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At least 1,027 records · Page 57

Sequentially evaporated thin Y-Ba-Co-O superconducting films on microwave substrates

The development of high T sub c superconducting thin films on various microwave substrates is of major interest in space electronic systems. Thin films of YBa2Cu3O(7-Delta) were formed on SrTiO3, MgO, ZrO2 coated Al2O3, and LaAlO3 substrates by multi-layer sequential evaporation and subsequent annealing in oxygen. The technique allows controlled deposition of Cu, BaF2 and Y layers, as well as the ZrO buffer layers, to achieve reproducibility for microwave circuit fabrication. The three layer structure of Cu/BaF2/Y is repeated a minimum of four times. The films were annealed in an ambient of oxygen bubbled through water at temperatures between 850 C and 900 C followed by slow cooling (-2 C/minute) to 450 C, a low temperature anneal, and slow cooling to room temperature. Annealing times ranged from 15 minutes to 5 hrs. at high temperature and 0 to 6 hr. at 450 C. Silver contacts for four probe electrical measurements were formed by evaporation followed with an anneal at 500 C. The films were characterized by resistance-temperature measurements, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Critical transition temperatures ranged from 30 K to 87 K as a function of the substrate, composition of the film, thicknesses of the layers, and annealing conditions. Microwave ring resonator circuits were also patterned on these MgO and LaAlO3 substrates.

Valco, G. J.↗

Next Steps: Laying the Groundwork for Bundle Protocol v7

Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) is a networking model and protocol suite that extends the terrestrial internet to the challenging communication environments of space. These environments are typically subject to frequent disruptions, which can cause delays or errors. DTN protects data transmission by wrapping data into bundles (similar to Internet Protocol packets), storing them until a connection can be established between two nodes (similar to terrestrial routers or computers), and forwarding them to their destinations. Bundle Protocol (BP) is responsible for generating those bundles and creates the transport layer of DTN, much like how Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) create the transport layer of the Internet Protocol. BPv6 is the current, accepted version of the Bundle Protocol standard. However, recent missions and test implementations have revealed missing components and areas for improvement in the standard. Using lessons learned from NASA missions and gathering inspiration from the Internet Protocol, BPv7 is intended to be a more robust Bundle Protocol that improves upon its predecessor and increases the technology readiness level of the DTN architecture. The DTN Standard Interface Design team, a sub-team of the DTN Infusion Project at the Goddard Space Flight Center, worked to create a dictionary of terms for bundle components and functional decomposition of the protocol. These efforts aided in the standardization of BP interfaces, something missing from BPv6, and supported parallel network management and configuration work. This standardization will ultimately contribute to LunaNet (a lunar communications and navigation architecture that will bring networking, positioning, navigation, timing and science services to the Moon), the Solar System Internet (SSI), and expand crewed and uncrewed space exploration opportunities.

DTN↗

Next Steps: Laying the Groundwork for Bundle Protocol v7

Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) is a networking model and protocol suite that extends the terrestrial internet to the challenging communication environments of space. These environments are typically subject to frequent disruptions, which can cause delays or errors. DTN protects data transmission by wrapping data into bundles (similar to Internet Protocol packets), storing them until a connection can be established between two nodes (similar to terrestrial routers or computers), and forwarding them to their destinations. Bundle Protocol (BP) is responsible for generating those bundles and creates the transport layer of DTN, much like how Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) create the transport layer of the Internet Protocol. BPv6 is the current, accepted version of the Bundle Protocol standard. However, recent missions and test implementations have revealed missing components and areas for improvement in the standard. Using lessons learned from NASA missions and gathering inspiration from the Internet Protocol, BPv7 is intended to be a more robust Bundle Protocol that improves upon its predecessor and increases the technology readiness level of the DTN architecture. The DTN Standard Interface Design team, a sub-team of the DTN Infusion Project at the Goddard Space Flight Center, worked to create a dictionary of terms for bundle components and functional decomposition of the protocol. These efforts aided in the standardization of BP interfaces, something missing from BPv6, and supported parallel network management and configuration work. This standardization will ultimately contribute to LunaNet (a lunar communications and navigation architecture that will bring networking, positioning, navigation, timing and science services to the Moon), the Solar System Internet (SSI), and expand crewed and uncrewed space exploration opportunities.

dtn↗

Effects of unsteady shock impingement on high-speed gaseous mixing

Tests are performed to determine the effects of impinging oscillating shocks of different frequencies on a 15 deg downstream angled, underexpanded, sonic helium jet injected into a supersonic airflow. Information on mixing, penetration, total pressure loss, and turbulence structure from these tests is employed to estimate mixing control achieved by adding an oscillating shock to the helium injection flow field. The principal result of this study is that impingement of an oscillating shock on a high-speed shear layer can be utilized to control the rate of mixing.

Wood, C. W.↗

Characteristics of the boundary-layer equations of the minimum time-to-climb problem

In many singular perturbation solutions of optimal control problems, the most difficult numerical task is to solve the boundary-layer equations. However, these equations have a special structure that may often be used to expedite their solution. This paper begins by noting the general nature of the boundary-layer equations for optimal control problems. These results are then applied to the aircraft minimum time-to-climb problem. A specific numerical example is considered to illustrate the characteristics of the solution of the boundary-layer equations for this problem.

Ardema, M. D.↗

Numerical experiments on the stability of controlled shear flows

Three-dimensional, nonlinear simulations are presented for the parallel water boundary layer subjected to pressure gradient, suction, or heating control. The focus is on the secondary instability responsible for the K-type transition. Heating control is found to be the least effective in delaying the secondary instability. Flow-field details (including temperature profiles) are presented for both the uncontrolled boundary layer and the heated boundary layer.

Zang, T. A.↗

Recommendations on setup in simulating atmospheric gravity waves under conventionally neutral boundary layer conditions

Wind farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves have been the subject of recent research as they can impact wind farm performance. Pressure variations associated with gravity waves can contribute to the global blockage effect and wind farm wake recovery. Therefore, accurate numerical simulation of flow fields, where wind-farm-induced gravity waves may be produced, is important. Three main considerations in such simulations are the overall domain size, the use of Rayleigh damping near domain boundaries to dampen gravity waves, and advection damping at the inlet to prevent spurious oscillations. Often these considerations are treated ad hoc rather than systematically. This work aims to test and extend the systematic modelling of internal gravity waves proposed in a preliminary investigation to modelling of both internal and trapped gravity waves. The preliminary study identifies the length scales to set the domain and damping layer sizes and the time scale to configure the Rayleigh damping coefficient but under linearly stratified conditions. Large eddy simulations of flow through a wind farm canopy are performed under conventionally neutral boundary layer (CNBL) conditions to test the validity of proposed setups for CNBL conditions. Background atmospheric parameters, such as Froude number (Fr), inversion height (H i ), and inversion layer Froude number (Fr i ) control most of the atmospheric gravity wave characteristics. We validated for CBNL conditions that the effective wavelengths of the internal gravity waves are the correct length scale to configure the domain size and damping layer thickness. Likewise, the optimum damping coefficient to dampen the internal gravity waves relates to the free atmosphere's buoyancy frequency or buoyant perturbations' time scale. We infer that the damping coefficient in the inversion layer may relate to the inversion buoyancy frequency to effectively dampen the trapped gravity waves. Moreover, the advection damping length is linked to the horizontal wavelength of the trapped gravity waves in the inversion layer to prevent spurious waves at the inlet by retaining wave energy accumulation.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

CFD analysis for high speed inlets

The increased national interest in high speed flight has increased research for high speed propulsion components. The highly 3-D flows present in supersonic/hypersonic inlets are currently being studied at NASA-Lewis both experimentally and computationally using a family of steady Parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) and Navier-Stokes (NS) solvers and unsteady NS solvers. Some of the results of these efforts are presented with an emphasis on the comparison of the computational and experimental results. The flow in high speed inlets typically involves the interaction of compression shock waves and boundary layers on the internal surfaces. The fundamentals of these interactions have been studied experimentally for many years, while more recently, computations have been used to study these complex 3-D flow fields. Attempts to control the flow through boundary layer bleed are being investigated computationally prior to wind tunnel experiments. The ultimate goal is the higher performing inlets required for high speed flight.

Benson, Tom↗

Tunable Growth of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets through Hydrothermal Conversion of Atomic Layer Deposition Seed Layers

To enable the design and manufacturing of hierarchical nanomaterial architectures, there is a need for synthesis and processing methods that can enable tunable geometric control at the nanoscale while maintaining conformality on complex 3-D templates. Here, in this study, we explore the programmable control of vertically oriented Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet arrays using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to deposit a seed layer of Al 2 O 3 , which is subsequently consumed and converted into the LDH phase under hydrothermal growth conditions. We demonstrate tunable control over the spacing and length of the nanosheets by varying the thickness of the initial ALD seed layer with subnanometer precision. This can be viewed as a nanoscale titration reaction, where Al acts as the limiting reagent during the hydrothermal synthesis of the nanosheets. Elemental mapping demonstrates the dynamic evolution of the resulting morphology, which is driven by surface diffusion and nucleation processes. The conformal nature of ALD allows for hierarchical growth of nanosheets on the surface of a variety of nonplanar substrate geometries, including microposts, paper fibers, and porous ceramic supports. This illustrates the power of ALD to enable bottom-up growth of 3-D nanoarchitectures with tunable geometries by controlling nucleation and growth in subsequent solution reactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Properties and Controlling Processes of Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei in Marine Boundary Layer Over Eastern North Atlantic (Final Report)

Remote marine low cloud systems have large spatial and temporal coverages. Because of their relatively low optical thickness and background aerosol concentrations, marine low clouds are particularly susceptible to perturbations in aerosols associated with anthropogenic emissions. Recent studies show that a large fraction of the global aerosol indirect forcing can be attributed to changes in marine low clouds, despite their relatively long distance from most anthropogenic sources. Currently, there remain large uncertainties in the magnitude of the global aerosol indirect radiative forcing. One major contribution to this large uncertainty derives from poor understanding of the aerosols under natural conditions, the perturbation by anthropogenic emissions, and the processes that drive them. In this project, we took advantage of the comprehensive, multi-dimensional characterization of meteorological parameters, trace gases, aerosol, cloud, and drizzle fields during the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) and the long-term measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site on Graciosa Island. By synergistically combining in situ measurements, remote sensing retrievals, and model simulations, we quantified aerosol properties in the ENA, their vertical profiles, and variations with season, synoptic state, and airmass. We investigated key aerosol processes, including entrainment of free troposphere aerosol into marine boundary layer, new particle formation, growth of Aitken mode particles, and the influences of these processes on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) population in marine boundary layer. The representation of key aerosol processes in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) was evaluated using the observations. This project has led to 26 publications, which are listed at the end of this report.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Direct Simulation of Evolution and Control of Three-Dimensional Instabilities in Attachment-Line Boundary Layers

The spatial evolution of three-dimensional disturbances in an attachment-line boundary layer is computed by direct numerical simulation of the unsteady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Disturbances are introduced into the boundary layer by harmonic sources that involve unsteady suction and blowing through the wall. Various harmonic- source generators are implemented on or near the attachment line, and the disturbance evolutions are compared. Previous two-dimensional simulation results and nonparallel theory are compared with the present results. The three-dimensional simulation results for disturbances with quasi-two-dimensional features indicate growth rates of only a few percent larger than pure two-dimensional results; however, the results are close enough to enable the use of the more computationally efficient, two-dimensional approach. However, true three-dimensional disturbances are more likely in practice and are more stable than two-dimensional disturbances. Disturbances generated off (but near) the attachment line spread both away from and toward the attachment line as they evolve. The evolution pattern is comparable to wave packets in at-plate boundary-layer flows. Suction stabilizes the quasi-two-dimensional attachment-line instabilities, and blowing destabilizes these instabilities; these results qualitatively agree with the theory. Furthermore, suction stabilizes the disturbances that develop off the attachment line. Clearly, disturbances that are generated near the attachment line can supply energy to attachment-line instabilities, but suction can be used to stabilize these instabilities.

Joslin, Ronald D.↗

Physical Processes Controlling the Spatial Distributions of Relative Humidity in the Tropical Tropopause Layer over the Pacific

The spatial distribution of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHI) in the boreal wintertime tropical tropopause layer (TTL, is asymptotically Equal to 14-18 km) over the Pacific is examined with the measurements provided by the NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment. We also compare the measured RHI distributions with results from a transport and microphysical model driven by meteorological analysis fields. Notable features in the distribution of RHI versus temperature and longitude include (1) the common occurrence of RHI values near ice saturation over the western Pacific in the lower to middle TTL; (2) low RHI values in the lower TTL over the central and eastern Pacific; (3) common occurrence of RHI values following a constant mixing ratio in the middle to upper TTL (temperatures between 190 and 200 K); (4) RHI values typically near ice saturation in the coldest airmasses sampled; and (5) RHI values typically near 100% across the TTL temperature range in air parcels with ozone mixing ratios less than 50 ppbv. We suggest that the typically saturated air in the lower TTL over the western Pacific is likely driven by a combination of the frequent occurrence of deep convection and the predominance of rising motion in this region. The nearly constant water vapor mixing ratios in the middle to upper TTL likely result from the combination of slow ascent (resulting in long residence times) and wave-driven temperature variability. The numerical simulations generally reproduce the observed RHI distribution features, and sensitivity tests further emphasize the strong influence of convective input and vertical motions on TTL relative humidity.

Jensen, Eric J.↗

Silicon Carbide Gas Sensors for Propulsion Emissions and Safety Applications

Silicon carbide (SiC) based gas sensors have the ability to meet the needs of a range of aerospace propulsion applications including emissions monitoring, leak detection, and hydrazine monitoring. These applications often require sensitive gas detection in a range of environments. An effective sensing approach to meet the needs of these applications is a Schottky diode based on a SiC semiconductor. The primary advantage of using SiC as a semiconductor is its inherent stability and capability to operate at a wide range of temperatures. The complete SiC Schottky diode gas sensing structure includes both the SiC semiconductor and gas sensitive thin film metal layers; reliable operation of the SiC-based gas sensing structure requires good control of the interface between these gas sensitive layers and the SiC. This paper reports on the development of SiC gas sensors. The focus is on two efforts to better control the SiC gas sensitive Schottky diode interface. First, the use of palladium oxide (PdOx) as a barrier layer between the metal and SiC is discussed. Second, the use of atomically flat SiC to provide an improved SiC semiconductor surface for gas sensor element deposition is explored. The use of SiC gas sensors in a multi-parameter detection system is briefly discussed. It is concluded that SiC gas sensors have potential in a range of propulsion system applications, but tailoring of the sensor for each application is necessary.

Hunter, G. W.↗

Performance Characteristics of a Normal-shock Side Inlet Located Downstream of a Canard Control Surface at Mach Numbers of 1.5 and 1.8/

The performance characteristics of a downward canted normal-shock side (scoop) inlet located downstream of a triangular control surface are presented for free-stream Mach numbers of 1.5 and 1.8 in terms of total pressure recovery and mass flow ratio for various boundary-layer removal systems,angles of attack, control surface deflections and adverse yaw. An engine operating condition for a hypothetical turbojet engine is established, and the match point characteristics of the engine-inlet configuration are summarized. 520::It is shown that the diffuser performance increases with increased boundary-layer removal and decreases because of the presence of the wake from the forward control surface. At the higher angles of attack the wake passes over the inlet and does not affect the inlet performance. Adverse yaw reduces the total pressure recovery values below those for the unawed case. Magnitudes of the total pressure recovery were below the theoretical normal-shock recovery for the respective test Mach numbers.

INLETS, SIDE - DUCTED BODIES↗

On the nonlinear three dimensional instability of Stokes layers and other shear layers to pairs of oblique waves

The nonlinear evolution of a pair of initially oblique waves in a high Reynolds Number Stokes layer is studied. Attention is focused on times when disturbances of amplitude epsilon have O(epsilon(exp 1/3)R) growth rates, where R is the Reynolds number. The development of a pair of oblique waves is then controlled by nonlinear critical-layer effects. Viscous effects are included by studying the distinguished scaling epsilon = O(R(exp -1)). This leads to a complicated modification of the kernel function in the integro-differential amplitude equation. When viscosity is not too large, solutions to the amplitude equation develop a finite-time singularity, indicating that an explosive growth can be introduced by nonlinear effects; we suggest that such explosive growth can lead to the bursts observed in experiments. Increasing the importance of viscosity generally delays the occurrence of the finite-time singularity, and sufficiently large viscosity may lead to the disturbance decaying exponentially. For the special case when the streamwise and spanwise wavenumbers are equal, the solution can evolve into a periodic oscillation. A link between the unsteady critical-layer approach to high-Reynolds-number flow instability, and the wave vortex approach is identified.

Wu, Xuesong↗

Formation mechanism of two-dimensional hexagonal silica on SiO 2 /Si substrate

In this study, owing to their remarkable electronic properties, silica ultrathin films have been utilized as an insulating layer in nanoelectronics systems. Silica films have been epitaxially grown on different substrates using various synthesis methods. Among all fabrication approaches, chemical vapor deposition has long been an advanced method for synthesizing two-dimensional (2D) materials due to its ability to ensure precise stacking control and minimize contamination between layers. This study harnessed the potential of CVD to atomically fabricate thin layered 2D silica on a SiO 2 /Si substrate. Significantly, a unique combination of multiple transition metals and salt as the catalysts aided the formation of 2D silica for the first time. Salt is a crucial catalyst in promoting the evaporation of high-melting-point metal catalysts, resulting in hexagonal nucleation sites on the SiO 2 /Si wafer. By meticulously controlling growth parameters, a distinctive hexagonal structure was obtained. Correspondingly, this work delves into the growth mechanism of 2D silica, as evidenced by experiments involving salt alone and individual transition metals. Group VB transition metals played a prominent role in achieving the hexagonal structure compared to their group IVB counterparts. This research offers insight into the formation and growth mechanism of 2D silica, expanding the understanding of silica nanostructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The Keck keyword layer

Each Keck instrument presents a consistent software view to the user interface programmer. The view consists of a small library of functions, which are identical for all instruments, and a large set of keywords, that vary from instrument to instrument. All knowledge of the underlying task structure is hidden from the application programmer by the keyword layer. Image capture software uses the same function library to collect data for the image header. Because the image capture software and the instrument control software are built on top of the same keyword layer, a given observation can be 'replayed' by extracting keyword-value pairs from the image header and passing them back to the control system. The keyword layer features non-blocking as well as blocking I/O. A non-blocking keyword write operation (such as setting a filter position) specifies a callback to be invoked when the operation is complete. A non-blocking keyword read operation specifies a callback to be invoked whenever the keyword changes state. The keyword-callback style meshes well with the widget-callback style commonly used in X window programs. The first keyword library was built for the two Keck optical instruments. More recently, keyword libraries have been developed for the infrared instruments and for telescope control. Although the underlying mechanisms used for inter-process communication by each of these systems vary widely (Lick MUSIC, Sun RPC, and direct socket I/O, respectively), a basic user interface has been written that can be used with any of these systems. Since the keyword libraries are bound to user interface programs dynamically at run time, only a single set of user interface executables is needed. For example, the same program, 'xshow', can be used to display continuously the telescope's position, the time left in an instrument's exposure, or both values simultaneously. Less generic tools that operate on specific keywords, for example an X display that controls optical instrument exposures, have also been written using the keyword layer.

Conrad, A. R.↗

Exploratory study on microanalysis of thin films by backscattering techniques

Solid phase epitaxial growth of Si layers was studied by backscattering spectrometry for controllable electrical characteristics. Samples were fabricated by vacuum deposition on a thin layer of Sb before deposition of the amorphous Si layer. Analysis of the resulting SPEG layer showed that Sb was present in the SPEG layer of Si. The characteristic of the SPEG layer against the Si substrate was rectifying. A scanning microprobe picture of a cleaved sample established the presence of a depletion region more than 1 micron below the surface. Hall effect data indicated that the SPEG layer was n-type, with average free carrier concentration of about 10 to the 19th power cm/3 and average electron mobility of about 40 sq cm/Vs. SPEG with Pd silicide or Ni silicide transport layers showed fast initial transient growth regimes with slower growth in the steady state regimes.

Mayer, J. W.↗