Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “volcanics”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,009 records · Page 56
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Tectonic and volcanic evolution of dark terrain and its implications for the internal structure and evolution of Ganymede

The origins of the ancient dark terrain on Ganymede and its three furrow systems are investigated using detailed geologic mapping of the furrows and dark-terrain units, observations and crater density measurements, and calculations of relative crater ages of material units. The results of the analysis are used to develop a hypothesis of the early evolution of Ganymede. Multiple testable models of furrow origin are presented.

Murchie, Scott L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Mars tectonics and volcanism

The focus of this research was on three broad areas: (1) the relation between lithospheric stress in the vicinity of a growing volcano and the evolution of eruption characteristics and tectonic faulting; (2) the relation between elastic lithosphere thickness and thermal structure; and (3) a synthesis of constraints on heat flow and internal dynamics on Mars. The two reports presented are: (1) Heterogeneities in the Thickness of the Elastic Lithosphere of Mars--Constraints on Heat Flow and Internal Dynamics; and (2) State of Stress, Faulting, and Eruption Characteristics of Large Volcanoes on Mars.

Solomon, Sean C.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Quantitative lithologic mapping in spectral ratio feature space - Volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic terrains

The nature of spectral lithologic mapping is studied utilizing ratios centered around the wavelength means of TM imagery. Laboratory-derived spectra are analyzed to determine the two-dimensional relationships and distributions visible in spectral ratio feature space. The spectral distributions of various rocks and minerals in ratio feature space are found to be controlled by several spectrally dominant molecules. Three study areas were examined: Rawhide Mining District, Nevada; Manzano Mountains, New Mexico; and the Sevilleta Long Term Ecological Research site in New Mexico. It is shown that, in the comparison of two ratio plots of laboratory reflectance spectra, i.e., 0.66/0.485 micron versus 1.65/2.22 microns with those derived from TM data, several molecules spectrally dominate the reflectance characteristic of surface lithologic units. Utilizing the above ratio combination, two areas are successfully mapped based on their distribution in spectral ratio feature space.

Campos-Marquetti, Raul, Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment. II - Decay of the El Chichon and Ruiz volcanic perturbations

The decay of the El Chichon perturbation to the optical depth of stratospheric aerosols at 1.02 micron, 0.525 micron, and 0.453 micron is calculated from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) data set for the period December 1984 to December 1988. It is found that the perturbed optical depths at middle and higher latitudes of both hemispheres exhibited an exponential decay superimposed by a seasonal oscillation with a maximum and a minimum occurring in local winter and local summer, respectively. Microphysical processes and variation of the tropopause height alone cannot explain this seasonal change of optical depth. The magnitudes of the exponential component at higher latitudes were, in general, larger than those at lower latitudes. For optical depths in tropical regions, the seasonal oscillations were small and were disturbed by the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz on November 13, 1985. The increase in the ratio of optical depth at 0.525 micron to that at 1.02 micron from about 2.0 at the beginning of 1985 to about 3.5 at the end of 1988 indicates the average size of aerosol particles in the stratosphere is diminishing since the eruption of El Chichon. The 1/e folding time for El Chichon decay derived from the SAGE II data set is in reasonably good agreement with those derived by other methods.

Yue, G. K.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Heterogeneous reactions with NaCl in the El Chichon volcanic aerosols

Previous investigations of the effects of the 1982 eruption of the El Chichon volcano could not explain all the observations of changes in O3, HCl, NO and NO2 simultaneously without proposing unproven chemical reactions. Since reactions between solid NaCl and gaseous ClNO3 and N2O5 rapidly produce photochemically active chlorine species and solid NaNO3 in laboratory experiments, it is suggested that these reactions could have occurred with the NaCl observed to be present in the El Chichon sulfuric acid areosols. As a consequence, it is predicted that HCl should increase substantially, while NO(x) should decrease, in agreement with the measurements after the eruption. Ozone should be only slightly affected by these reactions. Reactions between solid NaCl and the acids H2SO4 and HNO3 might prove to be important, but sufficient evidence regarding their efficiency and the pressure of HNO3 in the aerosols is lacking.

Michelangeli, Diane V.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Volcanism on Venus as inferred from the morphometry of large shields

Morphometric data for the Venusian shields are compared with those for large volcanos on Mars and the Big Island shield in Hawaii. Reasonable assumptions and constraints on the chemical and physical properties of venusian magma, crust, and lithosphere are used with the morphometric data to estimate probable deep magma-source depths below the shields. Such data for selected large volcanos on Venus, Mars, and earth are presented. The flattened profiles of the Venusian shields are interpreted to be predominantly the result of the density contrast between lava and rocks between the source and surface, a relatively shallow depth to a primary magma source, low magma viscosity, high magma volumes and rates, and the inferred presence of flanking vents and lava tubes that carried lavas great distances from the summit. The measured shield heights are used in conjunction with a reasonable range of magma and rock densities to estimate the depths to deep magma sources, yielding an average of 25 km beneath the Venusian plains with a range depth of 3 to 40 km.

Schaber, G. G.↗
NASA NTRS1991

The probable continuum between emplacement of plutons and mare volcanism in lunar crustal evolution

A scenario for the formation of the Moon is advanced and is argued to be consistent with both known data and the leading hypothesis regarding the formation of the Moon. It is concluded that, although the volume of mare basalts is estimated to be only 0.1 percent of the lunar total, this value should not be taken to represent the amount of partial melt produced within the lunar interior, nor should the mare basalts be viewed as representing the only products of internal heating. The actual amount of magnetic activity is certain to be substantially larger, but cannot be estimated without a global assessment of lunar highland heterogeneity and the character, scale, and abundance of lunar plutons.

Pieters, Carle M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

An ejection model for SNC meteorites: An indication for recent volcanism on Mars

When compared to other achondrites, Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny (SNC) meteorites are viewed as anomalous objects. This conclusion is based mainly on their extremely young crystallization ages and their short cosmic ray exposure times. Further, SNC's noble gas and nitrogen components indicate a martian origin for these objects. If these meteorites are from Mars, then the most confounding question facing the planetary science community is how were they ejected from the planet's surface. The following is an investigation of that question.

Manker, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Surface scattering properties estimated from modeling ASAS multiple emission angle reflectance data over the lunar crater volcanic field, Nevada

ASAS multispectral data were acquired over Lunar Lake playa at 12 different lighting and viewing geometries. Atmospheric models and field-based data demonstrate that atmospheric contributions to ASAS data were relatively small and were thus ignored in analyses of surface photometric properties. ASAS data of an artificially roughened playa and cobble-strewn surfaces exhibit trends of increasing reflectance as phase angle decreases. The reflectance of a natural playa surface exhibits Lambertian scattering properties that cannot be replicated with the Hapke (1986) photometric function. The Hapke model does fit the rough and cobble-strewn playa data with single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and roughness terms consistent with known properties of these surfaces. No published photometric model explains the reflectance variations of all three surfaces.

Guinness, Edward A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Airborne lidar observations of the Pinatubo volcanic plume

A dual-polarization lidar aboard the NASA Electra aircraft was used in July 1991 to survey the stratospheric plume from the recent Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Many distinct layers were observed, ranging from 17 to 26 km in altitude. Peak scattering ratios of as high as 80 at 532 nm were recorded. Total particle mass of the plume 27 days after the eruption is estimated from these measurements to be on the order of 8 megatonnes, with perhaps half the original SO2 converted to aerosol at that point.

Winker, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Textural constraints on effusive silicic volcanism - Beyond the permeable foam model

The paper reports textural observations and presents isotopic evidence from active and recent silicic lava flows which show that at least some vesiculation occurs during surface advance of extrusions, after magma has reached the earth's surface. This view is in contrast to the widely promoted 'permeable foam' model, which states that all volatiles escape during ascent of the magma, and that all dense glassy material in lava flows forms from the collapse of pumiceous lava, i.e., that silicic lavas emerge as highly inflated foam flows. The permeable foam model also implies the unlikely requirement that explosive-to-effusive transitions be associated with an increase in the eruption rate. A more comprehensive model for the emplacement of silicic extrusions that allows for early gas loss during ascent, as well as late-stage vesiculation, is presented. The way in which the redistribution of volatiles during surface flow can increase explosive hazards from silicic lavas days, weeks, or months after the lava emerges from the event is discussed.

Fink, Jonathan H.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Petrogenesis of mare basalts - A record of lunar volcanism

The classification, sources, and overall petrogenesis of mare basalts are reviewed. All mare basalt analyses are used to define a sixfold classification scheme using TiO2 contents as the primary division. A secondary division is made using Al2O3 contents, and a tertiary division is defined using K contents. Such divisions and subdivisions yield a classification containing 12 categories, of which six are accounted for by the existing Apollo and Luna collections. A variety of postmagma-generation such as fractional crystallization, either alone or combined with wallrock assimilation, are invoked to explain the compositional ranges of the various mare basalt suites. High-Ti mare basalts are found at Apollo 1 and Apollo 17 sites; the A-11 basalts contain lower TiO2 abundances, a considerably larger range in trace-element contents, and the only occurrence of high-Ti/high-K mare basalts. The low-Ti basalts exhibit a wide range of major-and trace-element compositions and require source heterogeneity, fractional crystallization, and some assimilation.

Neal, Clive R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Experimental petrology and petrogenesis of mare volcanics

The present review is an extension of a review of experimental studies by Kesson and Lindsley (1976) on mare basalts that determined melting relations over a range of pressure. Pressures of multiple saturation (olivine + pyroxene +/-Cr-rich spinel +/-ilmenite) are in the range of 5 to 12.5 kbar for primitive mare basalts and in the range of 18 to 25 kbar for picritic basalts. High-Ti picrites have augite in the subliquidus region at intermediate pressures where olivine is the liquidus phase, but orthopyroxene is the liquidus phase at multiple saturation. Because of the steep depth/pressure gradient in the outer portion of the moon (20 km/kbar), these pressures imply great depths of melting within the moon and some means of transporting magmas hundreds of kilometers to the surface without significant chemical modification, if both olivine and pyroxene were left in the residuum.

Longhi, John↗
NASA NTRS1992

Mylitta Fluctus, Venus - Rift-related, centralized volcanism and the emplacement of large-volume flow units

The flow morphology, stratigraphy, and evoluton of Mylitta Fluctus, a massive lava flow field on Venus, is characterized, and the link between its origin and the local tectonics is examined. The regional setting of the flow field is reviewed. A model for the stratigraphy and emplacement history of Mylitta is developed, flow morphology is discussed, and some preliminary estimates of effusion rates and eruption durations that may have characterized its emplacement are presented. The origin of Mylitta is discussed in relation to local rifting and possible hotspot activity, and the emplacement of Mylitta is compared to the origin of terrestrial flood basalts.

Roberts, Kari M.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Infrared image analysis of volcanic thermal features - Lascar Volcano, Chile, 1984-1992

Fifteen Landsat TM images of Lascar volcano (Chile), recorded between December 1984 and April 1992, document the evolution of a lava dome within the summit crater. In every image, the two short-wavelength infrared bands, 5 and 7, have detected thermal radiation from the volcano. As a consequence of the Planck distribution function, the relative response of these two channels depends on the proportions of very hot surfaces occupying tiny pixel areas and broader regions at moderate temperatures. Intercomparison of bands 5 and 7 thereby provides a means for interpreting TM thermal anomalies even in the absence of ground observations. Pronounced changes in the configuration and intensity of the Lascar anomaly suggest that the volcano has experienced at least two cycles of lava dome activity since 1984. The first of these progressed through a 'cooling' period, possibly reflecting a reduced flux of magmatic volatiles at the surface, and culminated in an explosive eruption on September 16, 1986, which appears to have completely destroyed the inferred lava dome.

Oppenheimer, Clive↗
NASA NTRS1993

Volcanic recycling of carbonates on Mars

Thermal erosion of carbonate deposits by turbulently-flowing lava is investigated as a means of recycling carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere of Mars. Erosion rates of several meters/day are found, implying that up to hundreds of meters of carbonate could be removed over the lifetime of a flow. A large fraction of the northern plains and other parts of Mars were covered by lava during the Hesperian, and may have released the carbon dioxide trapped in carbonate deposits. This period of time, several times 10 exp 8 yrs, is comparable to that for the redeposition of such carbonate deposits. Therefore, there could have existed a relatively dense atmosphere, and enhanced weathering and erosion, after the Noachian era. This may help explain the apparent observational evidence for late fluvial and lacustrine activity on Mars.

Schaefer, M. W.↗