SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Heat Load”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2026

Dynamic Facade Dashboard v0.1.0

The dashboard is a useful tool for early-stage building design decision-making and communication, as it can help users quickly compare the energy and non-energy related performance of various automated, integrated facade systems using a library of pre-computed data. Users can explore the impacts of various design choices by selecting different facade glazing and shading systems, facade control strategies, and lighting control strategies across multiple climate zones. The dashboard instantly visualizes key metrics, including energy usage in HVAC and lighting, peak cooling and heating load, and daylight availability, allowing immediate trade-off analysis to optimize building efficiency and comfort.

Yu, Tammie [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ↗

DOE OSTI2013

Overview of innovative PMI research on NSTX-U and associated PMI facilities at PPPL

Developing a reactor compatible divertor and managing the associated plasma material interaction (PMI) has been identified as a high priority research area for magnetic confinement fusion. Accordingly on NSTX-U, the PMI research has received a strong emphasis. Moreover, with ˜15 MW of auxiliary heating power, NSTX-U will be able to test the PMI physics with the peak divertor plasma facing component (PFC) heat loads of up to 40-60 MW/m 2 .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2017

X-ray spectrometer based on a bent diamond crystal for high repetition rate free-electron laser applications

A precise spectral characterization of every single pulse is required in many x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments due to the fluctuating spectral content of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) beams. Bent single-crystal spectrometers can provide sufficient spectral resolution to resolve the SASE spikes while also covering the full SASE bandwidth. To better withstand the high heat load induced by the 4.5 MHz repetition rate of pulses at the forthcoming European XFEL facility, a spectrometer based on single-crystal diamond has been developed. Here, we report a direct comparison of the diamond spectrometer with its Si counterpart in experiments performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Data from: 'Abiotic influences on continuous conifer forest structure across a subalpine watershed'

This package archives the core data used for analysis and inference in 'Abiotic influences on continuous conifer forest structure across a subalpine watershed' (Worsham et al., 2025). All data were collected in the East River, Washington Gulch, Slate River, and Coal Creek watersheds of Colorado. In the paper, we quantified the relative influence of climate, topographic, edaphic, and geologic factors on conifer stand structure and composition, and their functional relationships, at the watershed scale. We used waveform LiDAR data to derive spatially continuous stand structure metrics. We fused these with a species-level classification map to estimate tree species abundance. We applied generalized additive and generalized boosted models to evaluate the covariability of structural and compositional metrics with abiotic variables. The package contains the essential products required for reproducing our analysis and the tables and figures reported in the publication. The products comprise four classes: (1) geospatial data, (2) tabular data used for inferential analysis, (3) tabular data describing analytical results and performance statistics, and (4) a data user guide. (1) includes discretized waveform LiDAR data, locations and attributes of individual tree crowns, sampling locations and domain boundaries, a canopy height model, and raster files of estimated forest structural and compositional metrics at 100 m grid scale. (2) includes all response and explanatory variable values applied in inferential models. Response variables include conifer forest stand density, basal area, 95th percentile height, quadratic mean diameter, and others. Explanatory variables include climatic water deficit, actual evapotranspiration, elevation, heat load, soil available water content, and others. (3) includes results of training and testing several individual tree detection (ITD) algorithms, as well as inferential modeling results. (4) is a PDF user guide for this data package, including detailed descriptions and data dictionaries for all files. The data package root contains 17 assets: 8 compressed tape archive (.tar.gz) files, 5 comma-separated values (.csv) files, 3 Geographic Tagged Image File Format (GeoTIFF) (.tif) files, and 1 Portable Document Format (.pdf) file. The compressed .tar.gz archives contain ESRI shapefiles (.shp) .tif, compressed LASer (.laz), and .csv files. The archives must first be decompressed using the widely distributed command-line software utility TAR. All other files, including constituent files within the .tar.gz archives, can be opened in the open-source R statistical computing environment. Alternatively, .csv files may also be read in any simple text editor software or Microsoft Excel. Geospatial files including .shp and .tif files can also be opened in GIS software, such as QGIS (open-source) or ESRI ArcGIS (proprietary). The .pdf Data User Guide can be read with Adobe Acrobat Reader or other compatible readers.

2018 NEON and 2025 CHESS Campaigns↗

DOE OSTI2018

Design Update of the SSR1 Cryomodule for PIP-II Project

This paper reports the design update of the Single Spoke Resonator 1 (SSR1) cryomodule developed in the framework of PIP-II project at Fermilab. The most re-cent design changes and results of calculations per-formed to optimize the vacuum vessel, current leads, piping system and thermal shield are described. Then the estimated heat loads of the cryomodule leading to the sizing of the cryogenic valves will be presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

EIC Hadron Beamline Vacuum Studies

Ninety percent of the EIC hadron ring vacuum chamber consists of cold-bore sections running through and interconnecting 4.55 K RHIC superconducting (SC) magnets. The EIC operating specification requires shorter bunches and 3x higher intensity beams which are not appropriate for the present RHIC stainless steel cold-bore beam tube. The intensity and emittance of the hadron beams will degrade due to interactions with residual gas or vacuum instabilities arising from the expected resistive-wall (RW) heating, electron clouds, and beam-induced desorption mechanisms. Without strategies to limit RW heating, major cryogenic system modifications are needed to prevent SC magnet quenches. The SC magnet cold-bore beam tubes will be equipped with a high RRR copper-clad stainless steel screen to significantly reduce RW heating and so the effect on the SC magnet cryogenic heat load and temperature. A thin amorphous carbon film applied to the beam-facing copper surface will suppress electron cloud formation. This paper discusses the vacuum requirements imposed by the EIC hadron beams and the plans to achieve the necessary vacuum and thermal stability that ensure acceptable beam quality and lifetime.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2016

4 K SRF Operation of the 10 MeV CEBAF Photo-Injector

Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerating cavities are often operated in superfluid liquid helium with temperature near 2 K to enhance the cavity quality factor Q0 and to help manage heat loads, which are particularly important at large SRF accelerator facilities. This 2 K temperature paradigm, however, need not put SRF technology out of the reach of small institutions or even limit SRF operation at large facilities that need 10-100 MeV beam energy. At the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab there are regularly scheduled maintenance periods during which cryogenic plant often increases the liquid helium temperature from 2 K to 4 K, reducing power consumption by ~ 50 % and saving megawatts of wall-plug power. During recent maintenance periods, we accelerated a continuous-wave electron beam at the CEBAF photo-injector to a total energy of 6.3 MeV at currents up to 80 uA using two 5-cell niobium cavities in the quarter-cryomodule at 4 K. This contribution describes the SRF and cryogenic performance and uses measured beam quality and energy stability as key metrics. These measurements indicate that 4 K operation of niobium SRF cavities in CEBAF is a sensible and cost effective mode for high quality beam operation, provided the cryogenic load associated with lower Q0 is manageable for the number of cavities needed to operate. For Jefferson Lab, this enhances our scientific reach allowing additional low-energy ~ 10 MeV experiments each year.

Drury, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2019

Magnetic Field Induced by Thermo Electric Current in LCLS-II Cryomodules

Seebeck effect of metals play an important role in cryomodule design. As cryomodule cools down from room temperature down to nominal cavity operating temperature, components in a cryomodule experiences different temperatures. Some components such as power couplers cross from room temperature to 2 K. Thermo electric current forms loops circulating through and around cavities. Such current loops will generate additional magnetic field that could be trapped into cavity wall during superconducting transition as well as during cavity quench. These trapped field can degrade cavity quality factor and increase heat load. Simple circuit model is proposed and compared to calculated trapped field during cryomodule tests.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2023

HB650 Cryomodule Design: From Prototype to Production

In early 2023 the assembly of the prototype HB650 cryomodule (pHB650 CM) was completed and cold tests started to evaluate its performance. The lessons learned from the design, assembly and preliminary cold tests of this cryomodule, and from the design of the SSR2 pre-production cryomodule played a fundamental role during the design optimization process of the production HB650 cryomodule (HB650 CM). Several workshops have been organized to share experiences and solve problems. This paper presents the main design changes from pHB650 to the HB650 production cryomodules and their impact on the heat loads.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Copper plating qualification process for the fundamental power coupler waveguides for CEBAF cryomodules

To provide sufficient energy for CEBAF operation, cryomodules and components are being refurbished yearly as necessary. Copper plated fundamental power coupler waveguides are important components of the cryomodules. The integrity and quality of copper plating is critical to reduce the heat load from the waveguides into the He bath at 2.07 K. A search of copper plating resources is underway for plating or re-plating CEBAF-style waveguides. This effort ensures a continuous capability of copper plating on cryomodule components, especially on waveguides. To qualify plating vendors, the waveguide copper plating specifications were revisited, and a thorough plating evaluation process is being developed. The evaluation process ranges from coupon testing to sample waveguide qualification. Recent results are summarized and future work is planned.

Zhao, Liang↗

DOE OSTI2013

Status Report - Cane Fiberboard Properties and Degradation Rates for Storage of the 9975 Shipping Package in KAMS

Thermal, mechanical and physical properties have been measured on cane fiberboard samples following accelerated aging for up to approximately 7 years. The aging environments have included elevated temperature ≤ 250 °F (the maximum allowed service temperature for fiberboard in 9975 packages) and elevated humidity. The results from this testing have been analyzed, and aging models fit to the data. Correlations relating several properties (thermal conductivity, energy absorption, weight loss and height decrease) to their rate of change in potential storage environments have been developed. Combined with an estimate of the actual conditions the fiberboard experiences in KAMS, these models allow development of service life predictions. Some of the predicted degradation rates presented in this report are relatively extreme. However, these relate to environments that do not exist within KAMS, or would be postulated only as upset conditions that would not likely persist for an extended period. For a typical package with ~10 watts internal heat load or less, and ambient temperatures below 90 °F, the fiberboard experiences storage conditions less severe than any of the aging environments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Analysis of the Axial Gap Vs Fiberboard Moisture Content in a 9975 Shipping Package

The fiberboard assembly within a 9975 shipping package contains a modest amount of moisture, which can migrate to the cooler regions of the package when an internal heat load is present. Typically, this leads to increased moisture levels in the bottom fiberboard layers, along with elevated chloride levels which can leach from the fiberboard. Concerns have been raised that this condition could lead to corrosion of the stainless steel drum. It has been postulated that checking the axial gap at the top of the package against the current 1 inch maximum criterion provides a sufficient indication regarding the integrity of the fiberboard and drum. This report estimates the increase in axial gap that might be expected for a given moisture increase in the bottom fiberboard layers, and the likelihood that the increase will create a nonconforming condition that will lead to identification of the moisture increase. Using data relating the fiberboard moisture content with the degree of compaction under load, the present analysis indicates that the axial gap will increase by 0.282 inch as the bottom fiberboard layers approach the saturation point. This increase will cause approximately 58% of packages with otherwise nominal package component dimensions to fail the axial gap criterion, based on a survey of axial gap values recorded in K-Area surveillance activities. As the moisture content increases above saturation, the predicted increase in axial gap jumps to 0.405 inch, which would result in 92% or more of all packages failing the axial gap criterion. The data and analysis described in this report are specific to cane fiberboard. While it is expected that softwood fiberboard will behave similarly, such behavior has not yet been demonstrated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Simulation Analyses in Support of DOE’s Fossil Fuel Rule for Single Component Equipment and Lighting Replacements

At the request of the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) conducted a series of building energy simulations using a large office model to investigate the potential savings that could be accrued from a typical chiller, boiler, or lighting replacement in a Federal office building. FEMP’s interest was in knowing whether or not single component replacements like these would have any chance of achieving the fossil- fuel-based energy consumption reduction requirements specified in Section 433 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 20071. Specifically, FEMP was interested in whether an older Federal building, built in the 1980s or 1990s and designed to meet energy standards in place at the time the building was designed, could meet the requirements of Section 433 of EISA for renovations. Many single component renovations like chiller replacements, boiler replacements, and lighting retrofits may meet the minimum cost requirement of Section 433 of EISA but may not offer any opportunity to achieve fossil-fuel-generated energy consumption reductions on the order of 55% or more. If single component renovations such as these would not achieve the necessary reductions, then FEMP would consider modifying rules based on Section 433 of EISA to exempt these types of single component renovations from the overall fossil-fuel-generated energy consumption reduction provisions. FEMP would instead require Federal agencies to ensure that these renovations use FEMP-designated efficiencies for chillers and boilers or the lighting power density requirements found in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010. The results of PNNL’s analysis indicated that it is unlikely that a combined boiler and chiller replacement, or an individual boiler or chiller replacement in an older existing Federal building would meet the requirements of Section 433 of EISA. While buildings can achieve up to 34% reduction in cooling and 11% reduction in heating load with this type of retrofit, these savings fall well short of the minimum savings specified in Section 433 of EISA. Similarly, a lighting retrofit in an older existing Federal building would also not likely meet the requirements of Section 433 of EISA. While buildings can save up to 52% on lighting loads, the whole buildings savings would be well short of the minimum savings specified in Section 433 of EISA.

Halverson, Mark A.↗

DOE OSTI2014

Impact of Infiltration and Ventilation on Measured Space Conditioning Energy and Moisture Levels in the Hot-Humid Climate, Cocoa, Florida (Fact Sheet)

Air infiltration and ventilation in residential buildings is a very large part of the heating loads, but empirical data regarding the impact on space cooling has been lacking. Moreover, there has been little data on how building tightness might relate to building interior moisture levels in homes in a hot and humid climate. To address this need, BA-PIRC has conducted research to assess the moisture and cooling load impacts of airtightness and mechanical ventilation in two identical laboratory homes in the hot-humid climate over the cooling season.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2014

Flexible Residential Test Facility: Impact of Infiltration and Ventilation on Measured Cooling Season Energy and Moisture Levels

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2014

Pilot-Scale Silicone Process for Low-Cost Carbon Dioxide Capture Preliminary Techno-Economic Analysis

This report presents system and economic analysis for a carbon-capture unit which uses an aminosilicone-based solvent for CO{sub 2} capture in a pulverized coal (PC) boiler. The aminosilicone solvent is a 60/40 wt/wt mixture of 3-aminopropyl end-capped polydimethylsiloxane (GAP-1m) with tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) as a co-solvent. For comparison purposes, the report also shows results for a carbon-capture unit based on a conventional approach using mono-ethanol amine (MEA). The first year removal cost of CO{sub 2} for the aminosilicone-based carbon-capture process is $46.04/ton of CO2 as compared to $60.25/ton of CO{sub 2} when MEA is used. The aminosilicone-based process has <77% of the CAPEX of a system using MEA solvent. The lower CAPEX is due to several factors, including the higher working capacity of the aminosilicone solvent compared the MEA, which reduces the solvent flow rate required, reducing equipment sizes. If it is determined that carbon steel can be used in the rich-lean heat exchanger in the carbon capture unit, the first year removal cost of CO{sub 2} decreases to $44.12/ton. The aminosilicone-based solvent has a higher thermal stability than MEA, allowing desorption to be conducted at higher temperatures and pressures, decreasing the number of compressor stages needed. The aminosilicone-based solvent also has a lower vapor pressure, allowing the desorption to be conducted in a continuous-stirred tank reactor versus a more expensive packed column. The aminosilicone-based solvent has a lower heat capacity, which decreases the heat load on the desorber. In summary, the amino-silicone solvent has significant advantages over conventional systems using MEA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Micro-scale heat-exchangers for Joule-Thomson cooling.

This project focused on developing a micro-scale counter flow heat exchangers for Joule-Thomson cooling with the potential for both chip and wafer scale integration. This project is differentiated from previous work by focusing on planar, thin film micromachining instead of bulk materials. A process will be developed for fabricating all the devices mentioned above, allowing for highly integrated micro heat exchangers. The use of thin film dielectrics provides thermal isolation, increasing efficiency of the coolers compared to designs based on bulk materials, and it will allow for wafer-scale fabrication and integration. The process is intended to implement a CFHX as part of a Joule-Thomson cooling system for applications with heat loads less than 1mW. This report presents simulation results and investigation of a fabrication process for such devices.

Gross, Andrew John↗

DOE OSTI2014

Pilot-Scale Silicone Process for Low-Cost Carbon Dioxide Capture

This report presents system and economicanalysis for a carbon-capture unit which uses an aminosilicone-based solvent for CO₂ capture in a pulverized coal (PC) boiler. The aminosilicone solvent is a 60/40 wt/wt mixture of 3-aminopropyl end-capped polydimethylsiloxane (GAP-1m) with tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) as a co-solvent. Forcomparison purposes, the report also shows results for a carbon-capture unit based on a conventional approach using mono-ethanol amine (MEA). The first year removal cost of CO₂ for the aminosilicone-based carbon-capture process is $46.04/ton of CO₂ as compared to $60.25/ton of CO₂ when MEA is used. The aminosilicone- based process has <77% of the CAPEX of a system using MEA solvent. The lower CAPEX is due to several factors, including the higher working capacity of the aminosilicone solvent compared the MEA, which reduces the solvent flow rate required, reducing equipment sizes. If it is determined that carbon steel can be used in the rich-lean heat exchanger in the carbon capture unit, the first year removal cost of CO₂ decreases to $44.12/ton. The aminosilicone-based solvent has a higherthermal stability than MEA, allowing desorption to be conducted at higher temperatures and pressures, decreasing the number of compressor stages needed. The aminosilicone-based solvent also has a lowervapor pressure, allowing the desorption to be conducted in a continuous-stirred tank reactor versus a more expensive packed column. The aminosilicone-based solvent has a lowerheat capacity, which decreases the heat load on the desorber. In summary, the amino-silicone solvent has significant advantages overconventional systems using MEA.

Singh, Surinder↗