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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2006

On-wafer vector network analyzer measurements in the 220-325 Ghz frequency band

We report on a full two-port on-wafer vector network analyzer test set for the 220-325 GHz (WR3) frequency band. The test set utilizes Oleson Microwave Labs frequency extenders with the Agilent 8510C network analyzer. Two port on-wafer measurements are made with GGB Industries coplanar waveguide (CPW) probes. With this test set we have measured the WR3 band S-parameters of amplifiers on-wafer, and the characteristics of the CPW wafer probes. Results for a three stage InP HEMT amplifier show 10 dB gain at 235 GHz [1], and that of a single stage amplifier, 2.9 dB gain at 231 GHz. The approximate upper limit of loss per CPW probe range from 3.0 to 4.8 dB across the WR3 frequency band.

coplanar waveguides↗
NASA NTRS2004

An Overview of My 2004 Summer Internship

This summer I have been working with the Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) group and NASA Glenn Research Center. As this is my second summer with the group, I was able to begin working as soon as I arrived. My first task was to develop a system to acquire an impedance analyzer. The basic setup of the system is as follows: a piezo- electric patch is attached to a sample, and a lead is attached to that patch. Another lead is attached directly to the sample, and the leads are connected to the impedance analyzer. The system then puts a voltage through the material over a range of frequencies, and the corresponding impedances are measured for each frequency. After data is collected, it can be compared to another data set, and through a series of calculations a damage parameter is produced. For the time being, we are using a correlation calculation to find the damage parameter. The hope for this project is that a baseline measurement can be taken, and then sometime later another measurement could be taken, and the damage parameter would determine how much damage had been done to the sample. To test this hypothesis, we took baseline data from a sample, and then sent it out to have a notch cut into it. When it was returned, we again took measurements on the sample, and the damage parameter was significantly lower. Another project that I have been working on pertains to the group's newly acquired acoustography system. This system creates a full field ultrasonic signal on one side of a sample, and an acousto-optic sensor is placed on the other side of the sample.

Hertert, Lucien↗
NASA NTRS1992

Enhanced Eddy-Current Detection Of Weld Flaws

Mixing of impedances measured at different frequencies reduces noise and helps reveal flaws. In new method, one excites eddy-current probe simultaneously at two different frequencies; usually, one of which integral multiple of other. Resistive and reactive components of impedance of eddy-current probe measured at two frequencies, mixed in computer, and displayed in real time on video terminal of computer. Mixing of measurements obtained at two different frequencies often "cleans up" displayed signal in situations in which band-pass filtering alone cannot: mixing removes most noise, and displayed signal resolves flaws well.

Van Wyk, Lisa M.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Physics-Informed Gaussian Process Regression for States Estimation and Forecasting in Power Grids

Real-time state estimation and forecasting are critical for the efficient operation of power grids. In this paper, a physics-informed Gaussian process regression (PhI-GPR) method is presented and used for forecasting and estimating the phase angle, angular speed, and wind mechanical power of a three-generator power grid system using sparse measurements. In standard data-driven Gaussian process regression (GPR), parameterized models for the prior statistics are fit by maximizing the marginal likelihood of observed data. In the PhI-GPR method, we propose to compute the prior statistics offline by solving stochastic differential equations (SDEs) governing the power grid dynamics. The short-term forecast of a power grid system dominated by wind generation is complicated by the stochastic nature of the wind and the resulting uncertainty in wind mechanical power. Here, we assume that the power grid dynamics are governed by swing equations, with the wind mechanical power fluctuating randomly in time. We solve these equations for the mean and covariances of the power grid states using the Monte Carlo simulation method. We demonstrate that the proposed PhI-GPR method can accurately forecast and estimate observed and unobserved states. For the considered problem, PhI-GPR has computational advantages over the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) method: In PhI-GPR, ensembles are computed offline and independently of the data acquisition process, whereas for EnFK, ensembles are computed online with data acquisition, rendering real-time forecast more challenging. We also demonstrate that the PhI-GPR forecast is more accurate than the EnKF forecast when the random mechanical wind power is non-Markovian. In contrast, the two methods produce similar forecasts for the Markovian mechanical wind power. For observed states, we show that PhI-GPR provides a forecast comparable to the standard data-driven GPR; both forecasts are significantly more accurate than the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecast. We also show that the ARIMA forecast is more sensitive to observation frequency and measurement errors than the PhI-GPR forecast.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2010

Measurements and Computations of Second-Mode Instability Waves in Three Hypersonic Wind Tunnels

High-frequency pressure-fluctuation measurements were made in AEDC Tunnel 9 at Mach 10 and the NASA Langley 15-Inch Mach 6 and 31-Inch Mach 10 tunnels. Measurements were made on a 7deg-half-angle cone model. Pitot measurements of freestream pressure fluctuations were also made in Tunnel 9 and the Langley Mach-6 tunnel. For the first time, second-mode waves were measured in all of these tunnels, using 1-MHz-response pressure sensors. In Tunnel 9, second-mode waves could be seen in power spectra computed from records as short as 80 micro-s. The second-mode wave amplitudes were observed to saturate and then begin to decrease in the Langley tunnels, indicating wave breakdown. Breakdown was estimated to occur near N approx. equals 5 in the Langley Mach-10 tunnel. The unit-Reynolds-number variations in the data from Tunnel 9 were too large to see the same processes. In Tunnel 9, the measured transition locations were found to be at N = 4.5 using thermocouples, and N = 5.3 using 50-kHz-response pressure sensors. What appears to be a very long transitional region was observed at a unit Reynolds number of 13.5 million per meter in Tunnel 9. These results were consistent with the high-frequency pressure fluctuation measurements. High-frequency pressure fluctuation measurements indicated that transition did occur in the Langley Mach-6 tunnel, but the location of transition was not precisely determined. Unit Reynolds numbers in the Langley Mach-10 tunnel were too low to observe transition. More analysis of this data set is expected in the future.

Berridge, Dennis C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

DQ Admittance Model Extraction for IBRs via Gaussian Pulse Excitation

While $dq$ admittance models have shown to be very useful for stability analysis, extracting admittance models of inverter-based resources (IBRs) from the electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation environment using frequency scans takes time. In this letter, a new perturbation method based on Gaussian pulses in combination with the system identification algorithms shows great promise for parametric $dq$ admittance model extraction. We present the $dq$ admittance model extracting method for a type-4 wind turbine. Challenges in implementing Gaussian pulse excitation are also pointed out. In conclusion, the extracted $dq$ admittance model via the new method shows to have a high matching degree with the measurements obtained from frequency scans.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of Electron Antineutrino Oscillation Amplitude and Frequency via Neutron Capture on Hydrogen at Daya Bay

This Letter reports the first measurement of the oscillation amplitude and frequency of reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay via neutron capture on hydrogen using 1958 days of data. With over 3.6 million signal candidates, an optimized candidate selection, improved treatment of backgrounds and efficiencies, refined energy calibration, and an energy response model for the capture-on-hydrogen sensitive region, the relative ν ¯ e rates and energy spectra variation among the near and far detectors gives sin 2 2 θ 13 = 0.075 9 − 0.0049 + 0.0050 and Δ m 32 2 = ( 2.7 2 − 0.15 + 0.14 ) × 10 − 3 eV 2 assuming the normal neutrino mass ordering, and Δ m 32 2 = ( − 2.8 3 − 0.14 + 0.15 ) × 10 − 3 eV 2 for the inverted neutrino mass ordering. This estimate of sin 2 2 θ 13 is consistent with and essentially independent from the one obtained using the capture-on-gadolinium sample at Daya Bay. The combination of these two results yields sin 2 2 θ 13 = 0.0833 ± 0.0022 , which represents an 8% relative improvement in precision regarding the Daya Bay full 3158-day capture-on-gadolinium result. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Geometry-independent microstructure optimization for electron beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

The ability to manipulate the formation of microstructure is one of the potential advantages of additive manufacturing. Yet, the additive manufacturing process is riddled with complex interactions between processing parameters, geometry, and spot melting sequence which makes the task of controlling microstructure challenging. This paper proposes a method to solve the microstructure texture optimization problem by leveraging established optimization techniques and increasingly fast and accurate analytical heat transfer models. Respectively, we apply two different optimization algorithms, genetic algorithm and concurrent greedy line search, in order to induce arbitrarily shaped microstructure regions and we use a heat transfer model to evaluate the fitness of solutions in an iterative approach that is far more efficient than pure trial and error. The objective of the optimization algorithm is to control local thermal conditions – hence microstructure formation – during the melting process by manipulating the order and the dwell time of all the points of the infill pattern sequence. We then analyze the optimized sequence to determine important path characteristics that affect the microstructure formation. Through examples, we show that relative order and frequency, as measured by weighted average and variance of spot order, are important factors that influence the final characteristics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Combustion characteristics of diisopropoxymethane, a low-reactivity oxymethylene ether

Oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) have been studied for use as low-sooting diesel fuel additives or substitutes; very little literature discusses OMEs as spark-ignition (SI) fuels due to their typically high cetane numbers. In this work, a lower-reactivity, branched OME, diisopropoxymethane (DIPM), is evaluated to determine its effectiveness as a spark-ignition fuel, as it is the lowest-reactivity OME (as determined by Indicated Cetane Number) thus far evaluated in the literature. DIPM is synthesized in-house via acetalization from isopropanol (iPrOH) and trioxane using standard OME production practices. DIPM was then tested in a rapid compression machine (RCM) for autoignition and spark ignition characteristics, and in a modified CFR engine to determine effective octane numbers. In the RCM, an autoignition temperature sweep was performed at stoichiometric conditions from 1000/T = 1.7 - 1.0, at 5:1 inert ratio (comparable to approximately 25% EGR), where it was found that DIPM has ignition delay times 5–10x faster than isooctane and displays NTC ignition behavior. Blends with iPrOH indicate that reactivity can be matched with isooctane with low blend ratios of iPrOH in DIPM. Flame speeds were tested with a laser spark for ignition in the RCM, where the flame speed of DIPM and isooctane is determined to be comparable at engine relevant conditions. In the CFR engine, effective RON and MON based on pressure trace frequency domain measurements were determined for DIPM and a 15 vol% iPrOH in DIPM blend. Neat DIPM has (R+M)/2 = 59 and a negative sensitivity of S = -18, consistent with its NTC behavior and higher reactivity. Furthermore the DIPM/iPrOH blend has positive sensitivity and a pump-gasoline range (R+M)/2 = 89.3. DIPM on its own is unlikely to be an effective SI fuel, however, when blended with iPrOH as an ON booster, it may be a promising SI candidate fuel.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dynamics of hydrogen–ammonia–natural gas lean-premixed high-pressure flames

The influence of fuel composition on self-excited combustion instabilities in a high-pressure combustor operated with ammonia, hydrogen, and natural gas fuels is characterized with high-frequency pressure measurements and imaging of the flame structure. A micromix multi-stage injector with 19 elements is used to introduce the fuel blend premixed with heated air into an optically accessible combustor operated at ~1.1 MPa. As hydrogen is substituted for natural gas, longitudinal thermoacoustic instabilities are observed in the combustor with pressure fluctuation amplitudes as large as 8% of the mean chamber value. In the absence of natural gas, limit-cycle instability magnitude is largely insensitive to ammonia addition. However, fuel compositions with > 20% natural gas result in positive correlation between instability amplitude and ammonia concentration. Spatial distribution of heat release in the combustor evaluated from OH* chemiluminescence imaging reveals axial growth in the regions of heat release fluctuation as hydrogen decreases, thus correlating flame length to instability amplitude. Distinct transitions from the first harmonic of the fundamental longitudinal acoustic mode (~1100 Hz) to the fundamental mode (~550 Hz) are observed with root mean square pressure fluctuations exceeding 7% of the mean chamber value. Here, these cases correspond to hydrogen mole fractions ≤ 50%. Analysis of the phase relationship between pressure fluctuations upstream and downstream of the flame zone indicates acoustic coupling of the injector as a key contributor to instability growth.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling and characterizing the elastodynamic response of octet-truss lattice structures using resonance techniques

Characterization of additively manufactured materials and structures is an ongoing effort for the advanced manufacturing community. This article will investigate an approach using resonant spectral ultrasound (RUS) to measure the effective elastic constants of an Octet Truss lattice and apply the results to continuum bases models representing the lattice regions in different structures. The study is focused on simple lattices structures fabricated from Ti5553 using a laser powder bed fusion process (LBPF). Solid and lattice samples are measured to determine RUS estimates for the elastic properties of the bulk material and the effective elastic properties of the lattice structure. The estimated elastic properties are then incorporated into 3d finite element models using a continuum approximation of the physical AM parts. Comparisons show good agreement between the experimentally measured eigen frequencies of the Ti5553 LBPF parts and the eigen frequencies calculated using the continuum approximations based on the effective RUS elastic properties. The current results suggest there is additional physics and geometrical effects that are accounted for in the RUS continuum approximation of the lattice that are not captured in the full 3d finite element model of the parts utilizing only the base material properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Phase contrast imaging measurements and numerical simulations of turbulent density fluctuations in gas-fuelled ECRH discharges in Wendelstein 7-X

The fundamental nature of turbulent density fluctuations in standard Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator discharges is investigated experimentally via phase contrast imaging (PCI) in combination with gyrokinetic simulations with the code GENE. We find that density fluctuations are ion-temperature-gradient-driven and radially localised in the outer half of the plasma. It is shown that the line-integrated PCI measurements cover the right range of wavenumbers and a favourable toroidal and poloidal location to capture some of the strongest density fluctuations in W7-X. Due to the radial localisation of fluctuations, measured wavenumber–frequency spectra exhibit a dominant phase velocity, which can be related to the E × B rotation velocity at the radial position of a well in the neoclassical radial electric field. The match is robust against variations of heating power and line-integrated density, which is partly due to the localisation of fluctuations and partly due to effects of the radial gradient in the E × B velocity profile on the wavenumber–frequency spectrum. The latter effect is studied with a newly built synthetic PCI diagnostic and global gyrokinetic simulations with GENE-3D.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Positive Charge in the Outer Coordination Sphere of an Artificial Enzyme Increases CO 2 Hydrogenation

The protein scaffold around the active site of enzymes is known to influence catalytic activity, but specific scaffold features responsible for favorable influences are often not known. This study focuses on using an artificial metalloenzyme to probe one specific feature of the scaffold, the position of a positive charge in the outer coordination sphere around the active site. Previous work showed that a small molecular complex, [Rh(P Et 2 N glycine P Et 2 )2 ] – , immobilized covalently within a protein scaffold was activated for CO 2 hydrogenation. In this work, using an iterative design where the effect of arginine, histidine, or lysine residues placed in the outer coordination sphere of the catalytic active site were evaluated, we tested the hypothesis that positively charged groups facilitate CO 2 hydrogenation with seven unique constructs. Single-, double-, and triple-point mutations were introduced to directly compare catalytic activity, as monitored by turnover frequencies (TOFs) measured in real time with 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and evaluate related structural and electronic properties. Two of the seven constructs showed a 2- and 3-fold increase relative to the wild type, with overall rates ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 h –1 , and a crystal structure of the fastest of these shows the positive charge positioned next to the active site. A crystal structure of the arginine-containing complex shows that the arginines are positioned near the metal. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies also suggest that the positive charge is oriented next to the active site in the two constructs with faster rates but not in the others and that the positive charge near the active site holds the CO 2 near the metal, all consistent with a positive charge appropriately positioned in the scaffold benefiting catalysis. The MD studies also suggest that changes in the water distribution around the active site may contribute to catalytic activity, while modest structural changes and movement of the complex within the scaffold do not.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mechanism and kinetics of light alkane dehydrogenation and cracking over isolated Ga species in Ga/H-MFI

The objective of this study is to examine the mechanisms and kinetics of C2H6 dehydrogenation and n-C4H10 dehydrogenation and cracking over isolated Ga species in Ga/HMFI and to compare these results to those reported previously for C3H8 dehydrogenation and cracking. C2H6 dehydrogenation is found to be catalyzed by both [GaH]2+ and [GaH2]+ cations at similar turnover frequencies. Rate measurements over Ga/H-MFI containing predominantly [GaH2]+ cations reveal that C2H6 dehydrogenation rates exhibit a Langmuir.Hinshelwood dependence on C2H6 partial pressure at elevated temperatures (>730 K), consistent with the involvement of chemisorbed [C2H5.GaH]+ species. The reaction kinetics suggest that C2H6 dehydrogenation proceeds via heterolytic C-H cleavage of adsorbed C2H6 by [GaH2]+ cations to form H2 and [C2H5-GaH]+ species, which further decompose via β-hydride elimination to form C2H4. By contrast, C4H10 dehydrogenation and both terminal and central cracking are catalyzed exclusively by [GaH]2+ cations. All three reactions exhibit a Langmuir-Hinshelwood dependence on C4H10 partial pressure and are inhibited by H2. Ratios of dehydrogenation to cracking (total) and terminal to central cracking are approximately independent of C4H10 partial pressure consistent with the involvement of a common C4H10-derived surface intermediate. The observed reaction kinetics are consistent with an alkyl-mediated mechanism occurring over [GaH]2+, analogous to that reported previously for C3H8 dehydrogenation/cracking over Ga/H-MFI (Phadke, N. M.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 1614-1627). The mechanism proceeds via facile, heterolytic dissociation of adsorbed C4H10 to form [C4H9-GaH]+-H+ cation pairs via methyl C-H-activated pathways. Dehydrogenation then proceeds via β-hydride elimination, respectively, forming butene, while terminal and central cracking proceed via C-H-activated H+ attack. Methylene activation was also considered but found to occur at a significantly lower rate. Theoretical analysis of the proposed reaction pathways leads to apparent activation enthalpies in good agreement with values extracted from the measured kinetics, thereby supporting the proposed pathways and the roles of [GaH]2+ and [GaH2]+ cations in the dehydrogenation and cracking of light alkanes on Ga/H-MFI.

Phadke, NM↗
DOE OSTI2022

CH 4 Activation over Perovskite Catalysts: True Density and Reactivity of Active Sites

The high thermal stability of perovskites has drawn attention toward their applications for catalytic CH 4 activation and conversion, typically occurring at high temperatures. The reaction rates of perovskite catalysts for CH 4 combustion, however, trail behind those of noble metal catalysts. Ways to optimize the performance of perovskite catalysts are destined to trial-and-error approaches unless their complex reconstructed surfaces are correlated with fundamental kinetic parameters. Discerning the intrinsic activity of surface catalytic sites and the density of those sites is crucial to rationally envision complex metal oxides with enhanced catalytic performance. Here, the present work presents a detailed kinetic analysis of catalytic CH 4 combustion over a set of seven perovskites (SrTiO 3 , SrZrO 3 , SrFeO 3 , LaFeO 3 , LaInO 3 , LaCoO 3 , LaMnO 3 ) with various surface terminations. Steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis was employed to measure turnover frequency (TOF) and density of surface intermediates (N) under operando conditions. Top surface characterization elucidated performance-structure relationships between near-monolayer surface composition and intrinsic reactivity of the catalysts. By using a chemical etching procedure to expose Fe-sites at the top surface of LaFeO 3 (LaFeO 3 , HNO 3 ), its TOF was increased 4-fold, compared with the unmodified sample, although N on the surface of LaFeO 3 , HNO 3 decreased. Density functional theory simulations corroborated that surface Fe-termination and La-Fe termination offer lower energetic barriers for CH 4 activation when compared with La-termination. In general, surface reconstruction is shown as a tool to tune TOF and N to improve reaction rates. This work fills a gap in current kinetic studies of perovskites through a careful assessment and discussion of the density and intrinsic reactivity of active sites for methane combustion over well-characterized reconstructed perovskite surfaces.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

A bioinspired and chemically defined alternative to dimethyl sulfoxide for the cryopreservation of human hematopoietic stem cells

Abstract The cryopreservation of hematopoietic cells using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and serum is a common procedure used in transplantation. However, DMSO has clinical and biological side effects due to its toxicity, and serum introduces variation and safety risks. Inspired by natural antifreeze proteins, a novel class of ice-interactive cryoprotectants was developed. The corresponding DMSO-, protein-, and serum-free cryopreservation media candidates were screened through a series of biological assays using human cell lines, peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells. XT-Thrive-A and XT-Thrive-B were identified as lead candidates to rival cryopreservation with 10% DMSO in serum based on post-thaw cell survival and short-term proliferation assays. The effectiveness of the novel cryopreservation media in freezing hematopoietic stem cells from human whole bone marrow was assessed by extreme limiting dilution analysis in immunodeficient mice. Stem cell frequencies were measured 12 weeks after transplant based on bone marrow engraftment of erythroid, myeloid, B-lymphoid, and CD34 + progenitors measured by flow cytometry. The recovered numbers of cryopreserved stem cells were similar among XT-Thrive A, XT-Thrive B, and DMSO with serum groups. These findings show that cryoprotectants developed through biomimicry of natural antifreeze proteins offers a substitute for DMSO-based media for the cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Towards Floquet Chern insulators of light

Topological photonics explores photonic systems that exhibit robustness against defects and disorder, enabled by protection from underlying topological phases. These phases are typically realized in linear optical systems and characterized by their intrinsic photonic band structures. Here we experimentally study Floquet Chern insulators in periodically driven nonlinear photonic crystals, where the topological phase is controlled by the polarization and the frequency of the driving field. Our transient sum-frequency generation measurements reveal strong hybridization of the Floquet photonic bands. The measured spectrum remains gapless under a linearly polarized drive but becomes gapped under a circularly polarized drive. Theoretical analysis confirms that the Floquet gap is topological, characterized by a non-zero Chern number—a consequence of time-reversal symmetry breaking induced by the circularly polarized driving field. Furthermore, this work offers opportunities to explore the role of classical optical nonlinearity in topological phases and their applications in nonlinear optoelectronics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗