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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,027 records · Page 57
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Structural and chemical evolutions of a magnesium vanadium oxide cathode under electrochemical cycling in magnesium batteries

The design of cathode materials that remain chemically and structurally stable during repetitive ion insertion and extraction poses a significant challenge in developing multivalent batteries. The cycling stability of traditional metal oxide-based cathode is challenged by sluggish diffusion of multivalent cations and parasitic reactivity at interfacial regimes, including the cathode electrolyte interphase layer (CEI). Understanding the reactions at the cathode-electrolyte interface, particularly those induced by non-stoichiometric surface layers, is a crucial design parameter for both cathode materials and electrolytes. Here, in this study, we employed multimodal analysis, including in situ and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to examine the surface reactions and subsequent structural and chemical evolutions of the CEI on high voltage magnesium vanadium oxide (MgV 2 O 4 ) spinel cathode during the Mg 2+ insertion/extraction processes. The results revealed that the presence of non-stoichiometric surface layers in the magnesium vanadium oxide cathode drive the decomposition of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI - ) anion, leading to the formation of the CEI layer. The CEI layer could inhibit the Mg 2+ ion transfer processes. Accompanying this reactivity-driven degradation, the magnesium vanadium oxide cathode undergoes pulverization, forming clusters of nanosized particles. This process likely improves cycling ability by creating new intercalation sites and shortening the diffusion pathway for the Mg 2+ cations. This study demonstrates that controlling surface stoichiometry and engineering morphological properties are critical design parameters for high performance cathodes for multivalent batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Textured Electrodes: Manipulating Built-In Crystallographic Heterogeneity of Metal Electrodes via Severe Plastic Deformation

Control of crystallography of metal electrodeposit films has recently emerged as a key to achieving long operating lifetimes in next-generation batteries. It is reported that the large crystallographic heterogeneity, e.g., broad orientational distribution, that appears characteristic of commercial metal foils, results in rough morphology upon plating/stripping. On this basis, an accumulative roll bonding (ARB) methodology—a severe plastic deformation process—is developed. Zn metal is used as a first example to interrogate the concept. It is demonstrated that the ARB process is highly effective in achieving uniform crystallographic control on macroscopic materials. After the ARB process, the Zn grains exhibit a strong (002) texture (i.e., [002] Zn //ND). The texture transitions from a classical bipolar pattern to a nonclassical unipolar pattern under large nominal strain eliminate the orientational heterogeneity of the foil. The strongly (002)-textured Zn remarkably improves the plating/stripping performance by nearly two orders of magnitude under practical conditions. The performance improvements are readily scaled to achieve pouch-type full batteries that deliver exceptional reversibility. The ARB process can, in principle, be applied to any metal chemistry to achieve similar crystallographic uniformity, provided the appropriate temperature and accumulated strains are employed. Here this concept is evaluated using commercial Li and Na foils, which, unlike Zn (HCP), are BCC crystals. The simple process for creating strong textures in both hexagonal and cubic metals and illustrating the critical role such built-in crystallography plays underscores opportunities for developing highly reversible thin metal anodes (e.g., hexagonal Zn, Mg, and cubic Li, Na, Ca, Al).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Minimizing Inter‐Lattice Strain to Stabilize Li‐Rich Cathode by Order–Disorder Control

Li-rich Mn-based layered (LMR) cathodes with anionic redox chemistry show great potential for next-generation sustainable Li-ion battery (LIB) applications due to the low cost and high energy density. However, the asynchronous structural evolutions with cycling in the heterogeneous composite structure of LMR lead to serious lattice strain and thus fast electrochemical decay, which hinders the commercialization of LMR cathodes. Here, in this study, an order–disorder coherent LMR cathode is demonstrated that exhibits a higher average voltage (by 0.25 V), negligible voltage decay (97.6% voltage retention after 100 cycles at 100 mA g −1 ), and enhanced cycling stability (98% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 100 mA g −1 ) compared to its layered oxide counterparts. It is proposed that this order–disorder coherent structure design can promote a more synchronous and homogeneous structure evolution during charge and discharge, thus minimizing lattice strain, which significantly prevents layer collapse and collective degradation at high voltage, improving the electrochemical stability. The study displays the feasibility of optimizing the performance of Li-rich cathode materials through a dedicated order–disorder structure control for sustainable energy storage.

Xu, Shenyang [Peking University, Shenzhen (China)]↗
DOE OSTI2020

The sensitive surface chemistry of Co-free, Ni-rich layered oxides: identifying experimental conditions that influence characterization results

Recent studies have suggested that Co-free, Ni-rich layered cathodes (e.g., doped LiNiO2) can provide promising battery performance for practical applications. However, these layered cathodes suffer from significant surface instability during various stages of the sample history, which generates inherent challenges for achieving stable battery performance and obtaining statistically representative characterization results. To reliably report the surface chemistry of these materials, delicate controls of stepwise sample preparation are required. In this study, we aim to reveal how the surface chemistry of LiNiO2 based materials changes with various environments, including human exhalation, sample storage, sample preparation, electrochemistry cycling, and surface doping. Our results demonstrate that the surface of these materials is highly reactive and prone to alter at various stages of sample handling and characterization. The sensitive surface could impact the interpretation of the surface chemical and structural information, including surface carbonate formation, transition metal reduction and dissolution, and surface reconstruction. Importantly, the heterogeneity of the surface degradation calls for a consolidation of nanoscale, high-resolution characterization, and ensemble-averaged methods in order to improve statistical representation. Furthermore, the doping chemistry can effectively mitigate the surface degradation and improve overall battery performance due to the enhanced surface oxygen retention. Our study highlights the necessity of strict measurements through complementary characterizations at multiple length scales to eliminate unintentional biased conclusions.

surface chemistry, Co-free Ni-rich cathodes, Istab↗
DOE OSTI2020

Influence of Ether Solvent and Anion Coordination on Electrochemical Behavior in Calcium Battery Electrolytes

The emergence of magnesium and calcium batteries as potential beyond Li ion energy storage technologies has generated significant interest into the fundamental aspects of alkaline earth metal cation coordination in multivalent electrolytes and the impact of coordination on application-critical electrolyte properties such as solubility, transport, and electrochemical stability. Understanding these details in calcium electrolytes is of immediate importance due to recent, unprecedented demonstrations of reversible calcium metal electrodeposition in a limited number of ethereal solvent-based systems. In this work, we provide insight connecting Ca 2+ coordination tendencies to important calcium battery electrolyte properties. Our results demonstrate a clear solvent:Ca 2+ coordination strength trend across a series of cyclic ether and linear glyme solvents that controls the extent of ion association in solutions of “weakly” coordinating salts. We apply understanding gained from these results to rationalize relative anion:Ca 2+ coordination tendencies and attendant Ca 2+ coordination structures using two oxidatively stable anions of particular interest for current battery electrolytes. Armed with this understanding of solvent and anion interactions with Ca 2+ , we demonstrate and interpret differences in electrochemical calcium deposition behavior across several electrolyte exemplars with varying solvent and anion coordination strengths. Our findings demonstrate that solvents exhibiting especially strong coordination to Ca 2+ , such as triglyme, can inhibit reversible calcium deposition despite effective elimination of anion:Ca 2+ coordination while solvents exhibiting more modest coordination strength, such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, may enable deposition provided anion:Ca 2+ coordination is substantially limited. These results reveal that the strength of coordination of both anion and solvent should be considered in the design of electrolytes for calcium batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Compositionally complex perovskite oxides: Discovering a new class of solid electrolytes with interface-enabled conductivity improvements

Compositionally complex ceramics (CCCs), including high-entropy ceramics, offer a vast, unexplored compositional space for materials discovery. Herein, we propose and demonstrate strategies for tailoring CCCs via a combination of non-equimolar compositional designs and control of grain boundaries (GBs) and microstructures. Using oxide solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries as an example, we have discovered a class of compositionally complex perovskite oxides (CCPOs) with improved lithium ionic conductivities beyond the limit of conventional doping. For example, we demonstrate that the ionic conductivity can be improved by >60% in (Li 0.375 Sr 0.4375 )(Ta 0.375 Nb 0.375 Zr 0.125 Hf 0.125 )O 3-δ compared with the (Li 0.375 Sr 0.4375 )(Ta 0.75 Zr 0.25 )O 3-δ (LSTZ) baseline. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity can be improved by another >70% via quenching, achieving >270% of the LSTZ. Notably, we demonstrate GB-enabled conductivity improvements via both promoting grain growth and altering GB structures through compositional designs and processing. In a broader perspective, this work suggests new routes for discovering and tailoring CCCs for energy storage and many other applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1979

Solar power conditioner

Efficient power-conditioning circuit designed to utilize maximum power available from solar cell array, controls output of array so that excess energy not needed by load is diverted to charge batteries for reserve power when sufficient sunlight is not available.

Jan, L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The modular power subsystem for the multimission modular spacecraft

The block diagram, subsystems, and components of the modular power subsystem for the multimission modular spacecraft (MMS) are described. The basic design studies were guided by considerations of cost, efficiency, simplicity, and flexibility to serve a variety of missions. Components discussed are the power regulator unit, the power control unit, the signal conditioning assembly, bus protection assembly, and the 20 Ah and 50 Ah batteries. The plan for the modular power subsystem protoflight module tests is shown. The testing has four phases: (1) component level tests, (2) subsystem integration and initial performance test, (3) subsystem protoflight environmental tests, and (4) subsystem final performance tests, qualification/acceptance review and delivery.

Harris, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Positive electrode processing for Hughes NiH2 cells

The basic procedures were developed for the manufacture of nickel cadmium batteries. An electrochemical impregnation in an aqueous ethanol solution is used in this process. Several additional controls were instituted for production of flight electrodes, including a Hughes controlled MCD, a solution reserved exclusively for the impregnation of Hughes positive electrodes a system of complete traceability for individual electrodes, an electrical characterization test to provide information on weight and capacity at the plaque level, and a stress test to provide data on capacity, weight, and physical parameters at the electrode level.

Bleser, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Development of automated electromagnetic compatibility test facilities at Marshall Space Flight Center

The efforts to automate the electromagentic compatibility (EMC) test facilites at Marshall Flight Center were examined. A battery of nine standard tests is to be integrated by means of a desktop computer-controller in order to provide near real-time data assessment, store the data acquired during testing on flexible disk, and provide computer production of the certification report.

Harrison, Cecil A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A knowledge-based system for monitoring the electrical power system of the Hubble Space Telescope

The design and the prototype for the expert system for the Hubble Space Telescope's electrical power system are discussed. This prototype demonstrated the capability to use real time data from a 32k telemetry stream and to perform operational health and safety status monitoring, detect trends such as battery degradation, and detect anomalies such as solar array failures. This prototype, along with the pointing control system and data management system expert systems, forms the initial Telemetry Analysis for Lockheed Operated Spacecraft (TALOS) capability.

Eddy, Pat↗
NASA NTRS1988

Hubble Space Telescope systems engineering

The role of systems engineering in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) development program at NASA Marshall is reviewed. The scientific objectives and overall characteristics of the HST are recalled, and particular attention is given to the early identification and correction of problems in the optical system, the pointing-control system (maneuvering and fine guidance), the rate-gyro assembly, reaction-wheel isolation, the battery reconditioning circuit, and optical cleanliness.

Wojtalik, F. S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Automated electric power management and control for Space Station Freedom

A comprehensive automation design is being developed for Space Station Freedom's electric power system. It strives to increase station productivity by applying expert systems and conventional algorithms to automate power system operation. An integrated approach to the power system command and control problem is defined and used to direct technology development in: diagnosis, security monitoring and analysis, battery management, and cooperative problem-solving for resource allocation. The prototype automated power system is developed using simulations and test-beds.

Dolce, James L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Automated electric power management and control for Space Station Freedom

A comprehensive automation design is being developed for Space Station Freedom's electric power system. It strives to increase station productivity by applying expert systems and conventional algorithms to automate power system operation. An integrated approach to the power system command and control problem is defined and used to direct technology development in: diagnosis, security monitoring and analysis, battery management, and cooperative problem-solving for resource allocation. The prototype automated power system is developed using simulations and test-beds.

Dolce, James L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Mathematical models for electrochemical impregnation of nickel electrodes

Single step and two-step tetramer precipitation models for electrochemical impregnation of nickel electrodes are presented. The objectives for developing the impregnation model are: to predict the impregnation conditions for uniform loading, to develop quality control tools for electrode manufacturing, and to use it as basis for predicting the performance of batteries with non-uniform loadings. This paper, with the help of graphs and charts, discusses the development and application of the impregnation model.

Ho, Chien-Hsien↗
NASA NTRS2008

Web-Enabled Optoelectronic Particle-Fallout Monitor

A Web-enabled optoelectronic particle- fallout monitor has been developed as a prototype of future such instruments that (l) would be installed in multiple locations for which assurance of cleanliness is required and (2) could be interrogated and controlled in nearly real time by multiple remote users. Like prior particle-fallout monitors, this instrument provides a measure of particles that accumulate on a surface as an indication of the quantity of airborne particulate contaminants. The design of this instrument reflects requirements to: Reduce the cost and complexity of its optoelectronic sensory subsystem relative to those of prior optoelectronic particle fallout monitors while maintaining or improving capabilities; Use existing network and office computers for distributed display and control; Derive electric power for the instrument from a computer network, a wall outlet, or a battery; Provide for Web-based retrieval and analysis of measurement data and of a file containing such ancillary data as a log of command attempts at remote units; and Use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for maximum performance and minimal network overhead.

Lineberger, Lewis P.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Automation and AI in Space Drilling

Future planetary surface sampling missions, such as delving past the near-surface ice layers on Mars in search of organics and possibly signs of past/extant life, will require lightweight, low-mass planetary drilling and sample handling. Unlike terrestrial drills, these exploration drills must work dry (without drilling muds or gas), blind (no prior local or regional seismic or other surveys), and light (very low downward force or weight on bit, and perhaps 100 W available from solar power or batteries). Given the lightspeed transmission delays to Mars and outward, an exploratory planetary drill cannot be controlled directly from Earth. Drills that penetrate deeper than a few centimeters are likely to get stuck if operated open-loop (the MSL drill only penetrates 5 cm, and the MER Rock Abrasion Tools 5 mm by comparison), so some form of local drill control is required. In the relatively near-term, human crews cannot be presumed to be available for surface instrument teleoperation. Therefore highly automated drill and sample-transfer operations will be required, to explore the subsurface with the ability to safe robotic drilling systems and recover and continue on from the most probable fault conditions. Current automation, scheduling and diagnostic approaches will be discussed that roughly track the actions and roles of humans in terrestrial manual drilling operations.

drill automation↗