BBSN). Data were acquired in jets of Mach numbers 1.05, 1.185, and 1.4 at different temperatures. Both convergent and ideally expanded nozzles were tested, along with a convergent nozzle modified to minimize screech. Key findings include the effect of heat on shock structure and jet decay, the increase in turbulent velocity when screech is present, and the relative lack of spectral detail associated with the enhanced turbulence.

Bridges, James E.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database – automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements

The Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) has provided highly accurate, ground-truth measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) using Cimel Electronique Sun–sky radiometers for more than 25 years. In Version 2 (V2) of the AERONET database, the near-real-time AOD was semiautomatically quality controlled utilizing mainly cloud-screening methodology, while additional AOD data contaminated by clouds or affected by instrument anomalies were removed manually before attaining quality-assured status (Level 2.0). The large growth in the number of AERONET sites over the past 25 years resulted in significant burden to the manual quality control of millions of measurements in a consistent manner. The AERONET Version 3 (V3) algorithm provides fully automatic cloud screening and instrument anomaly quality controls. All of these new algorithm updates apply to near-real-time data as well as post-field-deployment processed data, and AERONET reprocessed the database in 2018. A full algorithm redevelopment provided the opportunity to improve data inputs and corrections such as unique filter-specific temperature characterizations for all visible and near-infrared wavelengths, updated gaseous and water vapor absorption coefficients, and ancillary data sets. The Level 2.0 AOD quality-assured data set is now available within a month after post-field calibration, reducing the lag time from up to several months. Near-real-time estimated uncertainty is determined using data qualified as V3 Level 2.0 AOD and considering the difference between the AOD computed with the pre-field calibration and AOD computed with pre-field and post-field calibration. This assessment provides a near-real-time uncertainty estimate for which average differences of AOD suggest a +0.02 bias and one sigma uncertainty of 0.02, spectrally, but the bias and uncertainty can be significantly larger for specific instrument deployments. Long-term monthly averages analyzed for the entire V3 and V2 databases produced average differences (V3–V2) of +0.002 with a ±0.02 SD (standard deviation), yet monthly averages calculated using time-matched observations in both databases were analyzed to compute an average difference of −0.002 with a ±0.004 SD. The high statistical agreement in multiyear monthly averaged AOD validates the advanced automatic data quality control algorithms and suggests that migrating research to the V3 database will corroborate most V2 research conclusions and likely lead to more accurate results in some cases.

David M. Giles↗
DOE OSTI2022

Maximum Likelihood Spectrum Decomposition for Isotope Identification and Quantification

A spectral decomposition method has been implemented to identify and quantify isotopic source terms in high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy in static geometry and shielding scenarios. Monte Carlo simulations were used to build the response matrix of a shielded high-purity germanium detector monitoring an effluent stream with a Marinelli configuration. The decomposition technique was applied to a series of calibration spectra taken with the detector using a multi-nuclide standard. These results are compared with decay-corrected values from the calibration certificate. For most nuclei in the standard ( 241 Am, 109 Cd, 137 Cs, and 60 Co), the deviations from the certificate values were generally no more than 6% with a few outliers as high as 10%. Furthermore, for 57 Co, the radionuclide with the lowest activity, the deviations from the standard reached as high as 25%, driven by the meager statistics in the calibration spectra. In addition, a complete treatment of error propagation for the technique is presented.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Deep Space Observations of Cloud Glints: Spectral and Seasonal Dependence

From a distance of about one and a half million kilometers, the Earth Polychromatic Camera (EPIC) onboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) spacecraft takes about 13 or 22 images a day of the sunlit side of Earth. Several earlier studies showed that these images often feature sun glint from water surfaces and from ice crystals that float inside clouds in a horizontal orientation. This presentation expands on the earlier analyses of observed glints caused by clouds, focusing on the way the appearance of these glints varies with wavelength and season. The statistical analysis of all EPIC images taken in 2017 reveals that the wavelength dependence of glints is shaped predominantly by the Rayleigh scattering and gaseous absorption caused by the atmosphere above the cloud top. The analysis also reveals that the radiative impact of cloud glints displays seasonal variations that are consistent with seasonal changes in the amount and temperature of ice clouds that were observed independently by the Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS).

ice cloud↗
DOE OSTI2023

Analysis of thermal radiation of a gas-particulate-cloud in a pressurized oxy-coal combustor

Pressurized oxy-combustion (POC) aims to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants. In the POC process, pulverized coal is burned at elevated pressure in an O2-CO2 environment. The elevated pressure and high CO2 and H2O concentrations strongly impact thermal radiation, thereby significantly distinguishing POC system from conventional atmospheric-pressure air-fired and oxy-fuel combustion. Consequently, a thorough understanding of thermal radiation in POC is required to promote the development of novel combustors. The present computational work analyzes thermal radiation of the gaseous and particle phases in the pilot-scale POC combustor in Washington University in St. Louis. Particularly, the radiation characteristics of the gaseous and particulate cloud were estimated by employing the statistical narrow band model and the large-particle model. It is found that thermal radiation of a particulate cloud dominates in the combustor under the conditions of a furnace temperature of 1500 K and no substantial particle loss. Another important result is that the gas-and-particulate cloud can be approximately treated as a graybody under the same conditions. To be more specific, the results of spectral radiation intensity of a gas comprised of 40% (vol) H2O and 60% CO2 show that when the pressure is increased to 15 bar, and the radiation pathlength to 100 cm, the spectral radiation profile of the gas phase approaches that of a blackbody at the respective temperature. In addition, the emissivity of the particulate cloud has been evaluated as a function of the particle concentration and diameter by means of the large particle model. It is shown that the emissivity grows with the particle concentration but decreases with the particle size for the same mass of a particulate cloud. The emissivity of a particulate cloud in oxy- combustion exceeds that in air-fired combustion. This work could be used to validate the assumption of the gray gas model adopted in numerical simulations.

Li, Lei↗
DOE OSTI2021

Sustainability Trait Modeling of Field-Grown Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) Using UAV-Based Imagery

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an intermediate scale of spatial and spectral data collection that yields increased accuracy and consistency in data collection for morphological and physiological traits than satellites and expanded flexibility and high-throughput compared to ground-based data collection. In this study, we used UAV-based remote sensing for automated phenotyping of field-grown switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a leading bioenergy feedstock. Using vegetation indices calculated from a UAV-based multispectral camera, statistical models were developed for rust disease caused by Puccinia novopanici, leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, and lignin contents. For the first time, UAV remote sensing technology was used to explore the potentials for multiple traits associated with sustainable production of switchgrass, and one statistical model was developed for each individual trait based on the statistical correlation between vegetation indices and the corresponding trait. Also, for the first time, lignin content was estimated in switchgrass shoots via UAV-based multispectral image analysis and statistical analysis. The UAV-based models were verified by ground-truthing via correlation analysis between the traits measured manually on the ground-based with UAV-based data. The normalized difference red edge (NDRE) vegetation index outperformed the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for rust disease and nitrogen content, while NDVI performed better than NDRE for chlorophyll and lignin content. Overall, linear models were sufficient for rust disease and chlorophyll analysis, but for nitrogen and lignin contents, nonlinear models achieved better results. As the first comprehensive study to model switchgrass sustainability traits from UAV-based remote sensing, these results suggest that this methodology can be utilized for switchgrass high-throughput phenotyping in the field.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1985

Direct numerical simulation of equilibrium turbulent boundary layers

This paper describes the simulation of turbulent boundary layers by direct numerical solution of the three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations, using a spectral method. The flow is incompressible, with Re sub delta = 1000. The equations are written in the self-similar coordinate system and periodic streamwise and spanwise boundary conditions are imposed. A family of nine 'equilibrium' boundary layers, from the strongly accelerated 'sink' flow to Stratford's separating boundary layer is treated. Good general agreement with experiments is observed. The effects of pressure gradients on the structures and statistics, both in the wall and wake regions are discussed.

Spalart, P. R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The inverse gravimetric problem in gravity modelling

One of the main purposes of geodesy is to determine the gravity field of the Earth in the space outside its physical surface. This purpose can be pursued without any particular knowledge of the internal density even if the exact shape of the physical surface of the Earth is not known, though this seems to entangle the two domains, as it was in the old Stoke's theory before the appearance of Molodensky's approach. Nevertheless, even when large, dense and homogeneous data sets are available, it was always recognized that subtracting from the gravity field the effect of the outer layer of the masses (topographic effect) yields a much smoother field. This is obviously more important when a sparse data set is bad so that any smoothing of the gravity field helps in interpolating between the data without raising the modeling error, this approach is generally followed because it has become very cheap in terms of computing time since the appearance of spectral techniques. The mathematical description of the Inverse Gravimetric Problem (IGP) is dominated mainly by two principles, which in loose terms can be formulated as follows: the knowledge of the external gravity field determines mainly the lateral variations of the density; and the deeper the density anomaly giving rise to a gravity anomaly, the more improperly posed is the problem of recovering the former from the latter. The statistical relation between rho and n (and its inverse) is also investigated in its general form, proving that degree cross-covariances have to be introduced to describe the behavior of rho. The problem of the simultaneous estimate of a spherical anomalous potential and of the external, topographic masses is addressed criticizing the choice of the mixed collection approach.

Sanso, F.↗
NASA NTRS1978

X-ray observations of BL Lacertae objects

Results are reported for OSO 8 and HEAO 1 X-ray observations of the BL Lac objects Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and PKS 0548-322 over the energy range from 2 to 60 keV. It is found that the X-ray spectra of Mrk 421 and 501 are similar, exhibit statistically significant soft X-ray excesses, lack low-energy absorption, and are best fitted by power laws over the 2-30-keV range with respective photon indices of approximately 0.91 and 1.2 and respective hydrogen column densities of less than 8 x 10 to the 21st per sq cm and no more than 1.8 x 10 to the 22nd per sq cm. It is noted that the spectral index for both sources is identical, within errors, to the HF radio spectral index and that Mrk 421 experienced a factor of 6 decrease in the 2-10-keV band over a six-month period. A tentative identification of PKS 0548-322 with the source H0548-32 is suggested.

Mushotzky, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Harmonic structure of Pc 3-4 pulsations

Power spectra of magnetic pulsations observed at synchronous orbit by the ATS 6 satellite often show several spectral peaks simultaneously. Such pulsations, called harmonic events because of the nearly constant separation between successive peaks, are continuously observed in the dayside in the Pc 3-4 frequency range (6.6-100 mHz). The harmonic events are seen clearly only in the east-west magnetic field component. The spectral peaks are regularly spaced with a typical minimum separation of 14 mHz in the morning gradually decreasing to 10 mHz in the afternoon. In the dynamic spectra of harmonic events, the fundamental mode is usually absent. In addition, the relative amplitudes of the higher harmonics depend on the magnetic latitude. These observed features can be explained by a standing Alfven wave consisting of many discrete harmonic frequencies. A statistical analysis of power spectra demonstrates that at least 10-30% of Pc 3 pulsations can be classified as harmonic events. For a selected event on August 7, 1975, the plasma mass density at the synchronous orbit is estimated to be 3-8 hydrogen mass/cu cm.

Takahashi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

An efficient approach for statistical calculations with globally gridded filtered time series

The formulas for performing several statistical calculations based on Fourier coefficients are presented for use in atmospheric observational studies. The calculations discussed include a method for estimating the degree of temporal freedoms of two correlated time series and a method for performing seasonal analyses using a half-year summer/winter projection operator in the frequency domain. A modified lag-correlation calculation is proposed for obtaining lag correlations in the frequency domain. Also, a spectral approach for Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Extended EOF analysis is given which reduces the size of the matrix to be solved in the eigenproblem.

Gao, X. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A statistical VLBI study of milli-arcsecond cores in extragalactic radio sources

VLBI observations at 2.3 GHz with a baseline of approximately 8 x 10 to the 7th wavelengths were performed on a complete sample of 103 sources from the Parkes + or - 4 deg catalog. Compact milli-arcsec cores were found in 35 percent of all sources: in 80 percent of quasars, in 10 percent of galaxies, and in 20 percent of empty field sources. It is shown that for quasars the percentage of the source flux density coming from milli-arcsec cores increased with increasing radio spectral index, radio variability, and optical redness. It is noted that quasars with extended radio structure (not less than approximately 10 arcsec) seem more likely to have a detectable milli-arcsec core than do extended radio galaxies. The absence of a strong correlation between quasar milli-arcsec structure and redshift is found to be evidence for a lack of strong physical evolution in quasars.

Preston, R. A.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Spectral Energy Distributions for 258 Local Volume Galaxies

We present model spectral energy distribution (SED) fits to ultraviolet/optical/infrared observations for the 258 nearby galaxies in the Local Volume Legacy survey, a sample dominated by lower-luminosity dwarf irregular systems. The data for each galaxy include up to 26 spatially-integrated broadband and narrowband fluxes from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer, Spitzer Space Telescope, and Infrared Astronomical Satellite space-based platforms, and from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Two Micron All Sky Survey, and other ground-based efforts. The CIGALE SED fitting package is employed using a delayed star-formation history with an optional late burst or quenching episode to constrain 11 different free parameters that characterize the properties of each galaxy's stellar and dust emission, with the overriding constraint that the ultraviolet/optical emission absorbed by interstellar dust grains is emitted in equal energy portions at infrared wavelengths. The main results are: (i) 94% of the SED fits yield reduced χ 2 values less than 3; (ii) the modeled stellar masses agree with those derived from 3.6 μm-based measures with a scatter of 0.07 dex; (iii) for a typical galaxy in the sample the SED-derived star-formation rate averaged over the past 100 Myr is about 88% of the value derived from standard hybrid indicators on similar timescales; and (iv) there is a statistically significant inverse relation between the stellar mass fraction appearing in the late burst and the total stellar mass. These results build upon prior SED modeling efforts in the local volume and lay the groundwork for future studies of more distant low-metallicity galaxies with JWST.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Leveraging design of experiments to build chemometric models for the quantification of uranium (VI) and HNO3 by Raman spectroscopy

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR) models were optimized for the quantification of U(VI) (10–320 g L −1 ) and HNO 3 (0.6–6 M) by Raman spectroscopy with optimized calibration sets chosen by optimal design of experiments. The designed approach effectively minimized the number of samples in the calibration set for PLSR and SVR by selecting sample concentrations with a quadratic process model, despite complex confounding and covarying spectral features in the spectra. The top PLS2 model resulted in percent root mean square errors of prediction for U(VI), HNO 3 , and NO 3 − of 3.7%, 3.6%, and 2.9%, respectively. PLS1 models performed similarly despite modeling an analyte with a majority linear response (i.e., uranyl symmetric stretch) and another with more covarying vibrational modes (i.e., HNO 3 ). Partial least squares (PLS) model loadings and regression coefficients were evaluated to better understand the relationship between weaker Raman bands and covarying spectral features. Support vector machine models outperformed PLS1 models, resulting in percent root mean square error of prediction values for U(VI) and HNO 3 of 1.5% and 3.1%, respectively. The optimal nonlinear SVR model was trained using a similar number of samples (11) compared with the PLSR model, even though PLS is a linear modeling approach. The generic D-optimal design presented in this work provides a robust statistical framework for selecting training set samples in disparate two-factor systems. This approach reinforces Raman spectroscopy for the quantification of species relevant to the nuclear fuel cycle and provides a robust chemometric modeling approach to bolster online monitoring in challenging process environments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1974

Engineering studies related to the GEOS-C radar altimeter

Experiment requirements, technical characteristics, and GEOS-C radar altimeter related analyses are discussed along with results of a study on engineering test data requirements. Statistical analyses related to determination of wave height resolution achievable as a function of system characteristics and averaging period are described, in addition to a discussion on the desirability of using computer procedures to compensate for altitude tracker time-jitter. Data processing considerations for the GEOS-C system are examined. An extensive analysis of the spatial filter effect is given and results of a computation of geoidal power spectral density, based on Skylab altimeter data, is displayed and interpreted in terms of projected GEOS-C random errors. This information is then used in deriving minimum-mean-square filter procedures for both geoid undulation and slope data. The characteristics of mean received waveforms as a function of off-nadir angle are used to obtain tracker bias as a function of sea state and pointing angle. The angle estimation process proposed by the GEOS-C hardware contractor is also investigated from a standpoint of achievable angular resolution.

Miller, L. S.↗