Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “channel estimation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57

Restoration of color images by multichannel Kalman filtering

A Kalman filter for optimal restoration of multichannel images is presented. This filter is derived using a multichannel semicausal image model that includes between-channel degradation. Both stationary and nonstationary image models are developed. This filter is implemented in the Fourier domain and computation is reduced from O(Lambda3N3M4) to O(Lambda3N3M2) for an M x M N-channel image with degradation length Lambda. Color (red, green, and blue (RGB)) images are used as examples of multichannel images, and restoration in the RGB and YIQ domains is investigated. Simulations are presented in which the effectiveness of this filter is tested for different types of degradation and different image model estimates.

Galatsanos, Nikolas P.↗

Light scattering by marine heterotrophic bacteria

Mie theory is applied to estimate scattering by polydispersions of marine heterotrophic bacteria, and a simple expression is derived for the bacterial scattering coefficient. The error incurred in deriving bacterial optical properties by use of the van de Hulst approximations is computed. The scattering properties of natural bacterial assemblages in three marine environments, Georges Bank, Northeast Channel, and Sargasso Sea, are assessed by applying Mie theory to field data on bacterial size and abundance. Results are used to examine the potential contribution of bacteria to the scattering properties of seawater. The utility of using pigment data to predict the magnitude of scattering by bacteria is discussed.

Ulloa, Osvaldo↗

Improvements in Night-Time Low Cloud Detection and MODIS-Style Cloud Optical Properties from MSG SEVIRI

The MODIS cloud optical properties algorithm (MOD06IMYD06 for Terra and Aqua MODIS, respectively) slated for production in Data Collection 6 has been adapted to execute using available channels on MSG SEVIRI. Available MODIS-style retrievals include IR Window-derived cloud top properties, using the new Collection 6 cloud top properties algorithm, cloud optical thickness from VISINIR bands, cloud effective radius from 1.6 and 3.7Jlm and cloud ice/water path. We also provide pixel-level uncertainty estimate for successful retrievals. It was found that at nighttime the SEVIRI cloud mask tends to report unnaturally low cloud fraction for marine stratocumulus clouds. A correction algorithm that improves detection of such clouds has been developed. We will discuss the improvements to nighttime low cloud detection for SEVIRI and show examples and comparisons with MODIS and CALIPSO. We will also show examples of MODIS-style pixel-level (Level-2) cloud retrievals for SEVIRI with comparisons to MODIS.

Wind, Galina (Gala)↗

Model of Dust Thermal Emission of Comet 67p-Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the Rosetta-MIRO Instrument

The ESA's Rosetta spacecraft will arrive at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. The study of gas and dust emission is primary objective of several instruments on the Rosetta spacecraft, including the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO). We developed a model of dust thermal emission to estimate the detectability of dust in the vicinity of the nucleus with MIRO. Our model computes the power received by the MIRO antenna in limb viewing as a function of the geometry of the observations and the physical properties of the grains. We show that detection in the millimeter and submillimeter channels can be achieved near perihelion.

millimeter-submillimeter↗

Three-Channel Sunphotometer Cloud Mode Value-Added Product Report

A primary source of uncertainty in Earth system model (ESM) predictions is the representation of cloud processes and associated cloud feedback. Several fundamental cloud properties critical to the understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions are poorly constrained by observations, with key deficiencies in our observations of cloud and precipitation droplet sizes and cloud optical depth. Observations of these cloud properties are often challenging to estimate from remote-sensing platforms and costly to obtain from in situ aircraft. Nevertheless, observations of boundary-layer clouds, and improved knowledge of stratocumulus cloud (Sc) processes, are especially important to ESM advancement. This is because these clouds have extensive coverage and exert controls on boundary-layer dynamics and the global radiative energy balance.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Identification and estimation of the area planted with irrigated rice based on the visual interpretation of LANDSAT MSS data

The objective was to test the feasibility of the application of MSS-LANDSAT data to irrigated rice crop identification and area evaluation, within four rice growing regions of the Rio Grande do Sul state, in order to extend the methodology for the whole state. The applied methodology was visual interpretation of the following LANDSAT products: channels 5 and 7 black and white imageries and color infrared composite imageries all at the scale of 1:250.000. For crop identification and evaluation, the multispectral criterion and the seasonal variation were utilized. Based on the results it was possible to conclude that: (1) the satellite data were efficient for crop area identification and evaluation; (2) the utilization of the multispectral criterion, allied to the seasonal variation of the rice crop areas from the other crops and, (3) the large cloud cover percentage found in the satellite data made it impossible to realize a rice crop spectral monitoring and, therefore, to define the best dates for such data acquisition for rice crop assessment.

Parada, N. D. J.↗

A differential absorption technique to estimate atmospheric total water vapor amounts

Vertically integrated water-vapor amounts can be remotely determined by measuring the solar radiance reflected by the earth's surface with satellites or aircraft-based instruments. The technique is based on the method by Fowle (1912, 1913) and utilizes the 0.940-micron water-vapor band to retrieve total-water-vapor data that is independent of surface reflectance properties and other atmospheric constituents. A channel combination is proposed to provide more accurate results, the SE-590 spectrometer is used to verify the data, and the effects of atmospheric photon backscattering is examined. The spectrometer and radiosonde data confirm the accuracy of using a narrow and a wide channel centered on the same wavelength to determine water vapor amounts. The technique is suitable for cloudless conditions and can contribute to atmospheric corrections of land-surface parameters.

Frouin, Robert↗

Film Cooling Performance Prediction for Air and Supercritical CO 2

The current study explores the possibility of cooling the vanes and blades of a direct-fired sCO 2 turbine using film cooling. The operating conditions of a direct-fired sCO 2 cycle and thermophysical properties of the fluid at those conditions can alter the flow field characteristics of the coolant jet and its mixing with the mainstream. Very little information is present in the literature regarding the performance of film cooling geometries employing supercritical CO 2 . The objective of this study is to estimate the resulting film cooling effectiveness while also capturing the effects of the crossflow-to-mainstream velocity ratio on the coolant jet. Herein, a computational fluid dynamic model is used to study the coolant jet exiting a cylindrical hole located on a flat plate, with the coolant fed by an internal channel. Steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved along with the (shear-stress transport) SST k–ω model to provide the turbulence closure. The operating conditions for the direct-fired sCO 2 turbine are obtained using an in-house Cooled Turbine Model. Numerical predictions revealed that the crossflow effects and jet lift-off were more pronounced in the case of sCO 2 when compared to air. Spatial distribution of flow field and cooling effectiveness are presented at different operating conditions.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

Precise orbit determination of a geosynchronous satellite with differential very-long-baseline interferometry

The use of differential VLBI (DVLBI) to determine the orbit of a U.S. geosynchronous satellite with a position accuracy of a few meters is examined. DVLBI was employed to track the geosynchronous satellite DSCS-II; two observation channels with 2 MHz bandwidth each in a 2 GHz band were used to receive the telemetry signal of the satellite and quasar radio signals. The random observation, delay, station location, and quasar position errors are discussed. The correlation processing of the quasar and satellite signals is described. The accuracy of the estimated satellite position is evaluated using a covariance analysis. It is determined that the satellite position was estimated with an accuracy of about 4 m at the center of the observation arc. It is noted that the modeling error of the solar radiation pressure factor, ionospheric correction error, and observation error need to be corrected in order to provide more accurate orbit determinations.

Shiomi, Tadashi↗

Effects of RAM Exposure on a Low Earth Orbit BroadBand Radiometer (BBR): CERES Experience and Implications for EarthCARE

In order to best detect real changes in the Earth's climate system it is estimated that space based instrumentation measuring the global Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) must remain calibrated with a stability of 0.3% per decade. This level of stability is beyond the specified accuracy of existing ERB programs such as the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES, using three broadband radiometric scanning channels: the shortwave (SW 0.3 - 5?m), total (0.3 - >100 micron), and window (8 - 12 micron)). When in low earth orbit, it has been shown that optical response to blue-UV radiance can be reduced significantly (> 3%) due to UV hardened contaminants deposited on the surface of the optics. Evidence suggests that exposure of telescope optics to the forward looking ram direction is the primary cause of this contamination build up. With typical onboard calibration lamps emitting very low energy in the blue-UV region, this darkening is not directly measurable using standard internal calibration techniques. This paper describes a study using a model of ram exposure induced contaminant deposition and darkening, in conjunction standard established in-flight vicarious and internal calibration techniques to derive the spectral shape of the darkening to which a broadband instrument is subjected. The results of the model when applied to the CERES instruments are shown. These findings are of great importance to the EarthCARE project, whose BBR uses one broadband telescope permanently looking forward at 45 degrees, with continual exposure to the ram direction. Specific attention may therefore be needed in the design of BBR optics and on-board calibration in order to prevent or compensate for the spectral darkening seen in the CERES project.

Matthews, Grant↗

The Role of Margin in Link Design and Optimization

Link analysis is a system engineering process in the design, development, and operation of communication systems and networks. Link models that are mathematical abstractions representing the useful signal power and the undesirable noise and attenuation effects (including weather effects if the signal path transverses through the atmosphere) that are integrated into the link budget calculation that provides the estimates of signal power and noise power at the receiver. Then the link margin is applied which attempts to counteract the fluctuations of the signal and noise power to ensure reliable data delivery from transmitter to receiver. (Link margin is dictated by the link margin policy or requirements.) A simple link budgeting approach assumes link parameters to be deterministic values typically adopted a rule-of-thumb policy of 3 dB link margin. This policy works for most S- and X-band links due to their insensitivity to weather effects. But for higher frequency links like Ka-band, Ku-band, and optical communication links, it is unclear if a 3 dB link margin would guarantee link closure. Statistical link analysis that adopted the 2-sigma or 3-sigma link margin incorporates link uncertainties in the sigma calculation. (The Deep Space Network (DSN) link margin policies are 2-sigma for downlink and 3-sigma for uplink.) The link reliability can therefore be quantified statistically even for higher frequency links. However in the current statistical link analysis approach, link reliability is only expressed as the likelihood of exceeding the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold that corresponds to a given bit-error-rate (BER) or frame-error-rate (FER) requirement. The method does not provide the true BER or FER estimate of the link with margin, or the required signalto-noise ratio (SNR) that would meet the BER or FER requirement in the statistical sense. In this paper, we perform in-depth analysis on the relationship between BER/FER requirement, operating SNR, and coding performance curve, in the case when the channel coherence time of link fluctuation is comparable or larger than the time duration of a codeword. We compute the "true" SNR design point that would meet the BER/FER requirement by taking into account the fluctuation of signal power and noise power at the receiver, and the shape of the coding performance curve. This analysis yields a number of valuable insights on the design choices of coding scheme and link margin for the reliable data delivery of a communication system - space and ground. We illustrate the aforementioned analysis using a number of standard NASA error-correcting codes.

Cheung, K.↗

Pre-Launch Calibration and Validation of the Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (AirHARP) Instrument

The Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (AirHARP) is a new imaging polarimeter instrument capable of sampling a single Earth target from up to 120 viewing angles, in four spectral channels, and in three linear polarization states across a 114° field of view (FOV). AirHARP is telecentric in the image space and simultaneously images three linear polarization states with no moving parts. These two aspects of the design allow for a simple and efficient quantitative calibration. Using coefficients derived at the center of the lens and the detector flatfields, we can calibrate the entire AirHARP sensor in a variety of laboratory, field, and space environments. We show that this telecentric calibration technique yields a 1σ absolute uncertainty of 0.25 % in degree of linear polarization (DOLP) in the laboratory for all channels and for pixels around the optical axis. To validate across the FOV, we compare our multi-angle reflectance and polarization data with the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) over targets sampled during the NASA Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar (ACEPOL) campaign. We use the error-normalized difference technique to estimate how well the instruments compare relative to their error models. We find that AirHARP and the RSP reasonably agree for reflectance and DOLP within 2 standard deviations of their mutual uncertainty at 550, 670, and 870 nm and over a limited set of ocean and desert scenes. This calibration technique makes the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP) design attractive for new spaceborne climate missions: HARP CubeSat (2020–2022), HARP2 (2024–) on the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE), and beyond.

Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter↗

Real-time reconstruction and control of pedestal-top electron density using RMP and gas puff at KSTAR

We report the experimental results of controlling the pedestal-top electron density by applying resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) with in-vessel control coils and the main gas puff in the 2024-2025 KSTAR experimental campaign. The density is reconstructed using a parameterized $ψ_N$ grid and five channels of line-averaged density measured by the two-colored interferometer (TCI). The reconstruction procedure is accelerated by deploying a multi-layer perceptron to run in approximately 120 µ s and is sufficiently fast for real-time control. A proportional-integral controller was adopted, with the controller gains estimated from the system identification procedure. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed controller can follow a dynamic target while exclusively using both actuators. The absolute percentage errors between the electron density at $ψ_N$ = 0.89 and the target were approximately 1.5% median and a 2.5% average, respectively. The developed controller can even lower the density by using the pump-out mechanism under RMP, and it can follow a more dynamic range of density targets than a single actuator controller. The developed controller will enable experimental scenario exploration within a shot by dynamically setting the density target or maintaining a constant electron density within a discharge.

EFIT↗

Higgs boson width and couplings at high energy muon colliders with forward muon detection

We propose a novel method using the ZZ-fusion channel and forward muon detection at high energy muon colliders to address the challenge of the Higgs coupling-width degeneracy. Our approach enables inclusive Higgs rate measurement to 0.75% at 10 TeV muon collider, breaking the coupling-width degeneracy. Results indicate the potential to refine Higgs coupling to subpercent levels and estimate its total width within (–0.41%, +2.1%). Key insights include the effectiveness of forward muon tagging in signal-background separation despite broad recoil mass distribution due to muon energy reconstruction and beam energy spread. The study emphasizes the significance of muon rapidity coverage up to |η⁡(μ)| < 6, enhancing measurement precision. Our findings highlight the unique capabilities of high energy lepton colliders for model-independent Higgs coupling determination and lay the groundwork for future advancements in muon collider technology and Higgs physics research.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Satellite interferometer as an advanced navigation/communication system

An orthogonal system of interferometry baselines aboard a geostationary satellite is proposed to be used for navigation, surveillance, and traffic control. Position determination is based on the relationship between the measured phase differences, the known and unknown transmitter locations, and other systematic error model parameters using a generalized least-squares estimation procedure. It is shown that position accuracy is critically dependent on the baseline length and on the magnitude of the random component of the measuring errors. Several trade-offs with respect to the system accuracies, the number of users, data rates, hardware costs, etc., are examined. Simultaneous use of the same channels for navigation and data transfer is found feasible and five candidate or 'strawman' interferometer system proposals are presented. It is concluded that the system's performance is excellent in comparison with present or planned systems, and that it is viable in meeting potential user's requirements.

Gopalapillai, G. S.↗

HCNH(+) - A new interstellar molecular ion

The first interstellar detection of HCNH(+) is reported. The J = 1-0, 2-1, and 3-2 rotational transitions of this molecule at 74, 148, and 222 GHz have been observed toward Sgr B2. Using a large velocity gradient model calculation, the column density of HCNH(+) is found to be about 4 x 10 to the 14th/sq cm, about one order of magnitude less than that estimated for HCO(+) and HCN in this source. Such a column density implies a fractional abundance of at least one to several orders of magnitude larger than predicted by numerous ion-molecule models. Coupled with a relatively low abundance of HCN and a small HNC/HCN ratio, this suggests that HCNH(+) is not channeled into HCN or HNC as rapidly as thought.

Ziurys, L. M.↗

A phenomenological approach to multisource data integration: Analysing infrared and visible data

A new method is described for combining multisensory data for remote sensing applications. The approach uses phenomenological models which allow the specification of discriminatory features that are based on intrinsic physical properties of imaged surfaces. Thermal and visual images of scenes are analyzed to estimate surface heat fluxes. Such analysis makes available a discriminatory feature that is closely related to the thermal capacitance of the imaged objects. This feature provides a method for labelling image regions based on physical properties of imaged objects. This approach is different from existing approaches which use the signal intensities in each channel (or an arbitrary linear or nonlinear combination of signal intensities) as features - which are then classified by a statistical or evident approach.

Nandhakumar, N.↗

Green Run Modal Test of the NASA Space Launch System Core Stage

The Core Stage of the new NASA Space Launch System (SLS) is a 212-foot-tall rocket assembly—consisting primarily of two cryogenic propellant tanks, an engine section, and four RS-25 rocket engines—that will send crew and large payloads to the moon and beyond for NASA’s Artemis program. Prior to SLS assembly, the Core Stage completed a series of structural and functional tests in the B-2 Test Stand at Stennis Space Center, designated Green Run. The goal of Green Run was to verify analytical models, confirm proper subsystem operation, and test-fire all four RS-25 engines of the Core Stage. In January 2020, Green Run testing began with an experimental modal analysis test, performed by the Marshal Space Flight Center modal test team. A free-boundary test condition of the Core Stage was simulated as close as possible by suspending the massive launch vehicle from the B-2 Test Stand crane. Modal excitation was provided by a pair of 250-lb electro-dynamic shakers for multi-shaker random vibration testing, as well as a 12-pound instrumented hammer for impact testing. Modal response was measured with 550 accelerometer channels distributed on both the Core Stage and the B-2 Test Stand derrick crane. Following one very long day of testing, frequency response functions were calculated from the measured time histories in the target mode frequency range of 5 Hz to 15 Hz, and mode shapes, frequencies, and damping values were successfully estimated. The case-study presented in this paper will discuss Green Run, the SLS Core Stage, the modal test setup and execution, as well as a brief overview of the test results. Challenges associated with testing such a large, suspended structure in an outdoor environment will be discussed as well.

Space Launch System↗