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DOE OSTI2018

Dynamic Tuning of Seismic Signal Detector Trigger Levels for Local Networks

The quality of automatic signal detections from sensor networks depends on individual detector trigger levels (TLs) from each sensor. The largely manual process of identifying effective TLs is painstaking and does not guarantee optimal configuration settings, yet achieving superior automatic detection of signals and ultimately, events, is closely related to these parameters. In this paper, we present a Dynamic Detector Tuning (DDT) system that automatically adjusts effective TL settings for signal detectors to the current state of the environment by leveraging cooperation within a local neighborhood of network sensors. After a stabilization period, the DDT algorithm can adapt in near-real time to changing conditions and automatically tune a signal detector to identify (detect) signals from only events of interest. Our current work focuses on reducing false signal detections early in the seismic signal processing pipeline, which leads to fewer false events and has a significant impact on reducing analyst time and effort. This system provides an important new method to automatically tune detector TLs for a network of sensors and is applicable to both existing sensor performance boosting and new sensor deployment. Finally, with ground truth on detections from a local neighborhood of seismic sensors within a network monitoring the Mount Erebus volcano in Antarctica, we show that DDT reduces the number of false detections by 18% and the number of missed detections by 11% when compared with optimal fixed TLs for all sensors.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Radiation Robust RF Gas Beam Detector R&D for Intensity Frontier Experiments

A novel radiation robust RF gas beam detector has been demonstrated by using the Main Injector beam at Fermilab. The detector demonstrated a stable signal gain, fast response time, and high radiation resistivity with intense proton beams. The plasma process in the detector is studied to validate the plasma physics model. The result suggests that the detector is applicable for Long Baseline Neutrino Facility at Fermilab. To prepare for the LBNF, a proto type detector will be made and applied for the Neutrino at Main Injector target system. Progress of the project will be given in the presentation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Lessons from commissioning of the cryogenic system for the Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector at Fermilab

Results from commissioning and first year of operations of the cryogenic system of the Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector (SBND) and its membrane cryostat installed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory are described. The SBND detector is installed in a 200 m$^3$ membrane cryostat filled with liquid argon, which serves both as target and as active media. For the correct operation of the detector, the liquid argon must be kept in very stable thermal conditions while the contamination of electronegative impurities must be consistently kept at the level of small fractions of parts per billion. The detector is operated in Booster Neutrino Beams (BNB) at Fermilab for the search of sterile neutrinos and measurements of neutrino-argon cross sections. The cryostat and the cryogenic systems also serve as prototypes for the much larger equipment to be used for the LBNF/DUNE experiment. Since its installation in 2018-2023 and cooldown in spring of 2024, the cryostat and the cryogenic system have been commissioned to support the detector operations. The lessons learned through installation, testing, commissioning, cooldown, and initial operations are described.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2016

A Search for Sterile Neutrinos at the NO$\nu$A Far Detector

NO$\nu$A is the current United States flagship long-baseline neutrino experiment designed to study the properties of neutrino oscillations. It consists of two functionally identical detectors each located $14.6$ mrad off the central axis from the Fermilab NuMI neutrino beam. The Near Detector is located $1\,\mbox{km}$ downstream from the beam source, and the Far Detector is located $810\,\mbox{km}$ away in Ash River, Minnesota. This long baseline, combined with the ability of the NuMI facility to switch between nearly pure neutrino and anti-neutrino beams, allows NO$\nu$A to make precision measurements of neutrino mixing angles, potentially determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, and begin searching for CP violating effects in the lepton sector. However, NO$\nu$A can also probe more exotic scenarios, such as oscillations between the known active neutrinos and new sterile species. This thesis showcases the first search for sterile neutrinos in a $3 + 1$ model at NO$\nu$A. The a nalysis presented searches for a deficit in the rate of neutral current events at the Far Detector using the Near Detector to constrain the predicted spectrum. The comparison between the observed and predicted spectra is translated into a measurement of the expanded PMNS mixing angles, $\theta_{34}$ and $\theta_{24}$ elements, and the matrix elements $\vert U_{\mu 4} \vert^2$ and $\vert U_{\tau 4} \vert^2$, assuming $0.05 < \Delta m^2_{41} < 0.5\,\mbox{eV}^2$. This analysis was performed using data taken between February $2014$ and May $2016$ corresponding to $6.69 \times 10^{20}$ protons on target. No deficit of events was observed, leading only to upper limits on the sterile mixing angles, $\theta_{34} < 32^\circ$ and $\theta_{24} < 20^\circ$, and on the matrix elements, $\vert U_{\mu 4} \vert^2 < 0.12$ and $\vert U_{\tau 4} \vert^2 < 0.27$, all at the $90\%$ confidence level. These measurements are consistent with the no sterile neutrino hypothesis. At the end of the diss ertation there is a short discussion of future sensitivity i! mprovements using a larger dataset

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Design of a Dry Dilution Refrigerator for MMC Gamma Detector Arrays

The goal of this LCP is to develop an ultra-high resolution gamma detector based on magnetic microcalorimeters (MMCs) for accurate non-destructive analysis (NDA) of nuclear materials. For highest energy resolution, we will introduce erbium-doped silver (Ag:Er) as a novel sensor material to replace current Au:Er sensors. The detector sensitivity will be increased by developing arrays of 32 Ag:Er pixels read out by 16 SQUID preamplifiers. MMC detectors require operating temperatures of ~15 mK and thus the use of a dilution refrigerator, and the desire for user-friendly operation without cryogenic liquids requires that this refrigerator use pulse-tube pre-cooling to ~4 K. For long-term reliability, we intend to re-design the heat switch that is needed to apply the magnetizing current to the Ag:Er sensor and that used to fail in earlier designs after months of operation. A cryogenic Compton veto will be installed to reduce the spectral background of the MMC, especially at low energies where ultra-high energy resolution is most important. The goals for FY16 were 1) to purchase a liquid-cryogen-free dilution refrigerator and adapt it for MMC operation, and 2) to fabricate Ag:Er-based MMC γ-detectors with improved performance and optimize their response. This report discusses the design of the instruments, and progress in MMC detector fabrication. Details of the MMC fabrication have been discussed in an April 2016 report to DOE.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2017

Plan for IER-443 Testing of the Y-12 and AWE Criticality Accident Alarm System Detectors at the Godiva IV Burst Reactor

This document provides the scope and details of the “Plan for Testing the Y-12 and AWE Criticality Accident Alarm System Detectors at the Godiva IV Burst Reactor”. Due to the relative simplicity of the testing goals, scope, and methodology, the NCSP Manager approved execution of the test when ready. No preliminary CED-1 or final design CED-2 reports were required or issued. The test will subject Criticality Accident Alarm System (CAAS) detectors supplied by Y- 12 and AWE to very intense and short duration mixed neutron and gamma radiation fields. The goals of the test will be to (1) substantiate functionality, for both existing and newly acquired Y- 12 CAAS detectors, and (2) the ability of the AWE detectors to provide quality temporal dose information after a hypothetical criticality accident. ANSI/ANS-8.3.1997 states that the “system shall be sufficiently robust as to actuate an alarm signal when exposed to the maximum radiation expected”, which has been defined at Y-12, in Documented Safety Analyses (DSAs), to be a dose rate of 10 Rad/s. ANSI/ANS-8.3.1997 further states that “alarm actuation shall occur as a result of a minimum duration transient” which may be assumed to be 1 msec. The pulse widths and dose rates which will be achieved in this test will exceed these requirements. Pulsed radiation fields will be produced by the Godiva IV fast metal burst reactor at the National Criticality Experimental Research Center (NCERC) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). The magnitude of the pulses and the relative distances to the detectors will be varied to afford a wide range of radiation fluence and pulse widths. The magnitude of the neutron and gamma fields will be determined by reactor temperature rise to fluence and dose conversions which have been previously established through extensive measurements performed under IER-147. The requirements for CAAS systems to detect and alarm under a “minimum accident of concern” as well as other functional requirements specified in ANSI/ANS-8.3.1997, are not included in the test. Routine and periodic maintenance and calibrations performed at Y-12 and AWE are intended to provide adequate confirmation for meeting these requirements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2017

Developing Light Collection Enhancements and Wire Tensioning Methods for LArTPC Neutrino Detectors

Liquid argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) are becoming widely used as neutrino detectors because of their image-like event reconstruction which enables precision neutrino measurements. They primarily use ionisation charge to reconstruct neutrino events. It has been shown, however, that the scintillation light emitted by liquid argon could be exploited to improve their performance. As the neutrino measurements planned in the near future require large-scale experiments, their construction presents challenges in terms of both charge and light collection. In this dissertation we present solutions developed to improve the performance in both aspects of these detectors. We present a new wire tensioning measurement method that allows a remote measurement of the tension of the large number wires that constitute the TPC anode. We also discuss the development and installation of WLS-compound covered foils for the SBND neutrino detector at Fermilab, which is a technique proposed t o augment light collection in LArTPCs. This included preparing a SBND-like mesh cathode and testing it in the Run III of LArIAT, a test beam detector also located at Fermilab. Finally, we present a study aimed at understanding late scintillation light emitted by recombining positive argon ions using LArIAT data, which could affect large scale surface detectors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

R&D of a high-performance DIRC detector for a future electron-ion collider

An Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is proposed as the next big scientific facility to be built in the United States, costing over $1 billion in design and construction. Each detector concept for the electron/ion beam interaction point is integrated into a large solenoidal magnet. The necessity for excellent hadronic particle identification (pion/kaon/proton) in the barrel region of the solenoid has pushed research and development (R&D) towards a new, high-performance Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) detector design. The passage of a high energy charged particle through a fused silica bar of the DIRC generates optical Cherenkov radiation. A large fraction of this light propagates by total internal reflection to the end of the bar, where the photon trajectories expand in a large volume before reaching a highly segmented photo-detector array. The spatial and temporal distribution of the Cherenkov light at the photo-detector array allows one to reconstruct the angle of emission of the light relative to the incident charged particle track. In order to reach the desired performance of 3sigma pi/K separation at 6 GeV/c particle momentum a new 3-layer spherical lens focusing optic with a lanthanum crown glass central layer was designed to have a nearly at focal plane. In order to validate the EIC DIRC simulation package, a synergistic test beam campaign was carried out in 2015 at the CERN PS with the PANDA Barrel DIRC group using a prototype DIRC detector. Along with the analysis of the CERN test beam data, measurements of the focal plane of the 3-layer lens were performed using a custom-built laser setup at Old Dominion University. Radiation hardness of the lanthanum crown glass was tested using a 160 keV X-ray source and a monochromator at the Catholic University of America. Results of these test-bench experiments and the analysis of the 2015 CERN test beam data are presented here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2018

SuperCDMS Underground Detector Fabrication Facility

The SuperCDMS SNOLAB dark matter experiment processes Ge and Si crystals into fully tested phonon and ionization detectors at surface fabrication and test facilities. If not mitigated, it is anticipated that trace-level production of radioisotopes in the crystals due to exposure to cosmic rays at (or above) sea level will result in the dominant source of background events in future dark matter searches using the current SuperCDMS detector technology. Fabrication and testing of detectors in underground facilities shielded from cosmic radiation is one way to directly reduce production of trace levels of radioisotopes, thereby improving experimental sensitivity for the discovery of dark matter beyond the level of the current experiment. In this report, we investigate the cost and feasibility to establish a complete detector fabrication processing chain in an underground location to mitigate cosmogenic activation of the Ge and Si detector substrates. For a specific and concrete evaluation, we explore options for such a facility located at SNOLAB, an underground laboratory in Sudbury, Canada hosting the current and future experimental phases of SuperCDMS.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2018

Technical Evaluation of Electrically Cooled Detectors for use with the LLNL Whole Body Scanning Bed System

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is replacing a liquid nitrogen cooled high purity germanium detection system with an electrically cooled high purity germanium system for its scanning bed whole body counting system. The new detectors offer a safer environment for workers while they are measured inside the shielded facility at LLNL and provide highly stable cooling of the detectors. The positioning of the electrically cooled detectors is slightly different from the liquid nitrogen cooled detectors due to the electrical cooling units attached to the detectors. The technical evaluations and results described in this document demonstrate that the new electrically cooled system provides results that comply with internal dosimetry requirements

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Analysis of seismicity at observed at station BCE using subspace detectors

A dynamic correlation processor (DCP) was used to process 90 days of 3-component seismic data recorded by station BCE. Two methods of detector creation were compared. The first attempted to span the signal space with a small number of subspace detectors having minimal projections on one another, and the second used a much larger number of detectors with substantial inter-template projections. After two passes over the data the results were compared, and the second approach was found to have produced more than 3 times the number of detections. For events in common, the average correlation statistic for the second approach was 0.77 compared to a statistic of 0.65 for the first approach. Also, analysis of the detection statistics as a function of SNR showed a strong functional relationship between SNR and correlation statistic for the second approach not found in the first approach. I interpret this to mean that the intra-group variability of signals produced by the second method is due primarily to noise rather than variations in source or path. These results show that (in an environment with large numbers of repeaters) if precise classification is a goal, it is better to operate a DCP with many correlators with substantial inter-template projections and that fully span the signal space. The performance of the DCP was also measured using a small set of “ground truth” picks for BCE from the Chip Brogan catalog. The catalog spanned less than three days out of the 90 days of the experiment and is also incomplete, but the comparison identified 12 signals missed by the DCP because of low SNR. Combining detections by the DCP and picks from the Brogan catalog, identifies 76 unique signals. Of these, the DCP detected 64 (84%) and the Catalog contained between 48/76 (63%) and 48/62 (77%). Analysis of time-of-day and day-of-week statistics was not useful in identifying the signal sources. However, magnitude recurrence statistics were consistent with mining induced seismicity (a preponderance of small sources). Failure of the temporal discriminants may indicate that the events being detected are not coupled in the same way to the mining activity, e.g. secondary failures. Correlation data from explosions at the Nevada test site (NTS) were used to bound the separation of events within groups. Nearly all the NTS correlations with the same passband and time bandwidth product as the detections and having a correlation statistic >= 0.8 are from sources separated by less than 1 km. Even at correlation values of 0.6 nearly all the source separations are less than about 3 km. Because the DCP detectors were formed to span the signal space at a correlation value of 0.9 and because the intra-group variability is most likely due to noise and not source variability, it is likely that the sources associated with each detector are separated by one km or less, and almost certain that the majority are separated by no more than 3 km.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2018

Measurement of the Kaon Production Normalization in the NuMI Target Using Uncontained Charged-Current Muon Neutrino Interactions in the NOvA Far Detector

aNOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that uses the NuMI beam from Fermilab. Its physics goals include providing constraints to the neutrino mass hierarchy and the CP-violating phase $\delta$ by precision measurements of the electron (anti)neutrino appearance in a muon (anti)neutrino beam. Similarly, new limits on the values of $\sin^2{\theta_{23}}$ and $\Delta m^{2}_{32}$ will be achieved by measurements of the muon (anti)neutrino disappearance probabilities. A combined analysis measurement will allow a better resolution of the $\theta_{23}$ octant. The NuMI beam is produced by the collision of high energy protons into a target, giving rise to kaon and pion mesons that decay to neutrinos of a specific flavor. This thesis presents a measurement of the kaon production normalization scale using uncontained charged-current muon neutrinos at the Far Detector. Because the neutrino beam is not pure in flavor, it contains an admixture of other different n eutrino flavors that become a source of background. %in oscillation analysis. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for accelerator experiments, such as NOvA, to have a reliable flux prediction of the neutrino beam in order to achieve its physics goals. One method to constrain the flux is to constrain and measure each flux component independently. The kaon component contributes to the intrinsic $\nu_{e}$ contamination of the beam, a key background for the $\nu_{e}$-appearance analysis. We observed that the uncontained sample in the 10-20 GeV region corresponds to the kaon component of the NuMI beam at the Far Detector. We also found a 60-80\% correlation between the Near Detector $\nu_{e}$ background and the Far Detector $\nu_{\mu}$ uncontained signal. The data used for this analysis was collected from October 2014 to February 2017, corresponding to $7.99 \times 10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT). The ratio between the Far Detector data and the simulation is fitted to a lin e in the 10-20 GeV energy region. Calibration, energy scale,! final state interactions and neutrino flux (e.g. beam transport and hadron production shape only) systematic uncertainties are considered. The kaon production normalization scale is measured to be $S_{K} = 1.07 \pm 0.16$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the CMS detector & photodetector and calorimeter R&D for particle colliders

This thesis contains both physics analysis and hardware studies. It consists of two primary sections: the results of a search for heavy Majorana mass neutrinos, using the event signature of same (like) sign charged electron pairs ($e^{\pm} e^{\pm}$ ) and two jets, and the results of studies to upgrade the Hadronic Forward (HF) and Hadronic Endcap (HE) subdetectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector in response to the high intensity proton-proton collisions generated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN, Conseil Europ\'{e}en pour la Recherche Nucl\'{e}aire). In this search for Majorana mass neutrinos, same sign dielectron ($e^{\pm} e^{\pm}$) + dijet events in the final state have been considered as a signature for neutrino particles. The analyzed data corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb\textsuperscript{-1} of proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 8 \text{TeV}$, collected using the CMS detector during the 2012 operation at the LHC. Monte Carlo simulations accounting for the theoretical expectations of the Standard Model (SM) and the detector limitations are used to prototype the experiment and to test proposed analysis steps. No excess of events is observed in the data beyond the expected SM background. Upper limits are set on the mixing element squared, $|{V}_{eN}|^{2}$, of the heavy Majorana neutrino with standard model neutrinos, as a function of Majorana neutrino mass for masses in the range of 40-500 $GeV/c^2$. The detector upgrade search comprises three sections of this thesis. The first section describes the test results of 1785 multianode Hamamatsu R7600U-200-M4 photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in numerous parameters such as gain, dark current, and timing characteristics, which provide insights on the expected performance of the upgraded CMS-HF detector. These PMTs replaced the previous single anode R7525 PMTs because the glass windows of previous PMTs are the source of Cherenkov radiation, which causes a background noise in the experiment. The second section reports characterization results of two types of PMTs in a novel operation mode for Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry, which is a novel technique to measure electromagnetic shower particles in extreme radiation environments. The third section presents the test results of novel scintillating materials for CMS experiment in specific and future particle accelerators in general. These materials are Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), high efficiency mirror (HEM) and quartz plates with various organic and inorganic coating materials such as p-Terphenyl (pTp), Anthracene and Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Ga). We have investigated them for radiation hardness, light yield, timing characteristics, and scintillation and transmission properties.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Alpha Radiation Studies and Related Backgrounds in the DarkSide-50 Detector

DarkSide-50 is the current phase of the DarkSide direct dark matter search pro- gram, operating underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The detector is a dual-phase argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC), designed for direct detection of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), and housed within a veto system of liquid scintillator and water Cherenkov detectors. Since switching to a target of low radioactivity argon extracted from underground sources in April 2015, the background is no longer dominated by naturally occurring $^{39}$Ar. However, alpha backgrounds from radon and its daughters remain, both from the liquid argon bulk and internal detector surfaces. In some cases, the alpha events are a dangerous background in need of mitigation. In others, the alpha events can be used as a tool to deepen our understanding of our detector. We present here several analyses of alpha events in DarkSide-50. An analysis of radon-polonium coincidences is perfo rmed, yielding measurements of ion mobility and charged daughter fraction in liquid argon. These coincidences are also used to place upper limits on XY-resolution and liquid argon motion in the detector. A method for simulating the degraded energy spectra from $^{210}$Po events traveling through surface materials is presented and compared with data from DarkSide-50. Lastly, a pileup background created by the accidental coincidence of scintillation-only $^{210}$Po surface events with random ionization-like pulses is thoroughly discussed. The estimation of this background and its mitigation informed the recent WIMP search analysis performed with 532 live-days of DarkSide-50 data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Search For Short-Baseline Oscillations At The NOvA Near Detector

Anomalous results from past neutrino experiments have been interpreted as potential evidence for an additional sterile neutrino with a mass on order of 1 eV, but this evidence remains inconclusive. The NOvA Near Detector is a 293 ton almost fully-active fine-grained liquid scintillator detector, that was designed for electron-neutrino identification. The detector is placed along the Fermilab NuMI beam line 1 km from the target. At this off-axis angle, the detector is exposed to a narrow band beam peaked at 2 GeV. Therefore the NOvA Near Detector will see neutrinos with an L/E range that is sensitive to oscillations between active neutrinos and light sterile neutrinos. In this thesis, I discuss NOvA sensitivity from the joint electron-neutrino appearance and muon-neutrino disappearance analysis search for short-baseline sterile neutrino mixing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic Microcalorimeter (MMC) Gamma-Ray Detectors with Ultra-High Energy Resolution. Comprehensive Technology Readiness Assessment

Magnetic Microcalorimeter (MMC) gamma ray detectors have demonstrated very high energy resolution of 38 eV FWHM for gamma ray energies below 100 keV. This is an order or magnitude better than conventional HPGe detector and can remove most line-overlap problems in NDA by gamma spectroscopy below ~130 keV. Unlike superconducting transition edge sensors (TESs), MMCs have a reproducible and almost perfectly linear response, which greatly simplifies adding spectra from different detector pixels and reduces systematic errors in quantitative assays. The instrument is currently at TRL-5 but could advance to TRL-6 by improving the signal processing software and using the system for the quantitative analysis of a safeguards sample provided by e.g. the IAEA. Making MMC detectors commercially viable and used more widely then depends on making the technology more reliable, specifically by increasing the device uniformity and yield, and by developing commercial software. This situation is often only half-jokingly referred to as the “valley of death” and could be addressed though the SBIR program. Our collaborators at STAR Cryoelectronics LLC are well qualified to further advance MMC development, and XIA LLC is well-positioned to develop the data acquisition system and write the software for MMC readout. In addition, the advance to TRL-6 would be desirable to increase the visibility and showcase the value of MMC spectrometers, e.g. by placing one of them into the Safeguards Analytical Laboratory (SAL) at the IAEA, whose NDA experts have recently started to show interest in cryogenic detector technology. As a result of this LCP, we also now have an instrument at LLNL that we will use for various applications of MMCs in nuclear safeguards and science. We are confident that as the number of high-profile results increases, so will the interest in and commercial viability of this technology.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic Microcalorimeter (MMC) Gamma-Ray Detectors with Ultra-High Energy Resolution. Comprehensive Technology Readiness Assessment

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Develop BNNT based cryopumps and detectors

Jefferson Lab Tasks to include period for performance of each task: 1. Design and fabricate initial test apparatus for cryosorber capacity comparison (month 0-3), 2. Test cryosorption capacity of BNNT materials (month 3-9) and alternate materials, 3. Design and fabricate cryopump modifications to accommodate BNNT material (month 9-15), 4. Provide suitable cryopump, electronics and vacuum instrumentation for the cryopump (month 12-18), and 5. Perform testing of BNNT modified cryopump at UHV-XHV pressure range (month 15-24). Modification 1: 6. Design initial detector test apparatus that incorporates BNNT material (months 0-1), 7. Provide photon detector as needed for tests (months 1-12), and 8. Perform tests (months 1-12). BNNT, LLC to 9. Provide Fibril BNNT™ for evaluation and cryopump (month 3-9), 10. Fabricate portions of modifications for cryopump (month 9-15), 11. Integrate Fibril BNNT™ into the cryopump (month 9-15), and 12. Perform regular vacuum testing of the cryopump (month 12-15). Modification 1: 13. Construct BNNT portions of detector test apparatus (months 0-2), 14. Provide BNNT material for detector tests (months 0-9), and 15. Assist in detector tests (months 1-12).

42 ENGINEERING↗