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Small Reactors in Microgrids: Technology Modeling and Selection (Net-Zero Microgrid Program Project Report)

This report demonstrates the capabilities of the net-zero microgrid (NZM) Xendee platform for modeling an SR module with electricity, heat extraction and thermal storage in microgrids configurations. The model effectively captures the most important technical and economic considerations for SR technology specific analysis: cost and operational characteristics of SR technology and financial costs and incentives. The model can analyze multiple scenarios to establish metrics for cost-competitive and zero-carbon microgrids connected to the grid or completely isolated. The model is fully integrated within the Xendee platform for modeling and analysis of clean energy microgrids with storage and generation from renewable energy sources. The model captures the capabilities, constraints, and nuances of SR by incorporating parameters related to plant economics, design efficiency and performance, plant operation and component and fuel lifespan. The cost and operational parameters modeled in the SR module are specific to the technology selected for integration in the microgrid. Cost parameters recognize advanced nuclear technology for modular production and installation based on economies of scale from factory manufacture and related commissioning, and cost reduction through technology maturation—first-of-a-kind (FOAK) and nth-of-a-Kind (NOAK). The cost parameters include installation, operations and maintenance (O&M), fuel refueling cycle, and reactor life. Installation cost reflects economies of scale due to unit sizing at scale and colocation. O&M economies of scale for both fixed- and variable-cost fuel life-cycle costs are incurred at every refueling interval, with separate front- and back-end fuel costs, as well as waste-handling and disposition costs. This report investigates key characteristics of different SR technologies suitable for microgrid applications, including design principles, sizing, coolant properties, temperature ratings, fuel structures, and life-cycle considerations. This also includes fuel technologies applicable to these SR systems, alongside strategies for nuclear-waste and spent-fuel management and approaches to address safety, security, and proliferation challenges. Four primary groups of SR technologies are examined: water-cooled, liquid-metal-cooled, high-temperature gas-cooled, and molten-salt-cooled systems. In this report, an initial guideline for technology selection is established, aligning the characteristics of the technologies with the requirements of microgrids. The selection of technology in a microgrid is influenced by various factors, including financial capacity, location and accessibility, demand type and characteristics, reliability and resilience requirements, area constraints, and the lifespan of the microgrid. The types of electrical and non-electrical applications within the microgrid also play a significant role in technology selection. The characteristics of SRs, such as their smaller size, modularity, transportability, long refueling interval, improved safety features, ability to operate in autonomous or semi-autonomous mode, and provision of high-grade heat, are particularly appealing for microgrids. Furthermore, a list of considerations for implementing SRs in microgrids is outlined. The SR model is created to be continuously improved with the acquisition of actual data on investment and operational costs, experience with supply chains, production at scale, and field deployments. In the near term, performance data on applications in microgrids will become available from lessons learned from laboratory tests, such as those planned for the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation Project (MARVEL), led by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The SR model incorporates scenario data and known SR design specifications, enabling technoeconomic analysis for SR deployment in microgrids. It specifically considers the distinctive attributes of SRs as generators in technoeconomic studies. SRs can be modeled and analyzed with generation from renewable-energy sources, energy storage, and flexible loads over a range of functionality and applications. This offers a comprehensive tool for feasibility studies, scenario development, and sensitivity analysis for “what-if” consideration of any range of assumptions about SRs in microgrids and other aggregations of distributed-energy resources, including virtual power plants.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Materials Data on Sr3(AlGe)2 by Materials Project

Sr3(AlGe)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Al and five equivalent Ge atoms. Both Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.34 Å. There are four shorter (3.34 Å) and one longer (3.38 Å) Sr–Ge bond lengths. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to eight equivalent Al and four equivalent Ge atoms to form a mixture of edge and face-sharing SrAl8Ge4 cuboctahedra. All Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.48 Å. All Sr–Ge bond lengths are 3.66 Å. Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to six Sr, one Al, and two equivalent Ge atoms. The Al–Al bond length is 2.58 Å. Both Al–Ge bond lengths are 2.57 Å. Ge is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to seven Sr and two equivalent Al atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr2Mg17 by Materials Project

Mg17Sr2 is Bergman Structure: Mg32(Al,Zn)49 Bergman-derived structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to twenty Mg atoms. There are a spread of Sr–Mg bond distances ranging from 3.63–3.98 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve Mg atoms. There are six shorter (3.68 Å) and six longer (3.82 Å) Sr–Mg bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to two Sr and nine Mg atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Mg bond distances ranging from 3.04–3.31 Å. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Sr and thirteen Mg atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Mg bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.47 Å. In the third Mg site, Mg is bonded to two equivalent Sr and ten Mg atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and face-sharing MgSr2Mg10 cuboctahedra. All Mg–Mg bond lengths are 3.05 Å. In the fourth Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two Sr and ten Mg atoms. There are one shorter (3.05 Å) and one longer (3.19 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr2LiSi3 by Materials Project

LiSr2Si3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to six Sr and three Si atoms. There are four shorter (3.36 Å) and two longer (3.37 Å) Li–Sr bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.54 Å) and two longer (2.56 Å) Li–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded to four equivalent Li and eight Si atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and edge-sharing SrLi4Si8 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Sr–Si bond distances ranging from 3.35–3.42 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to two equivalent Li and ten Si atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and edge-sharing SrLi2Si10 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Sr–Si bond distances ranging from 3.25–3.44 Å. There are two inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li and six Sr atoms. In the second Si site, Si is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li and six Sr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr4In2N by Materials Project

Sr4In2N crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a single-bond geometry to six equivalent In and one N atom. There are two shorter (3.54 Å) and four longer (3.74 Å) Sr–In bond lengths. The Sr–N bond length is 2.53 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a linear geometry to four equivalent In and two equivalent N atoms. All Sr–In bond lengths are 3.86 Å. Both Sr–N bond lengths are 2.64 Å. In is bonded to ten Sr and two equivalent In atoms to form distorted InSr10In2 cuboctahedra that share corners with eight equivalent InSr10In2 cuboctahedra, corners with two equivalent NSr6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent InSr10In2 cuboctahedra, faces with seven equivalent InSr10In2 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent NSr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°. Both In–In bond lengths are 3.36 Å. N is bonded to six Sr atoms to form NSr6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent InSr10In2 cuboctahedra, corners with four equivalent NSr6 octahedra, and faces with eight equivalent InSr10In2 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3Ag2 by Materials Project

Sr3Ag2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five equivalent Ag atoms. There are a spread of Sr–Ag bond distances ranging from 3.36–3.88 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Ag atoms. All Sr–Ag bond lengths are 3.43 Å. In the third Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ag atoms. There are three shorter (3.28 Å) and three longer (3.41 Å) Sr–Ag bond lengths. Ag is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Sr and one Ag atom. The Ag–Ag bond length is 3.04 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3Au2 by Materials Project

Sr3Au2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five equivalent Au atoms. There are a spread of Sr–Au bond distances ranging from 3.23–3.71 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Au atoms. All Sr–Au bond lengths are 3.34 Å. In the third Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Au atoms. There are three shorter (3.23 Å) and three longer (3.37 Å) Sr–Au bond lengths. Au is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Sr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr7Au3 by Materials Project

Sr7Au3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Au atoms. All Sr–Au bond lengths are 3.20 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Au atoms. Both Sr–Au bond lengths are 3.25 Å. In the third Sr site, Sr is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent Au atoms. There are one shorter (3.25 Å) and two longer (3.27 Å) Sr–Au bond lengths. Au is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Sr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3GeO by Materials Project

Sr3GeO is Orthorhombic Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ge and two equivalent O atoms. There are a spread of Sr–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.23–3.61 Å. Both Sr–O bond lengths are 2.58 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ge and two equivalent O atoms. There are one shorter (3.20 Å) and one longer (3.42 Å) Sr–Ge bond lengths. Both Sr–O bond lengths are 2.58 Å. Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Sr atoms. O is bonded to six Sr atoms to form corner-sharing OSr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 19–20°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3In by Materials Project

Sr3In is alpha bismuth trifluoride structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded to four equivalent Sr and four equivalent In atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, face, and corner-sharing SrSr4In4 tetrahedra. All Sr–Sr bond lengths are 3.75 Å. All Sr–In bond lengths are 3.75 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Sr atoms. In is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Sr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3In11 by Materials Project

Sr3In11 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to fourteen In atoms. There are a spread of Sr–In bond distances ranging from 3.49–3.88 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to twelve In atoms to form SrIn12 cuboctahedra that share edges with two equivalent InSr4In8 cuboctahedra and faces with two equivalent SrIn12 cuboctahedra. There are eight shorter (3.70 Å) and four longer (3.74 Å) Sr–In bond lengths. There are four inequivalent In sites. In the first In site, In is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Sr and six In atoms. There are a spread of In–In bond distances ranging from 3.02–3.33 Å. In the second In site, In is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four Sr and five In atoms. There are one shorter (2.90 Å) and one longer (3.04 Å) In–In bond lengths. In the third In site, In is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Sr and eight In atoms. Both In–In bond lengths are 3.34 Å. In the fourth In site, In is bonded to four equivalent Sr and eight In atoms to form InSr4In8 cuboctahedra that share edges with two equivalent SrIn12 cuboctahedra and faces with two equivalent InSr4In8 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3(AlGe2)2 by Materials Project

Sr3(AlGe2)2 is Magnesium tetraboride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Al and seven Ge atoms. Both Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.30 Å. There are a spread of Sr–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.11–3.39 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to six Ge atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SrGe6 octahedra. There are two shorter (3.29 Å) and four longer (3.32 Å) Sr–Ge bond lengths. Al is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Sr and four Ge atoms. There are a spread of Al–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.70 Å. There are two inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to five Sr, one Al, and two equivalent Ge atoms. Both Ge–Ge bond lengths are 2.66 Å. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to five Sr and three equivalent Al atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Na2SrFe by Materials Project

Na2SrFe is Heusler structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Na is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four Sr and four Fe atoms. All Na–Sr bond lengths are 3.31 Å. All Na–Fe bond lengths are 3.31 Å. There are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Na and six Fe atoms. There are two shorter (3.81 Å) and four longer (3.83 Å) Sr–Fe bond lengths. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Na and six Fe atoms. There are two shorter (3.81 Å) and four longer (3.83 Å) Sr–Fe bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Na and six Sr atoms. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Na and six Sr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3(AlSi)2 by Materials Project

Al2Si2Sr3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded to eight equivalent Al and four equivalent Si atoms to form a mixture of face and edge-sharing SrAl8Si4 cuboctahedra. All Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.45 Å. All Sr–Si bond lengths are 3.62 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Al and five equivalent Si atoms. Both Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.32 Å. There are four shorter (3.32 Å) and one longer (3.38 Å) Sr–Si bond lengths. Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to six Sr, one Al, and two equivalent Si atoms. The Al–Al bond length is 2.58 Å. Both Al–Si bond lengths are 2.52 Å. Si is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to seven Sr and two equivalent Al atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr11LaFe6(MoO6)6 by Materials Project

Sr11LaFe6(MoO6)6 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eleven inequivalent Sr2+ sites. In the first Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three FeO6 octahedra, and faces with five MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.64–3.11 Å. In the second Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.62–3.04 Å. In the third Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with five SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.65–3.06 Å. In the fourth Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.65–3.07 Å. In the fifth Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three MoO6 octahedra, and faces with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.61–3.12 Å. In the sixth Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with five SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.59–3.14 Å. In the seventh Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with ten SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three MoO6 octahedra, and faces with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.67–3.10 Å. In the eighth Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three FeO6 octahedra, and faces with five MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.64–3.07 Å. In the ninth Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with ten SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.63–3.17 Å. In the tenth Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.66–3.14 Å. In the eleventh Sr2+ site, Sr2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted SrO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three FeO6 octahedra, and faces with five MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.59–3.17 Å. La3+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eleven O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.43–3.05 Å. There are six inequivalent Mo+4.83+ sites. In the first Mo+4.83+ site, Mo+4.83+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, corners with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with eight SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–16°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.08 Å. In the second Mo+4.83+ site, Mo+4.83+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent MoO6 octahedra, corners with four FeO6 octahedra, and faces with eight SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–16°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.03 Å. In the third Mo+4.83+ site, Mo+4.83+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one MoO6 octahedra, corners with five FeO6 octahedra, and faces with eight SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–16°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.04 Å. In the fourth Mo+4.83+ site, Mo+4.83+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra and faces with eight SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–15°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.05 Å. In the fifth Mo+4.83+ site, Mo+4.83+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one MoO6 octahedra, corners with five FeO6 octahedra, and faces with seven SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–16°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.03 Å. In the sixth Mo+4.83+ site, Mo+4.83+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra and faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–21°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.04 Å. There are six inequivalent Fe3+ sites. In the first Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO6 octahedra and faces with seven SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–21°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.10 Å. In the second Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent MoO6 octahedra, corners with four FeO6 octahedra, and faces with seven SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–20°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.08 Å. In the third Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra, corners with five MoO6 octahedra, and faces with eight SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–16°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.09 Å. In the fourth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO6 octahedra and faces with eight SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–16°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.10 Å. In the fifth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra, corners with five MoO6 octahedra, and faces with seven SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–21°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.12 Å. In the sixth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, corners with four MoO6 octahedra, and faces with six SrO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–20°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.09 Å. There are thirty-six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+ and two Fe3+ atoms to form distorted OSr4Fe2 octahedra that share corners with five OSr4FeMo octahedra and edges with two equivalent OSr4Mo2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–3°. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom to form distorted OSr4FeMo octahedra that share corners with four OSr4Mo2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent OSr4FeMo octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OSr4FeMo octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–5°. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two Sr2+, two equivalent La3+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+ and two Mo+4.83+ atoms to form distorted OSr4Mo2 octahedra that share corners with four OSr4Mo2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent OSr3LaFe2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–5°. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Sr2+, one La3+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Sr2+, one La3+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+ and two Mo+4.83+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Sr2+, one La3+, and two Fe3+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+ and two Mo+4.83+ atoms to form distorted OSr4Mo2 octahedra that share corners with five OSr4Mo2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent OSr4Fe2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom to form distorted OSr4FeMo octahedra that share corners with five OSr4Mo2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent OSr4FeMo octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–2°. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to three Sr2+, one La3+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Sr2+, one La3+, and two Fe3+ atoms to form distorted OSr3LaFe2 octahedra that share corners with four OSr3LaFe2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent OSr4Mo2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–5°. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Sr2+, one Mo+4.83+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the twenty-eighth

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3(AlSn)2 by Materials Project

Sr3(AlSn)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Al and five equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.45 Å. There are four shorter (3.46 Å) and one longer (3.53 Å) Sr–Sn bond lengths. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to eight equivalent Al and four equivalent Sn atoms to form a mixture of edge and face-sharing SrAl8Sn4 cuboctahedra. All Sr–Al bond lengths are 3.59 Å. All Sr–Sn bond lengths are 3.78 Å. Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to six Sr, one Al, and two equivalent Sn atoms. The Al–Al bond length is 2.54 Å. Both Al–Sn bond lengths are 2.75 Å. Sn is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven Sr and two equivalent Al atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr2GaGeN by Materials Project

Sr2GaGeN crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ge and three equivalent N atoms. Both Sr–Ge bond lengths are 3.41 Å. There are one shorter (2.52 Å) and two longer (2.78 Å) Sr–N bond lengths. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ge and two equivalent N atoms. All Sr–Ge bond lengths are 3.38 Å. Both Sr–N bond lengths are 2.73 Å. Ga is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Ge and one N atom. Both Ga–Ge bond lengths are 2.49 Å. The Ga–N bond length is 1.89 Å. Ge is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five Sr and two equivalent Ga atoms. N is bonded to five Sr and one Ga atom to form distorted edge-sharing NSr5Ga octahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sr3Li by Materials Project

LiSr3 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Sr atoms. All Li–Sr bond lengths are 3.97 Å. There are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Sr atoms. There are four shorter (3.97 Å) and four longer (4.13 Å) Sr–Sr bond lengths. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to four equivalent Li and eight equivalent Sr atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing SrSr8Li4 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗