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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,009 records · Page 56
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments on indirect-drive implosions on the National Ignition Facility

At National Ignition Facility (NIF), yield amplification due to alpha particle heating approached ~3 in the highest performing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions, while yield amplification of ~15-30 is needed for ignition. Hydrodynamic instabilities are a major factor in degradation of implosions while understanding and mitigation of the instabilities are critical to achieving ignition. This article describes recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments with several focused platforms that have been developed to directly measure these instabilities in all phases of ICF implosions. Measurements of ripple-shock generation at OMEGA laser have indicated initial seeds for the instabilities in three ablators - plastic (CH), beryllium, and high-density carbon (HDC). Hydrodynamic Growth Radiography (HGR) platform was used to measure instability growth at the ablation front in the acceleration phase of implosions. This platform used pre-imposed 2-D perturbations for growth factor measurements at different perturbation wavelengths and was also used to measure growth of “native roughness” modulations, fill tubes, and capsule support membranes or “tents”. Also, in the acceleration phase several new experimental platforms have been or are being developed to measure instability growth at the ablator-ice interface. In the deceleration phase of implosions, “self-emission” and “self-backlighting” platforms were developed to measure perturbations near peak compression. This article reviews recent progress and results.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fission yeast Duf89 and Duf8901 are cobalt/nickel-dependent phosphatase–pyrophosphatases that act via a covalent aspartyl–phosphate intermediate

Domain of Unknown Function 89 (DUF89) proteins are metal-dependent phosphohydrolases. Exemplary DUF89 enzymes differ in their metal and phosphosubstrate preferences. Here, we interrogated the activities and structures of two DUF89 paralogs from fission yeast—Duf89 and Duf8901. We find that Duf89 and Duf8901 are cobalt/nickel-dependent phosphohydrolases adept at hydrolyzing p-nitrophenylphosphate and PP i . Crystal structures of metal-free Duf89 and Co 2+ -bound Duf8901 disclosed two enzyme conformations that differed with respect to the position of a three-helix module, which is either oriented away from the active site in Duf89 or forms a lid over the active site in Duf8901. Lid closure results in a 16 Å movement of Duf8901 Asp195, vis-à-vis Asp199 in Duf89, that brings Asp195 into contact with an octahedrally coordinated cobalt. Reaction of Duf8901 with BeCl 2 and NaF in the presence of divalent cations Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , or Zn 2+ generated covalent Duf8901-(Asp248)–beryllium trifluoride (BeF 3 )•Co 2+ , Duf8901-(Asp248)–BeF 3 •Ni 2+ , or Duf8901-(Asp248)–BeF 3 •Zn 2+ adducts, the structures of which suggest a two-step catalytic mechanism via formation and hydrolysis of an enzyme-(aspartyl)–phosphate intermediate. Alanine mutations of Duf8901 Asp248, Asn249, Lys401, Asp286, and Asp195 that interact with BeF 3 •Co 2+ squelched p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. A 1.8 Å structure of a Duf8901-(Asp248)–AlF 4 –OH 2 •Co 2+ transition-state mimetic suggests an associative mechanism in which Asp195 and Asp363 orient and activate the water nucleophile. Whereas deletion of the duf89 gene elicited a phenotype in which expression of phosphate homeostasis gene pho1 was derepressed, deleting duf8901 did not, thereby hinting that the DUF89 paralogs have distinct functional repertoires in vivo.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

First-Principles Treatment of Vibrational Broadening in X-Ray Excited Valence Band Spectra for n-SrTiO 3 (001)

The valence band maximum (VBM) is an important quantity for semiconductors as it locates the Fermi level relative to the band edge. Accurate measurement of this quantity in near-surface regions of semiconductors by photoemission is a first step toward determining the electronic properties of heterostructures involving these materials. While extrapolating the leading edge of the valence band to the energy axis in photoemission spectra is a widely used way to find the VBM, this method can be ambiguous if the leading edge exhibits multiple slopes. Another way to determine the VBM is to fit the leading edge to an appropriately broadened, cross-section modulated theoretical density of states (DOS). Three kinds of broadening that should be included for maximum accuracy are those due to: (1) finite instrumental resolution, (2) valence hole lifetime, and (3) vibrational excitations. While steps (1) and (2) are straightforward to implement, (3) is more difficult because the appropriate amount of broadening is not known a priori. Here, we demonstrate that explicit inclusion of vibrational broadening using ab initio molecular dynamics facilitates accurate VBM determination for n-SrTiO 3 (001). The total DOS is constructed by summing time-averaged projections at elevated temperature onto s - , p - , and d orbitals for the constituent atoms and modulating with the associated photoemission cross sections. Subsequent convolutions of the total DOS, first with a Gaussian of width equal to the experimental energy resolution and second with a Lorentzian to simulate valence hole lifetime effects, yield line shapes that reproduce the experimental leading edges rather well. The VBM is then given by the energy at which the vibrationally broadened total DOS (prior to the convolutions) goes to zero. The VBMs generated by this method quantitatively agree with those resulting from extrapolating from the middle of the measured leading edge for SrTiO 3 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Environmental Conditions Affecting Global Mesoscale Convective System Occurrence

Abstract The ERA5 environments of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), tracked from satellite observations, are assessed over a 20-yr period. The use of a large set of MCS tracks allows us to robustly test the sensitivity of the results to factors such as region, latitude, and diurnal cycle. We aim to provide novel information on environments of observed MCSs for assessments of global atmospheric models and to improve their ability to simulate MCSs. Statistical analysis of all tracked MCSs is performed in two complementary ways. First, we investigate the environments when an MCS has occurred at different spatial scales before and after MCS formation. Several environmental variables are found to show marked changes before MCS initiation, particularly over land. The vertically integrated moisture flux convergence shows a robust signal across different regions and when considering MCS initiation diurnal cycle. We also found spatial scale dependence of the environments between 200 and 500 km, providing new evidence of a natural length scale for use with MCS parameterization. In the second analysis, the likelihood of MCS occurrence for given environmental conditions is evaluated, by considering all environments and determining the probability of being in an MCS core or shield region. These are compared to analogous non-MCS environments, allowing discrimination between conditions suitable for MCS and non-MCS occurrence. Three environmental variables are found to be useful predictors of MCS occurrence: total column water vapor, midlevel relative humidity, and total column moisture flux convergence. Such relations could be used as trigger conditions for the parameterization of MCSs, thereby strengthening the dependence of the MCS scheme on the environment. Significance Statement Large storm systems called mesoscale convective systems form across Earth. These are collections of thunderstorms, with associated high-level clouds that produce substantial, lighter rainfall and modulate Earth’s energy balance. They produce hazardous weather conditions, such as floods and high winds, and are responsible for a high percentage of rainfall in many regions globally. We investigate the environmental conditions under which they form, so that we can understand the spatial extent of the environment which is important for their formation, and also where and when the effects of these storms might be felt. The novel information generated here should help improve the representation of these storms in weather and climate models, improving the prediction of rainfall, thunderclouds, and high-level clouds.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Generation and control of phase-locked Bessel beams with a persistent noninterfering region

We present, to the best of our knowledge, a novel method for the generation of multiple Bessel-like (Bessel–Gauss) beams with tilted wavefronts whose optical phases can be controlled independently. In the far field multiple field-free regions develop that are persistent to interference effects and the optical phase. The extent of these field-free regions can be controlled through the tilt angle of the wavefront with a theoretical maximum resolution of 0.1 mrad. Experimentally we employ a spatial light modulator, a lens, and an axicon, each suitable for narrow-band (continuous-wave) and broadband operation. Because of the simplicity in the optical elements, the number of noninterfering Bessel-like beams can be scaled on demand for applications that require multiple sources for coherent imaging or multiple intense beams over a controllable region with the added benefit of a field-free region for detection. Here, for reasons of clarity, we characterized two beams.

Rodnova, Zhanna↗
DOE OSTI2020

Periodically and quasi-periodically driven dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates

We study the quantum dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates when the scattering length is modulated periodically or quasi-periodically in time within the Bogoliubov framework. For the periodically driven case, we consider two protocols where the modulation is a square-wave or a sine-wave. In both protocols for each fixed momentum, there are heating and non-heating phases, and a phase boundary between them. The two phases are distinguished by whether the number of excited particles grows exponentially or not. For the quasi-periodically driven case, we again consider two protocols: the square-wave quasi-periodicity, where the excitations are generated for almost all parameters as an analog of the Fibonacci-type quasi-crystal; and the sine-wave quasi-periodicity, where there is a finite measure parameter regime for the non-heating phase. We also plot the analogs of the Hofstadter butterfly for both protocols.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modularization of EDGE Workflows Using Nextflow: Improving the Efficiency and Maintainability of Bioinformatics Software

EDGE is a bioinformatics platform developed in 2016 by researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to facilitate the analysis of next-generation sequencing data by researchers with varying levels of experience in bioinformatics (Li et al., 2017). Users with single-end, paired-end or long-read sequencing data can provide their reads as input to EDGE and select the combination of workflows to run that are most useful for their research (e.g., quality control of reads, genome assembly, or the taxonomic classification of input reads). Table 1 summarizes the modules available in EDGE. EDGE is available as a web platform at https://edgebioinformatics.org, as installable source code maintained on GitHub under a GPLv3 license, and as a publicly hosted Docker image.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reversible domain closure modulates GlnBP ligand binding affinity

Glutamine binding protein (GlnBP) is an Escherichia Coli periplasmic binding protein, which binds and carries glutamine to the inner membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. GlnBP binds the ligand with affinity around 0.1μM measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and ligand binding stabilizes protein structure shown by its increase in thermodynamic stability. However, the molecular determinant of GlnBP ligand binding is not known. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between GlnBP and glutamine are critical factors. We propose that the freedome of closure movement is also vital for ligand binding. In order to approve this hypothesis, we generate a series of mutants with different linker length that has different magnitude of domain closure. Mutants show different ligand binding affinity, which indicates that the propensity of domain closure determines the ligand binding affinity. Ligand binding triggers gradual ensemble conformational change. Structural changes upon ligand binding are monitored by combination of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and NMR spectroscopy. Detailed structure characterization of GlnBP contributes to a better understanding of ligand binding and provides the structural basis for biosensor design.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

An integrated integral projection model ( IPM 2 ) to disentangle size‐structured harvest and natural mortality

Abstract Body size is one of the most important traits governing individual‐level demographic rates and modulating population‐level processes. Multiple size‐dependent demographic rates can simultaneously change population structure, so distinguishing their individual contributions to overall population dynamics remains a challenge. Disentangling size‐dependent harvest rates from other demographic rates is critical for assessing the impact of removal on populations of invasive species. Inference about invasive populations can be difficult, however, as observations are often collected opportunistically as part of removal programs, rather than experimentally designed. Yet accurate inference is essential for understanding the feasibility of population suppression and optimising management decisions. We develop an integrated integral projection model (IPM 2 ) that leverages the strengths of the integrated population model and integral projection model to enable inference about complex, size‐structured demographic rates from imperfect observations. We apply the IPM 2 in the context of invasive European green crab ( Carcinus maenas ), a species for which individual body size strongly regulates both the observation‐generating process and latent, population dynamics. The IPM 2 facilitates the distinct estimation of green crab size‐structured harvest and natural mortality rates, parameters for which no explicit data is collected and that are unidentifiable in component datasets of the integrated population model. The model represents how the green crab population changes over time, providing the first estimates of size‐structured abundance of this high‐priority species. By forecasting the stable size distribution and equilibrium population size under varying removal efforts, we demonstrate that extremely high levels of removal effort can reduce the equilibrium green crab population size. Yet these high mortality rates also shift the stable size distribution and increase the equilibrium abundance of smaller crabs, since size‐selective removal alters intraspecific interactions. The ecological outcome of this shift in size structure will be variable, as green crab size modulates only some of its interactions with other species. These results highlight the value of the IPM 2 framework for inferring complex population dynamics with information needs that outpace information in individual observational datasets, providing a path forward for accurate assessment of conservation programs.

Keller, Abigail G. [Department of Environment Scie↗
DOE OSTI2026

Spatiotemporal 4D Whole-cell Modeling of a Minimal Autotroph Reveals Central Carbon Metabolism Regulated Locally by Protein Megacomplexes via Post-translational Modifications under Light Disturbance

Photosynthetic microorganisms rely on multiple pathways in central carbon metabolism to adapt to fluctuating light and energy availability across diel cycles. Mechanistic insight into the regulatory dynamics of this adaptation requires integrating processes spanning disparate timescales, from rapid redox-dependent post-translational modifications (PTMs) to slower changes in protein expression and metabolic pathway usage. To address this complexity beyond genome-based inference and traditional modeling, we develop a whole-cell four-dimensional (3D + time) model of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 that explicitly represents the spatial organization of enzymatic and molecular processes in central carbon metabolism under light perturbation. We employ a perturbation-based research design to experimentally generate time-series, multi-omics measurements that provide molecular descriptors and cryo-ET derived 3D segmented volumes as constraints for this dynamic 4D framework. The integration of experiments and modeling across defined light regimes enables quantitative validation of system-level responses and forecasting under distinct light disturbances. We test the hypothesis that light-dependent redox PTMs regulating the structural assembly of a protein megacomplex, the “dark complex,” modulate metabolic flux at a conserved regulatory node of the Calvin–Benson cycle (CBC) in cyanobacteria. Our model shows that subcellular spatial organization buffers rapid light-induced changes in thylakoid reaction rates, which are followed by redox-PTM-mediated sequestration or release of CBC enzymes in the dark complex, ultimately impacting carbon fixation dynamics within carboxysomes. Comparison with an equivalently parameterized well-mixed stochastic model demonstrates that post-translational regulation not only buffers transcriptional noise and diffusion-driven fluctuations but also stabilizes phenotypic outcomes, underscoring the importance of spatial heterogeneity in phenotypic robustness. This ability to probe adaptive, spatiotemporally resolved mechanisms in photosynthetic machinery and central carbon metabolism addresses a critical gap in genotype-to-phenotype inference and expands modeling and design capabilities for understudied or genetically intractable autotrophs such as P. marinus MED4.

Johnson, Connah G.↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Unexpected Role of Cations in the Self-Assembly of Positively Charged Amphiphiles at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces

Conventional wisdom suggests that cations play a minimal role in the assembly of cationic amphiphiles. Here, we show that at liquid/liquid (L/L) interfaces, specific cation effects can modulate the assemblies of hydrophobic tails in an oil phase despite being attached to cationic headgroups in the aqueous phase. In this work, we used oligo-dimethylsiloxane (ODMS) methyl imidazolium amphiphiles to identify these specific interactions at hexadecane/aqueous interfaces. Small cations, such as Li + , bind to the O atoms in the ODMS tail and pin it to the interface, thereby imposing a kinked conformation-as evidenced by vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. While larger Cs + ions more readily partition to the interface, they do not form analogous complexes. Our data not only point to ways for controlling amphiphile structure at L/L interfaces but also suggest a means for the separation of Li + , or related applications, in soft-matter electronics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Proton switching molecular magnetoelectricity

Abstract The convergence of proton conduction and multiferroics is generating a compelling opportunity to achieve strong magnetoelectric coupling and magneto-ionics, offering a versatile platform to realize molecular magnetoelectrics. Here we describe machine learning coupled with additive manufacturing to accelerate the design strategy for hydrogen-bonded multiferroic macromolecules accompanied by strong proton dependence of magnetic properties. The proton switching magnetoelectricity occurs in three-dimensional molecular heterogeneous solids. It consists of a molecular magnet network as proton reservoir to modulate ferroelectric polarization, while molecular ferroelectrics charging proton transfer to reversibly manipulate magnetism. The magnetoelectric coupling induces a reversible 29% magnetization control at ferroelectric phase transition with a broad thermal hysteresis width of 160 K (192 K to 352 K), while a room-temperature reversible magnetic modulation is realized at a low electric field stimulus of 1 kV cm −1 . The findings of electrostatic proton transfer provide a pathway of proton mediated magnetization control in hierarchical molecular multiferroics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

An open-source high-content analysis workflow for CFTR function measurements using the forskolin-induced swelling assay

Abstract Motivation The forskolin-induced swelling (FIS) assay has become the preferential assay to predict the efficacy of approved and investigational CFTR-modulating drugs for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Currently, no standardized quantification method of FIS data exists thereby hampering inter-laboratory reproducibility. Results We developed a complete open-source workflow for standardized high-content analysis of CFTR function measurements in intestinal organoids using raw microscopy images as input. The workflow includes tools for (i) file and metadata handling; (ii) image quantification and (iii) statistical analysis. Our workflow reproduced results generated by published proprietary analysis protocols and enables standardized CFTR function measurements in CF organoids. Availability and implementation All workflow components are open-source and freely available: the htmrenamer R package for file handling https://github.com/hmbotelho/htmrenamer; CellProfiler and ImageJ analysis scripts/pipelines https://github.com/hmbotelho/FIS_image_analysis; the Organoid Analyst application for statistical analysis https://github.com/hmbotelho/organoid_analyst; detailed usage instructions and a demonstration dataset https://github.com/hmbotelho/FIS_analysis. Distributed under GPL v3.0. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Hagemeijer, Marne C.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Progress of Divertor Heat and Particle Flux Control in EAST for Advanced Steady-State Operation in the Last 10 Years

Active control of the excessively high heat and particle fluxes on the divertor target plates is of fundamental importance to the steady state operation of tokamaks, especially for fusion reactors. A series of experiments have been carried out on this critical issue to relieve the plasma-wall interactions in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) in the last ten years, not only contributing to the long pulse operation of EAST itself, but also providing physical understandings and potential techniques to the next-generation devices like ITER. Here we have characterized the power deposition pattern and broadened the divertor footprint width effectively. The plasma-wetted area is actively handled using either 3-dimentional edge magnetic topology or advanced plasma equilibrium, thereby peak heat flux around the strike point is reduced. Active control of detachment or radiation compatible with core plasma performance has progressed significantly in very recent years, with a series of active feedback control modules developed and utilized successfully, based on the divertor physics advances with both experiments and simulation. The upper divertor of EAST was upgraded from graphite to active water-cooling ITER-like tungsten in 2014, exhibiting much enhanced heat removal capability. As for the particle exhaust including both fueling and impurity particles, in addition to wall conditioning and impurity source control, the efficiency of particle flux exhaust is optimized by making full use of the divertor closure and the plasma drifts in both scrape-off layer and divertor volume. These heat and particle exhaust advances contribute greatly to a series of EAST achievements like H-mode operation over 100 s. A brief near-term plan on the integrated control of divertor plasma-wall interactions in long-time scale will also be introduced, aiming to provide favorable divertor operation solution for ITER and CFETR.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Utilizing commercial heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems to provide grid services: A review

The modern power grid faces multiple challenges due to an increase in the adoption of renewable generation, such as dynamically balancing supply and demand at different time scales. Demand side management in buildings plays a vital role in achieving this balance because buildings can provide grid services through a variety of building assets. However, the development of grid-interactive, efficient buildings is still in its infancy, and a systematic and holistic understanding of grid service delivery strategies in terms of energy efficiency, load shifting, load shedding and load modulating is still limited. This paper is a comprehensive review of the development and application of building-level control strategies for utilizing heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems to provide grid services. These strategies have been investigated through numerical and experimental studies. Control algorithms, such as heuristic rule-based control and model-based control, have been used to enable the automatic control delivery of grid services. The advantages and disadvantages of the strategies are summarized and discussed. Finally, research trends are also identified, which include considering predicted mean vote-based and occupant-based thermal comfort, modeling of occupant behavior, integrating power grid operations with building control, and combining different demand flexibility modes in the control design.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unveiling Unusual Reactivity of SO 2 and Unusual Type of S–X Long Bonds

A new reactivity of SO 2 to form unusual stable M−X−SO 2 (X = F, Cl, H) complexes is unveiled in this study. Moreover, a new type of S−X long bonds, which are significantly longer than traditional S−X covalent bonds, has been discovered. The P,N-ligated Ni−F complex model 1A can bind a SO 2 molecule through the new F−S long bond (2.207 Å), and a stable Ni−F−SO 2 complex 1B is generated, being exergonic by 2.2 kcal/mol. According to natural localized molecular orbital analysis, the new S−F long bond has a unique p(F) → π*(O=S=O) bonding interaction, which is shown to arise from the long S−F length. In comparison, the strength of the new F−S long bond (−2.2 kcal/mol) is found to be significantly stronger than common noncovalent interactions such as the hydrogen and halogen bond. The substituent modulations suggest that the electron-donating groups can increase the strength of new F−S bonds and enhance binding free energies ΔG bind . The scope of possible M−X complexes was explored, and various metals and X (F, Cl, and H) ligands were found to form stable M−X−SO 2 complexes. Specifically, the anionic M−X complexes display much higher ΔG bind values, ranging from −8 to −10 kcal/mol. The study paves the way for a green, recyclable, and adjustable SO 2 absorption method.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Local Environment Affects the Activity of Enzymes on a 3D Molecular Scaffold

The ability to coordinate and confine enzymes presents an opportunity to affect their performance and to create chemically active materials. Recent studies show that polymers and biopolymers can be used to scaffold enzymes, and that can lead to the modulated biocatalytic efficiency. In this work, we investigated the role of microenvironments on enzyme activity using a well-defined molecular scaffold. An enzyme, glucose oxidase (GO x ), was positioned at different locations of a three-dimensional (3D) octahedral DNA scaffold (OS), allowing the enzyme’s polyanionic environments to be altered. Using electrical sensing, based on a bipolar junction transistor, we measured directly and in real-time the enzyme’s proton generation at these different microenvironments. We found a 200% enhancement of immobilized enzyme over free GOx and about a 30% increase in catalytic rates when the enzyme was moved on the same molecular scaffold to a microenvironment with a higher local concentration of polyanions, which suggests a role of local pH on the enzymatic activity.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

6 nm super-resolution optical transmission and scattering spectroscopic imaging of carbon nanotubes using a nanometer-scale white light source

Abstract Optical transmission and scattering spectroscopic microscopy at the visible and adjacent wavelengths denote one of the most informative and inclusive characterization methods in material research. Unfortunately, restricted by the diffraction limit of light, it cannot resolve the nanoscale variation in light absorption and scattering, diagnostics of the local inhomogeneity in material structure and properties. Moreover, a large quantity of nanomaterials has anisotropic optical properties that are appealing yet hard to characterize through conventional optical methods. There is an increasing demand to extend the optical hyperspectral imaging into the nanometer length scale. In this work, we report a super-resolution hyperspectral imaging technique that uses a nanoscale white light source generated by superfocusing the light from a tungsten-halogen lamp to simultaneously obtain optical transmission and scattering spectroscopic images. A 6-nm spatial resolution in the visible to near-infrared wavelength regime (415–980 nm) is demonstrated on an individual single-walled carbon nanotube (SW-CNT). Both the longitudinal and transverse optical electronic transitions are measured, and the SW-CNT chiral indices can be identified. The band structure modulation in a SW-CNT through strain engineering is mapped.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗