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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Dissolved Organic Carbon Data for the East River Watershed, Colorado (2015-2025)

This data package contains mean values for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for water samples taken from the East River Watershed in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. DOC and DIC concentrations in water samples were determined using a TOC-VCPH analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). DOC was analyzed as non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) by purging HCl-acidified samples with carbon-free air to remove DIC prior to measurement. After the acidified sample has been sparged, it is injected into a combustion tube filled with oxidation catalyst heated to 680 oC. The DOC in samples is combusted to CO2 and measured by a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector. The peak area of the analog signal produced by the NDIR detector is proportional to the DOC concentration of the sample. DIC was determined by acidifying the samples with HCl first, and then purging with carbon-free air to release CO2 for analysis by NDIR detector. Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) was analyzed using a Shimadzu Total Nitrogen Module (TNM-L) combined with the TOC-L analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). TNM-L is a non-specific measurement of total nitrogen (TN). All nitrogen species in samples are combusted to nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, then reacted with ozone to form an excited state of nitrogen dioxide. Upon returning to ground state, light energy is emitted. Then, TDN is measured using a chemiluminescence detector. All data reported are the mean values upon minimum of three replicate measurements, with a relative standard deviation < 3%. All samples were analyzed under a rigorous quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) process. This data package contains (1) a zip file (dic_npoc_data_2014-2025.zip) containing a total of 337 files: 336 data files of DIC and NPOC data from across the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA) which is reported in .csv files per location and a locations.csv (1 file) with latitude and longitude for each location; (2) a file-level metadata (v6_20250901_flmd.csv) file that lists each file contained in the dataset with associated metadata; (3) a data dictionary (v6_20250901_dd.csv) file that contains terms/column_headers used throughout the files along with a definition, units, and data type; and (4) PDF and docx files for the determiniation of Method Detection Limits (MDLs) for DIC and NPOC data, which has been updated in 2026-08. Missing values within the anion data files are noted as either "-9999" or "0.0" for not detectable (N.D.) data. There are a total of 113 locations containing DIC/NPOC data. Update on 2020-10-07: Updated the data files to remove times from the timestamps, so that only dates remain. The data values have not changed. Update on 2021-04-11: Added Determination of Method Detection Limits (MDLs) for DIC, NPOC and TDN Analyses document, which can be accessed as a PDF or with Microsoft Word.Update on 6/10/2022: versioned updates to this dataset was made along with these changes: (1) updated dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved organic carbon data for all locations up to 2021-12-31, (2) removal of units from column headers in datafiles, (3) added row underneath headers to contain units of variables, (4) restructure of units to comply with CSV reporting format requirements, (5) added -9999 for empty numerical cells, and (6) the addition of the file-level metadata (flmd.csv) and data dictionary (dd.csv) were added to comply with the File-Level Metadata Reporting Format. Update on 2022-09-09: Updates were made to reporting format specific files (file-level metadata and data dictionary) to correct swapped file names, add additional details on metadata descriptions on both files, add a header_row column to enable parsing, and add version number and date to file names (v2_20220909_flmd.csv and v2_20220909_dd.csv). Update on 2023-08-08: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available anion data was added, up until 2023-01-05. The file level metadata and data dictionary files were updated to reflect the additional data added. Update on 2024-03-11: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available anion data was added, up until 2023-11-21. Further, revisions to the data files were made to remove incorrect data points (from 1970 and 2001). The reporting format specific files were updated to reflect the additional data added. Revised versions of the PDF and docx files for determination of MDLs for DIC and NPOC were added to replace previous versions. Update on 2025-05-15: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available DIC and NPOC data was added, up until the end of WY2024 (September 30, 2024). International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSNs), when registered, were added to the data files. The reporting format specific files were updated to reflect the additional data added. Update on 2026-09-01: Updates were made to both the data files and reporting format specific files. New available DIC and NPOC data was added, up until the end of WY2025 (September 30, 2025). Updated versions, as of 2026-08-10, of the PDF and docx files for determination of MDLs for DIC and NPOC data were added to this dataset.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Chemistry data from soils and soil incubation experiments from the whole-soil warming experiment at Blodgett Forest, CA, 2018, from: “Metabolic capabilities mute positive response to direct and indirect impacts of warming throughout the soil profile”

This dataset contains soil chemistry data of soils from the whole-soil warming experiment at Blodgett Forest in June 2018, and from laboratory incubation experiments conducted with a subset of those soils. Soil samples were collected at five different depths down to 80 cm from soil plots continuously heated by 4°C above ambient temperature for 4.5 years, and from the respective unheated control plots. Incubation experiments were conducted for 28 days with soils collected between 10-30 cm (“surface soils”) and 60-80 cm (“subsoils”) from heated and unheated field plots, amended in the laboratory with cellobiose (C, carbon amendment), or cellobiose plus ammonium and phosphate (CNP, combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus amendment). The dataset includes separate files for: (i) total carbon and nitrogen concentrations of initial field soils; (ii) carbon dioxide efflux rates at multiple times throughout the incubation experiments, and respective cumulative carbon dioxide efflux rates, as well as inorganic nitrogen concentrations at the beginning and end of the incubations, and net nitrogen mineralization rates and carbon use efficiency calculated at the end of the incubation. Analysis of these data has been published in Dove et al., (2021), “Metabolic capabilities mute positive response to direct and indirect impacts of warming throughout the soil profile. Nat. Commun. 12:2089”, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22408-5. This research was performed as part of the TES Belowground Biogeochemistry SFA project at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Critical Review of Platinum Group Metal-Free Materials for Water Electrolysis: Transition from the Laboratory to the Market : Earth-abundant borides and phosphides as catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production

To combat the global problem of carbon dioxide emissions, hydrogen is the desired energy vector for the transition to environmentally benign fuel cell power. Water electrolysis (WE) is the major technology for sustainable hydrogen production. Despite the use of renewable solar and wind power as sources of electricity, one of the main barriers for the widespread implementation of WE is the scarcity and high cost of platinum group metals (pgms) that are used to catalyse the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Hence, the critical pgm-based catalysts must be replaced with more sustainable alternatives for WE technologies to become commercially viable. This critical review describes the state-of-the-art pgm-free materials used in the WE application, with a major focus on phosphides and borides. Several emerging classes of HER and OER catalysts are reviewed and detailed structure-property correlations are comprehensively summarised. The influence of the crystallographic and electronic structures, morphology and bulk and surface chemistry of the catalysts on the activity towards OER and HER is discussed.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UCO5 by Materials Project

UO2CO3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imm2 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two carbonic acid molecules and two pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on U(BO3)2 by Materials Project

UO2B2O4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules and four BO2 ribbons oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. In each BO2 ribbon, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.34–1.40 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent B3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UCO5 by Materials Project

UO2CO3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two carbonic acid molecules and two pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on U(HO2)2 by Materials Project

UO2(OH)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmce space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules and eight water molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on U(HO2)2 by Materials Project

UO2(OH)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmc2_1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules and eight water molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UH14(NO2)4 by Materials Project

UO2(NH2O)2(NH2OH)2(H2O)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight hydroxyammonium molecules; eight hydroxylamine molecules; four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules; and eight water molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UH16C4(NO3)4 by Materials Project

UO2(NH4)3(CO2)4NH2OH2O crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twelve ammonium molecules; sixteen formic acid molecules; four hydroxylamine molecules; four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules; and four water molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UH12(NO7)2 by Materials Project

UO2(NO3)2(H2O)6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmc2_1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight nitric acid molecules; four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules; and twenty-four water molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on U(C2O5)2 by Materials Project

UO2(CO2)4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ccce space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen formic acid molecules and four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UC3N4O11 by Materials Project

UO2(N2)2(CO3)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen ammonia molecules; twelve carbonic acid molecules; and four pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on UH4(NO5)2 by Materials Project

UO2UO2(NO3)2(NO3)2(H2O)4 is Cyanogen Chloride-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four nitric acid molecules; two pitchblend, uranium(iv) oxide, uranium(iv) dioxide, uranium dioxide molecules; eight water molecules; and two UO2(NO3)2 clusters. In each UO2(NO3)2 cluster, U6+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.52 Å. N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.22–1.30 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one U6+ and one N5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one U6+ and one N5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Developing a Prototype Methodology to Rank CO2-EOR Wells and Assess Their Reuse Potential for Geologic Carbon Storage

This paper presents a prototype methodology to assess the possible transition of Class II carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) wells to Class VI wells. The focus is on wellbore construction materials—casing, cement, tubing, and the packer—and includes comprehensive workflows to evaluate these materials, with primary emphasis on compliance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Class VI well construction and conversion guidelines. These workflows systematically assess material properties and performance criteria to ensure regulatory compliance and optimize long-term wellbore integrity and functionality. Utilizing Python scripts and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) representations, the study automates checks on digitized Texas Railroad Commission (TRRC) data to rank wells based on workflow criteria. By emphasizing critical factors such as casing integrity, cementing techniques, tubing compatibility, and packer selection, the methodology helps well owners and operators prioritize wells for potential reuse as CO2 injection wells. Given limitations in digitized data, manual user verification is required in some sections. Future improvements include integrating non-digitized data through web scraping and machine learning techniques. This research serves as a practical guide for stakeholders, supporting environmental compliance and sustainable well operations.

geologic carbon sequestration↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Algal CO2 Utilization by Synergistic Integration With Power Plant and Wastewater Treatment Operations

Creating an economic demand for carbon utilization products will require lowering the overall cost of the products to compete within the current market. Photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide is an emerging pathway for product development in the animal feed market that globally amounts to over 400 Billion USD and is expected to continue growing. This project aims to continue the development of a process that utilizes carbon dioxide while increasing the cost competitiveness of algae as an animal feed product. The overall goal of the project is to demonstrate an engineering-scale open raceway pond algae cultivation system (180 m2) including integration of technologies that utilize coal-fired power plant CO2 and wastewater nutrient inputs. The system is designed to maximize the cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits of algal biomass production for commodity animal feed.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Getting to Neutral: Options for Negative Carbon Emissions in California

This report is an assessment of negative emissions pathways - ones that physically remove CO 2 from the atmosphere - that can help California achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, or sooner. It integrates original research findings with current published research on three main pillars of negative emissions: natural and working lands, carbon capture from biomass conversion to fuels, and direct air capture. The focus and scope of this report is unique: it only addresses practices and technologies for removing carbon dioxide from the air. It also encompasses the entire breadth of strategies, from land management to the latest technological options, and it evaluates the cost of every step of the solution, from waste biomass collection to carbon dioxide transport and geologic storage. The methods are intended to be transparent; details of the calculations and underlying data are included in the report body and appendices. This study intentionally avoids any discussion of policies and does not include current incentives; it provides a range of options, tradeoffs and costs that can be used to inform future policies. The key finding of this report is that carbon neutrality is achievable.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Investigation of Thermolytic Hydrogen Generation Rate in Tank 44 Dissolved Saltcake Samples

Saltcake core samples collected from Tank 44 in 2006 were dissolved to provide material for HGR measurements applicable to F-Area dissolved saltcake material. Additionally, characterization was performed on the Tank 44 saltcake material. The following are key results from the Tank 44 saltcake characterization. The Tank 44 Upper Saltcake Composite, corresponding to the 171 to 285 inch tank level, contained by mass approximately 69% sodium nitrate, 11% sodium carbonate, 8% sodium nitrite, smaller amounts of other salts and components, and 9% unquantified (which includes water, water of hydration, oxygen/hydrogen content of oxides and hydroxides, and uncertainty). The Tank 44 Lower Saltcake Composite, corresponding to the 76 to 114 inch tank level, contained by mass approximately 49% sodium carbonate, 18% sodium nitrate, smaller amounts of other salts, at least 8% sludge, and 9% unquantified (see above). The dissolved saltcake contained free hydroxide less than quantifiable (<0.01 M) due to the limited quantity of material that could be removed from the Shielded Cells based on the sample radioactivity. Measurement by pH paper provided an approximate pH of 12. The following are key results from the Tank 44 HGR testing. During boiling at 106.7 °C, HGR for Tank 44 dissolved saltcake without added glycolate was 7.2×10 -8 ft 3 h -1 ga l-1 . During boiling at 106.9 °C, HGR for Tank 44 dissolved saltcake with 1000 mg/L of added glycolate was 8.2×10 -8 ft 3 h -1 gal -1 . ∙ For the test without added glycolate, the first several HGR measurements at 70, 85, and 100 °C gave indication of the release of dissolved hydrogen and should not be used to represent the sustained thermolytic HGR for those temperatures. The measurements at boiling are the best representation of thermolysis in this testing. Carbon dioxide was observed at concentrations up to 6 vol% in the flow-system offgas for the test at boiling. ∙ Methane generation was observed at 100 °C and boiling. Methane concentration in the total gas generated during testing remained well below the lower flammability limit for methane in air. The addition of 1000 mg/L of glycolate did not have a significant impact on the hydrogen generation rates measured during this testing. The low hydroxide concentration in the Tank 44 dissolved saltcake likely influenced the relatively low thermolytic HGR and high carbon dioxide release observations in this testing. Based on the observation that methane was generated or released upon heating SRS radioactive Tank 44 waste samples to 100 °C and above, we recommend gaining a greater understanding of the cause and mechanism of its generation. First, the applicable literature should be reviewed to reveal the thermolytic methane generation mechanisms of possible methane generating species in the SRS CSTF. If warranted, a plan should be developed for simulant tests with methylated siloxanes and other applicable compounds in order to gain a better mechanistic understanding of methane generation in the SRS CSTF.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗