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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2024

Artificial Intelligence Workshop Report

The 4th NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Workshop, held during March 25-27, 2024, in Huntsville, AL, highlighted the significant potential of AI and machine learning (ML) in scientific research and processes. The workshop, supported by the NASA Office of Chief Science Data Officer (OCSDO), emphasized the critical role of foundation models (FMs) and large language models (LLMs) in advancing scientific disciplines. The event brought together domain scientists, computer scientists, AI experts, program managers, program scientists, and industry partners to address key challenges and explore opportunities in applying these advanced technologies.

Manil Maskey↗
NASA NTRS2025

NASA Planetary Protection Handbook

This handbook provides guidance to mission providers and Planetary Protection (PP) practitioners on implementing PP measures for both robotic and crewed space missions. This handbook represents major updates to PP practices since a previously drafted handbook from 2010. In 2017, NASA reorganized the Office of Planetary Protection (OPP) from the Science Mission Directorate (SMD) to a Technical Authority (TA) within the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (OSMA). With this organizational change came a complete overhaul of NASA’s PP policy and technical standards. This handbook reflects the latest NASA PP policy updates in NPR 8715.24, Planetary Protection Provisions for Robotic Extraterrestrial Missions and technical requirements of NASA-STD-8719.27, Implementing Planetary Protection Requirements for Space Flight. This handbook is a companion document to the NPR and technical standard and provides guidance, best practices, background information, and advice for practitioners to consider when implementing PP on NASA missions and NASA-partnered missions.

Nick Benardini↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

HWO Technology Roadmapping - High Sensitivity UV and Visible Band Technologies for Instrumentation

We report on ongoing efforts by the HWO Project Office at NASA Goddard to define technology development roadmaps for a variety of technologies relevant to the astrophysics instruments on the mission. We have been soliciting input from a variety of subject matter experts (SMEs) to define the necessary development paths to achieve a TRL of 5 by 2029, the necessary cost and investment, and the schedule over which the work can be achieved. This planning is directed by the performance requirements coming out of the START science working group studies and will enable the Project Office to define the Observatory Technology Maturation Plan by Summer 2025.

Paul Scowen↗
NASA NTRS2025

Astronaut Physiological Deconditioning and Exercise Prescription Countermeasures in Spaceflight

The human skeletal muscular and cardiovascular systems are adapted to the upright posture of Earth’s gravitational environment. Astronauts experience an altered gravity environment in spaceflight that leads to a number of physiological changes and decrements to these systems that can decrease overall crew performance. Countermeasures, including prescribed exercise during spaceflight, is vital for astronauts to maintain optimal health and performance. The degree of physiological deconditioning is dependent on a multitude of factors such as sex, age, mission duration, fitness level, and gravity environments experienced. Deconditioning begins immediately upon entering an altered gravity environment and physiological decrements of the skeletal muscular and cardiovascular systems are measurable among astronauts within a few days. Thus, to maintain their physical fitness, ability to perform mission duties, and be able to egress vehicles when needed, it is imperative that astronauts participate in exercise during all phases of flight. This is especially important for long duration flights where deconditioning effects can be more deleterious. The NASA Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer 3001 Standards Team develops requirements utilized by commercial and international partners to better understand spaceflight-induced physiological changes and countermeasures and expected outcomes with or without exercise.

exercise physiology↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Real Time Nitrogen Monitoring and Quality Control System for NASA Astromaterials Collection

The Nitrogen system is a vital utility supporting the curation office within NASA's Astromaterials Re-search and Exploration Science (ARES) Division at the Johnson Space center (JSC). Since the Apollo samples were returned in 1969. It has played an essential role in preserving NASA’s astromaterial collections (now nine collections) by maintaining contamination-free, controlled environments required for long term curation and advanced scientific research. To meet the stringent purity requirements for contamination control, high purity modified Grade C Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) is delivered weekly by an industrial gas vendor to a 15,000-gallon tank located outside at NASA JSC near the ARES facility. This nitrogen is vital for creating an inert atmosphere to store the collection in, ensuring they are continuously shielded from contaminants and alterations through a constant N2purge. For most of the past 65 years deliveries of LN2 have required a CoA (Certificate of Analysis) prior to delivery. If those were not available, then LN2 deliver were sent to third-party laboratories for verification, creating an operational bottleneck and quality gap. To address this challenge and maintain rigorous quality control, NASA JSC Infrastructure and Astromaterials Acquisition & Curation Office initiated the development of an on-site Analytical Gas Sampling (AGS) Laboratory. Designed to streamline quality verification if a CoA unavailable, the AGS lab was constructed by a subcontractor in Newton, NJ. After a successful factory acceptance test conducted by the NASA ARES Infrastructure team, the lab was trans-ported to NASA JSC, where it was anchored and integrated into the site’s nitrogen pressure system using stainless steel, oxygen-cleaned tubing. The ARES nitrogen system was modified to provide parallel flows to the AGS lab for quality control and to the astromaterials collection labs for maintaining an inert environment. The AGS lab features two operational modes: (1)Primary: Gaseous Nitrogen (GN2) Quality Monitoring –The AGS system continuously samples the site’s GN2 supply every 15 minutes to ensure compliance with required purity levels. (2) Secondary: LN2 Quality Verification when a comprehensive CoA is not available, a cryogenic vaporizer converts LN2 to GN2, which is then analyzed for impurities: H₂, Ar, O₂, CO, CO₂, H₂O, and total hydrocarbons (THC). By significantly enhancing on-site analytical capabilities, the AGS lab eliminates reliance on external testing, ensures uninterrupted quality monitoring of the nitrogen pressure system, and reinforces NASA’s commitment to preserving pristine astromaterials under the highest standards of curation and research integrity.

glove box↗
NASA NTRS1988

OAST Technology for the Future. Executive Summary

NASA's Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST) conducted a workshop on the In-Space Technology Experiments Program (IN-STEP) December 6-9, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia. The purpose of this workshop was to identify and prioritize space technologies which are critical for future national space programs and which require validation in the space environment. A secondary objective was to review the current NASA (In-Reach) and Industry/University (Out-Reach) experiments. Finally, the aerospace community was requested to review and comment on the proposed plans for the continuation of the In-Space Technology Experiments Program. In particular, the review included the proposed process for focusing the next experiment selection on specific, critical technologies and the process for implementing the hardware development and integration on the Space Shuttle vehicle. The product of the workshop was a prioritized listing of the critical space technology needs in each of eight technology disciplines. These listings were the cumulative recommendations of nearly 400 participants, which included researchers, technologists, and managers from aerospace industries, universities, and government organizations.

BMDO COLLECTION↗
NASA NTRS1993

Earthbound applications for NASA's physician workstation

The dream of a space probe to Mars or an astronaut colony on the moon persists. Despite years of setbacks and delays, NASA continues to lay the foundation for a new frontier in space. The necessity of a self contained health maintenance facility is an integral part of this stellar venture. As a subsystem of this health maintenance facility, the physician or astronaut workstation was envisioned as the vehicle of interface between the computer resources of the space station and the care provider. Our efforts to define and build this interface have resulted in a series of programs which can now be tested and refined using earth-based applications. The modules which have dual-use application from the NASA workstation include: patient scheduling and master patient index, pharmacy, laboratory, medical library, problem list/progress notes, and digital medical records. Our current plan is to develop these tools as objects that can be assembled in a variety of configurations. This will allow the technology to be used by the private sector where each doctor can select the starting point of his outpatient office system and add modules as he makes progress in system integration and training.

NASA Discipline Number 70-30↗
NASA NTRS2012

NASA Integrated Network COOP

Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, civil unrest, and other events have the potential of disrupting mission-essential operations in any space communications network. NASA's Space Communications and Navigation office (SCaN) is in the process of studying options for integrating the three existing NASA network elements, the Deep Space Network, the Near Earth Network, and the Space Network, into a single integrated network with common services and interfaces. The need to maintain Continuity of Operations (COOP) after a disastrous event has a direct impact on the future network design and operations concepts. The SCaN Integrated Network will provide support to a variety of user missions. The missions have diverse requirements and include anything from earth based platforms to planetary missions and rovers. It is presumed that an integrated network, with common interfaces and processes, provides an inherent advantage to COOP in that multiple elements and networks can provide cross-support in a seamless manner. The results of trade studies support this assumption but also show that centralization as a means of achieving integration can result in single points of failure that must be mitigated. The cost to provide this mitigation can be substantial. In support of this effort, the team evaluated the current approaches to COOP, developed multiple potential approaches to COOP in a future integrated network, evaluated the interdependencies of the various approaches to the various network control and operations options, and did a best value assessment of the options. The paper will describe the trade space, the study methods, and results of the study.

Continuity of Operations (COOP)↗
NASA NTRS2012

NASA Integrated Network Monitor and Control Software Architecture

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Communications and Navigation office (SCaN) has commissioned a series of trade studies to define a new architecture intended to integrate the three existing networks that it operates, the Deep Space Network (DSN), Space Network (SN), and Near Earth Network (NEN), into one integrated network that offers users a set of common, standardized, services and interfaces. The integrated monitor and control architecture utilizes common software and common operator interfaces that can be deployed at all three network elements. This software uses state-of-the-art concepts such as a pool of re-programmable equipment that acts like a configurable software radio, distributed hierarchical control, and centralized management of the whole SCaN integrated network. For this trade space study a model-based approach using SysML was adopted to describe and analyze several possible options for the integrated network monitor and control architecture. This model was used to refine the design and to drive the costing of the four different software options. This trade study modeled the three existing self standing network elements at point of departure, and then described how to integrate them using variations of new and existing monitor and control system components for the different proposed deployments under consideration. This paper will describe the trade space explored, the selected system architecture, the modeling and trade study methods, and some observations on useful approaches to implementing such model based trade space representation and analysis.

Next Generation Uplink↗
NASA NTRS1996

High Speed Simulator - A Simulator for All Seasons

This paper will discuss the evolution of the Multimission Ground Systems Office's (MGSO) High Speed Spacecraft Simulator (HSS) development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This paper will examine the evolution from both a development and operations perspective. The HSS in reality is a series of simulators capable of modeling the spacecraft and its subsystems at either the bit or functional level, depending on specific mission needs.

command↗
NASA NTRS2023

A Pilot Project for Quantifying the Effect of Medical Provider Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities on Outcomes for Spaceflight Using a Probabilistic Risk Assessment Tool

In order to enable the future of long-duration deep space exploration we must confront the uncertainty in medical risk. Limitations of communication, resupply, and evacuation in deep space will require a high degree of crew autonomy and accurate risk assessment will be critical to ensure adequate crew training and medical system design. To address this, NASA’s Human Research Program Exploration Medical Capability Element has developed the Informing Mission Planning via Analysis of Complex Tradespaces Tool (IMPACT). IMPACT is a suite of tools that can provide evidence-based, data-driven trade space assessments between available medical resources in the mass- and volume-constrained environment of a deep space exploration vehicle. In the current model, medical conditions either can or cannot be treated based on the availability of medical system resources and equipment. However, medical outcomes often depend just as much on the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) of the provider operating the system. This paper presents a method for modeling and quantifying the effect of medical officer KSA on medically relevant mission risk outcomes during spaceflight.

capabilities↗
NASA NTRS1962

Paraglider Recovery Systems

In 1945 it occurred to the writer that if we could discover how to make flexible wings that could be packaged and deployed somewhat like a parachute, such wings would have many new applications as well as replacing some parachutes and rigid wings. Previous uses of flexible materials in aerodynamic surfaces - parachutes, kites, boat sails, and wind mills - were reviewed, and some crude experiments were performed with gliders and kites. Before the end of 1948, the device now generally called a paraglider was evolved and developed sufficiently to merit a patent application. The study was continued privately as time permitted, and in 1954 a short paper on the subject was presented to an audience of about 50 Reserve Air Force officers. This paper was given rather wide distribution, although it suffers from lack of the many kite and glider demonstrations of the original presentation. Little serious interest was shown by the aeronautical community, however, until about a year after Sputnik I. In December 1958 the flexible-wing concept was presented to the Langley Committee on General Aerodynamics with the aid of the hurriedly prepared charts shown in figure 1, faithfully reproduced here for historical purposes.

Flexible wing↗
NASA NTRS1962

HUMAN CONTROL PERFORMANCE AND TOLERANCE UNDER SEVERE COMPLEX WAVE FORM VIBRATION, WITH A PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL REVIEW OF FLIGHT SIMULATION

What can we do, preparing for these pioneers, to insure that these expected vibrations will not jeopardize their lives nor their missions? This paper will describe one approach, of attempting to simulate the expected and more than the expected complex wave form vibrations to determine tolerance and pilot control capabilities, to attempt to find solutions in simulation before the first flights in reality. The experimental work to be described was done in November, 1959, and June, 1960, on the Johnsville Navy human centrifuge, at the Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory, U.S. Naval Air Development Center, Johnsville, Pennsylvania, and in June, 1960, on the North American "G-seat", the vertical accelerator of the North American Aviation Co., Inc., Columbus, Ohio, while the author was Jostle Program Officer at the Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory. The experimental work was the subject of the confidential reports NADC-MA-L6005 and NADC-MA-6128, U.S. Naval Air Development Center, and NA60H-444, North American Aviation, Inc., Columbus. Unclassified aspects can now be reported.

Vibration↗
NASA NTRS1963

ADVANCED VALVE TECHNOLOGY FOR SPACECRAFT ENGINES FINAL REPORT

This final report describes the work that was done to determine the state-of-the-art of valves required for space exploration vehicles and the steps that were taken to advance the technology. Interviews were held with personnel of major prime manufacturers to determine current problems and current and future requirements. Manufacturers were surveyed by mail to determine what equipment is presently being produced. An extensive search of patent office files was made to determine if any novel valve concepts not already applied to aerospace valves might exist. A literature search was conducted to provide the necessary technical information that was required for the program. Several extensive studies were made to determine the effects on materials resulting from use in space applications, and an investigation of the basic phenomena of valve seat wear was initiated. With the information developed in the surveys and studies, the significant problems associated with valves were identified and are described under "Discussion of Problems. " A novel valve concept was developed and a prototype valve was built and successfully tested. A seal compound of Teflon and stainless steel was developed which possesses superior cold flow characteristics while retaining the desirable properties of the basic Teflon material.

Spacecraft propulsion↗
NASA NTRS1963

Telstar I, volume 1

NASA Special Publication SP-32 is being published in accordance with the cooperative agreement executed on July 27, 1961 between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company for the development and experimental testing of active communications satellites. This report consists of four volumes. The first three are composed of papers originally published together as a regular issue of the Bell System Technical Journal. The fourth volume, to be published at a later date, will contain pertinent papers contributed by various authors at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; the General Post Office of the United Kingdom; the Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications, France; and Telespazio, Italy.

SATELLITE DESIGN↗
NASA NTRS1963

Telstar I, Volume 2

NASA Special Publication SP-32 is being published in accordance with the cooperative agreement executed on July 27, 1961 between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company for the development and experimental testing of active communications satellites. This report consists of four volumes. The first three are composed of papers originally published together as a regular issue of the Bell System Technical Journal. The fourth volume, to be published at a later date, will contain pertinent papers contributed by various authors at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; the General Post Office of the United Kingdom; the Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications, France; and Telespazio, Italy.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION↗
NASA NTRS1963

Telstar I, Volume 3

NASA Special Publication SP-32 is being published in accordance with the cooperative agreement executed on July 27, 1961 between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company for the development and experimental testing of active communications satellites. This report consists of four volumes. The first three are composed of papers originally published together as a regular issue of the Bell System Technical Journal. The fourth volume, to be published at a later date, will contain pertinent papers contributed by various authors at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; the General Post Office of the United Kingdom; the Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications, France; and Telespazio, Italy.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM↗