Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “STRENGTH FUNCTIONS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,009 records · Page 56
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

GASEOUS STRUCTURES IN BARRED GALAXIES: EFFECTS OF THE BAR STRENGTH

Using hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the physical properties of gaseous substructures in barred galaxies and their relationships with the bar strength. The gaseous medium is assumed to be isothermal and unmagnetized. The bar potential is modeled as a Ferrers prolate with index n. To explore situations with differing bar strength, we vary the bar mass f{sub bar} relative to the spheroidal component as well as its aspect ratio R. We derive expressions as functions of f{sub bar} and R for the bar strength Q{sub b} and the radius r(Q{sub b} ) where the maximum bar torque occurs. When applied to observations, these expressions suggest that bars in real galaxies are most likely to have f{sub bar} {approx} 0.25-0.50 and n {approx}< 1. Dust lanes approximately follow one of the x{sub 1}-orbits and tend to be straighter under a stronger and more elongated bar, but are insensitive to the presence of self-gravity. A nuclear ring of a conventional x{sub 2} type forms only when the bar is not so massive or elongated. The radius of an x{sub 2}-type ring is generally smaller than the inner Lindblad resonance, decreases systematically with increasing Q{sub b} , and is slightly larger when self-gravity is included. This is evidence that the ring position is not determined by the resonance, but instead by the amount of angular momentum loss at dust-lane shocks. Nuclear spirals exist only when the ring is of the x{sub 2} type and is sufficiently large in size. Unlike the other features, nuclear spirals are transient in that they start out being tightly wound and weak, and then, due to the nonlinear effect, unwind and become stronger until they turn into shocks, with an unwinding rate that is higher for larger Q{sub b} . The mass inflow rate to the galaxy center is found to be less than 0.01 M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1} for models with Q{sub b} {approx}< 0.2, while becoming larger than 0.1 M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1} when Q{sub b} {approx}> 0.2 and self-gravity is included.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effective collision strengths for fine-structure transitions in Si VII

The effective collision strengths for electron-impact excitation of fine-structure transitions in Si VII are calculated as a function of electron temperature in the range 5000-2,000,000 K. The B-spline Breit-Pauli R-matrix method has been used to calculate collision strengths by electron impact. The target wave functions have been obtained using the multi-configuration Hartree-Fock method with term-dependent non-orthogonal orbitals. The 92 fine-structure levels belonging to the 46 LS states of 2s {sup 2}2p {sup 4}, 2s2p {sup 5}, 2p {sup 6}, 2s {sup 2}2p {sup 3}3s, 2s {sup 2}2p {sup 3}3p, 2s {sup 2}2p {sup 3}3d, and 2s2p {sup 4}3s configurations are included in our calculations of oscillator strengths and collision strengths. There are 4186 possible fine-structure allowed and forbidden transitions among the 92 levels. The present excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and collision strengths have been compared with previous theoretical results and available experimental data. Generally, a good agreement is found with the 6 LS-state close-coupling approximation results of Butler and Zeippen and the 44 LS-state distorted wave calculation of Bhatia and Landi.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evolution of elastic and thermal properties of cementitious composites containing micro-size lightweight fillers after exposure to elevated temperature

This work studies the evolution of elastic and thermal properties of cementitious composites containing micro-size lightweight fillers after exposure to elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C). A multiscale investigation is carried out to study the thermal degradation of cementitious composite materials at multiple scale levels: at cement past level, the dehydration kinetics of cement hydrates (i.e., C–S–H, CH and aluminate hydrates) and development of microcracks are studied as functions of exposure temperatures. The damage mechanism of the inclusion phases and damages within the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) under elevated temperature are also investigated. In addition, the change of mechanical (i.e., elastic moduli, compressive strengths) and thermal (thermal conductivities) properties are measured as functions of the exposure temperature. Based on the experimental studies, a multiscale thermal degradation model is developed where the thermal degradations of cement paste (including water composition, porosity, and solid phase changes), inclusion phases, and the interfaces are captured through a multiscale sub-stepping homogenization scheme. The thermal degradation model is validated through multiple sets of experimental data. Finally, the influence of key parameters including the particle size distribution of the inclusions, the chemical composition, as well as the effects of ITZ damage are studied.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2013

Predicting Bone Mechanical State During Recovery After Long-Duration Skeletal Unloading Using QCT and Finite Element Modeling

During long-duration missions at the International Space Station, astronauts experience weightlessness leading to skeletal unloading. Unloading causes a lack of a mechanical stimulus that triggers bone cellular units to remove mass from the skeleton. A mathematical system of the cellular dynamics predicts theoretical changes to volume fractions and ash fraction in response to temporal variations in skeletal loading. No current model uses image technology to gather information about a skeletal site s initial properties to calculate bone remodeling changes and then to compare predicted bone strengths with the initial strength. The goal of this study is to use quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in conjunction with a computational model of the bone remodeling process to establish initial bone properties to predict changes in bone mechanics during bone loss and recovery with finite element (FE) modeling. Input parameters for the remodeling model include bone volume fraction and ash fraction, which are both computed from the QCT images. A non-destructive approach to measure ash fraction is also derived. Voxel-based finite element models (FEM) created from QCTs provide initial evaluation of bone strength. Bone volume fraction and ash fraction outputs from the computational model predict changes to the elastic modulus of bone via a two-parameter equation. The modulus captures the effect of bone remodeling and functions as the key to evaluate of changes in strength. Application of this time-dependent modulus to FEMs and composite beam theory enables an assessment of bone mechanics during recovery. Prediction of bone strength is not only important for astronauts, but is also pertinent to millions of patients with osteoporosis and low bone density.

Chang, Katarina L.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Prediction of an arc-tunable Weyl Fermion metallic state in Mo x W 1-x Te 2

A Weyl semimetal is a new state of matter that hosts Weyl fermions as emergent quasiparticles. The Weyl fermions correspond to isolated points of bulk band degeneracy, Weyl nodes, which are connected only through the crystal’s boundary by exotic Fermi arcs. The length of the Fermi arc gives a measure of the topological strength, because the only way to destroy the Weyl nodes is to annihilate them in pairs in the reciprocal space. To date, Weyl semimetals are only realized in the TaAs class. Here, we propose a tunable Weyl state in Mo x W 1₋x Te 2 where Weyl nodes are formed by touching points between metallic pockets. We show that the Fermi arc length can be changed as a function of Mo concentration, thus tuning the topological strength. Lastly,our results provide an experimentally feasible route to realizing Weyl physics in the layered compound Mo x W 1₋x Te 2 , where non-saturating magneto-resistance and pressure-driven superconductivity have been observed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-201-15: Nomogram as an Efficient Dosimetric Verification Tool in HDR Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose: Nomogram as a simple QA tool for HDR prostate brachytherapy treatment planning has been developed and validated clinically. Reproducibility including patient-to-patient and physician-to-physician variability was assessed. Methods: The study was performed on HDR prostate implants from physician A (n=34) and B (n=15) using different implant techniques and planning methodologies. A nomogram was implemented as an independent QA of computer-based treatment planning before plan execution. Normalized implant strength (total air kerma strength Sk*t in cGy cm{sup 2} divided by prescribed dose in cGy) was plotted as a function of PTV volume and total V100. A quadratic equation was used to fit the data with R{sup 2} denoting the model predictive power. Results: All plans showed good target coverage while OARs met the dose constraint guidelines. Vastly different implant and planning styles were reflected on conformity index (entire dose matrix V100/PTV volume, physician A implants: 1.27±0.14, physician B: 1.47±0.17) and PTV V150/PTV volume ratio (physician A: 0.34±0.09, physician B: 0.24±0.07). The quadratic model provided a better fit for the curved relationship between normalized implant strength and total V100 (or PTV volume) than a simple linear function. Unlike the normalized implant strength versus PTV volume nomogram which differed between physicians, a unique quadratic model based nomogram (Sk*t)/D=−0.0008V2+0.0542V+1.1185 (R{sup 2}=0.9977) described the dependence of normalized implant strength on total V100 over all the patients from both physicians despite two different implant and planning philosophies. Normalized implant strength - total V100 model also generated less deviant points distorting the smoothed ones with a significantly higher correlation. Conclusion: A simple and universal, excel-based nomogram was created as an independent calculation tool for HDR prostate brachytherapy. Unlike similar attempts, our nomogram is insensitive to implant style and does not rely on reproducing dose calculations using TG-43 formalism, thus making it a truly independent check.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Mechanical properties of phosphorene nanoribbons and oxides

Mechanical properties of phosphorene nanoribbons and oxides are investigated by using density functional theory. It is found that the ideal strength of nanoribbon decreases in comparison with that of 2D phosphorene. The Young's modulus of armchair nanoribbon has a remarkable size effect because of the edge relaxations. The analysis of the stress-strain relation indicates that, owing to chemisorbed oxygen atoms, the ideal strength and Young's modulus of 2D phosphorene oxide are greatly reduced along the zigzag direction, especially upon high oxidation ratios. In addition, strain and oxidation have significant impacts on phonon dispersion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Institute for Clean Energy Technology Mississippi State University NSR&D Aged HEPA Filter Study Final Report

Data have demonstrated that filter media lose tensile strength and the ability to resist the effects of moisture as a function of age. Testing of new and aged filters needs to be conducted to correlate reduction of physical strength of HEPA media to the ability of filters to withstand upset conditions. Appendix C of the Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook provides the basis for DOE’s HEPA filter service life guidance. However, this appendix also points out the variability of data, and it does not correlate performance of aged filters to degradation of media due to age. Funding awarded by NSR&D to initiate full-scale testing of aged HEPA filters addresses the issue of correlating media degradation due to age with testing of new and aged HEPA filters under a generic design basis event set of conditions. This funding has accelerated the process of describing this study via: (1) establishment of a Technical Working Group of all stakeholders, (2) development and approval of a test plan, (3) development of testing and autopsy procedures, (4) acquiring an initial set of aged filters, (5) testing the initial set of aged filters, and (6) developing the filter test report content for each filter tested. This funding was very timely and has moved the project forward by at least three years. Activities have been correlated with testing conducted under DOE-EM funding for evaluating performance envelopes for AG-1 Section FC Separator and Separatorless filters. This coordination allows correlation of results from the NSR&D Aged Filter Study with results from testing new filters of the Separator and Separatorless Filter Study. DOE-EM efforts have identified approximately 100 more filters of various ages that have been stored under Level B conditions. NSR&D funded work allows a time for rigorous review among subject matter experts before moving forward with development of the testing matrix that will be used for additional filters. The NSR&D data sets are extremely valuable in as much as establishing a selfimproving, NQA-1 program capable of advancing the service lifetime study of HEPA filters. The data and reports are available for careful and critical review by subject matter experts before the next set of filters is tested and can be found in the appendices of this final report. NSR&D funds have not only initiated the Aged HEPA Filter Study alluded to in Appendix C of the NACH, but have also enhanced the technical integrity and effectiveness of all of the follow-on testing for this long-term study.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1991

An exploration of function analysis and function allocation in the commercial flight domain

The applicability is explored of functional analysis methods to support cockpit design. Specifically, alternative techniques are studied for ensuring an effective division of responsibility between the flight crew and automation. A functional decomposition is performed of the commercial flight domain to provide the information necessary to support allocation decisions and demonstrate methodology for allocating functions to flight crew or to automation. The function analysis employed 'bottom up' and 'top down' analyses and demonstrated the comparability of identified functions, using the 'lift off' segment of the 'take off' phase as a test case. The normal flight mission and selected contingencies were addressed. Two alternative methods for using the functional description in the allocation of functions between man and machine were investigated. The two methods were compared in order to ascertain their relative strengths and weaknesses. Finally, conclusions were drawn regarding the practical utility of function analysis methods.

Mcguire, James C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

ERS-1 and Seasat scatterometer measurements of ocean winds: Model functions and the directional distribution of short waves

Calculation of accurate vector winds from scatterometers requires knowledge of the relationship between backscatter cross-section and the geophysical variable of interest. As the detailed dynamics of wind generation of centimetric waves and radar-sea surface scattering at moderate incidence angles are not well known, empirical scatterometer model functions relating backscatter to winds must be developed. Less well appreciated is the fact that, given an accurate model function and some knowledge of the dominant scattering mechanisms, significant information on the amplitudes and directional distributions of centimetric roughness elements on the sea surface can be inferred. accurate scatterometer model functions can thus be used to investigate wind generation of short waves under realistic conditions. The present investigation involves developing an empirical model function for the C-band (5.3 GHz) ERS-1 scatterometer and comparing Ku-band model functions with the C-band model to infer information on the two-dimensional spectrum of centimetric roughness elements in the ocean. The C-band model function development is based on collocations of global backscatter measurements with operational surface analyses produced by meteorological agencies. Strengths and limitations of the method are discussed, and the resulting model function is validated in part through comparison with the actual distributions of backscatter cross-section triplets. Details of the directional modulation as well as the wind speed sensitivity at C-band are investigated. Analysis of persistent outliers in the data is used to infer the magnitudes of non-wind effects (such as atmospheric stratification, swell, etc.). The ERS-1 C-band instrument and the Seasat Ku-band (14.6 GHz) scatterometer both imaged waves of approximately 3.4 cm wavelength assuming that Bragg scattering is the dominant mechanism. Comparisons of the C-band and Ku-band model functions are used both to test the validity of the postulated Bragg mechanism and to investigate the directional distribution of the imaged waves under a variety of conditions where Bragg scatter is dominant.

Freilich, Michael H.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Finite-temperature coupled-cluster, many-body perturbation, and restricted and unrestricted Hartree–Fock study on one-dimensional solids: Luttinger liquids, Peierls transitions, and spin- and charge-density waves

One-dimensional (1D) solids exhibit a number of striking electronic structures including charge-density wave (CDW) and spin-density wave (SDW). Also, the Peierls theorem states that at zero temperature, a 1D system predicted by simple band theory to be a metal will spontaneously dimerize and open a finite fundamental bandgap, while at higher temperatures, it will assume the equidistant geometry with zero bandgap (a Peierls transition). We computationally study these unique electronic structures and transition in polyyne and all-trans polyacetylene using finite-temperature generalizations of ab initio spin-unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) and spin-restricted coupled-cluster doubles (CCD) theories, extending upon previous work [He et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 024702 (2014)] that is based on spin-restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) and second-order many-body perturbation (MP2) theories. Unlike RHF, UHF can predict SDW as well as CDW and metallic states, and unlike MP2, CCD does not diverge even if the underlying RHF reference wave function is metallic. UHF predicts a gapped SDW state with no dimerization at low temperatures, which gradually becomes metallic as the temperature is raised. CCD, meanwhile, confirms that electron correlation lowers the Peierls transition temperature. Furthermore, we show that the results from all theories for both polymers are subject to a unified interpretation in terms of the UHF solutions to the Hubbard–Peierls model using different values of the electron-electron interaction strength, U/t, in its Hamiltonian. The CCD wave function is shown to encompass the form of the exact solution of the Tomonaga–Luttinger model and is thus expected to describe accurately the electronic structure of Luttinger liquids.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2000

A simulator for evaluating methods for the detection of lesion-deficit associations

Although much has been learned about the functional organization of the human brain through lesion-deficit analysis, the variety of statistical and image-processing methods developed for this purpose precludes a closed-form analysis of the statistical power of these systems. Therefore, we developed a lesion-deficit simulator (LDS), which generates artificial subjects, each of which consists of a set of functional deficits, and a brain image with lesions; the deficits and lesions conform to predefined distributions. We used probability distributions to model the number, sizes, and spatial distribution of lesions, to model the structure-function associations, and to model registration error. We used the LDS to evaluate, as examples, the effects of the complexities and strengths of lesion-deficit associations, and of registration error, on the power of lesion-deficit analysis. We measured the numbers of recovered associations from these simulated data, as a function of the number of subjects analyzed, the strengths and number of associations in the statistical model, the number of structures associated with a particular function, and the prior probabilities of structures being abnormal. The number of subjects required to recover the simulated lesion-deficit associations was found to have an inverse relationship to the strength of associations, and to the smallest probability in the structure-function model. The number of structures associated with a particular function (i.e., the complexity of associations) had a much greater effect on the performance of the analysis method than did the total number of associations. We also found that registration error of 5 mm or less reduces the number of associations discovered by approximately 13% compared to perfect registration. The LDS provides a flexible framework for evaluating many aspects of lesion-deficit analysis.

NASA Program Biomedical Research and Countermeasur↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental Evaluation of Interfacial Bonding Strength Between 304 Stainless Steel Substrate and Electrodeposited Nickel Coating Using Mesoscale Mechanical Testing Methods

Electrodeposition is a commonly used method for depositing a metal layer on a metallic substrate, to provide a decorative finish or for functional purposes including wear and corrosion resistance. The interfacial bonding strength is a critical factor in determining the quality of electrodeposition, as it ensures the adhesion of the deposited layer to the substrate. Despite its importance, there has not previously been a suitable mechanical testing method to quantitatively characterize the bonding strength between the electrodeposited layers and the substrate, due to the high strength of the materials and to restrictions imposed by the geometry (due to the small thickness of the plating layer) to manufacture tensile bars. In this study, we introduce a novel mesoscale mechanical testing method to overcome these limitations. This technique was applied to assess the bonding strength between a 304 stainless steel (SS) substrate and electrodeposited nickel with three different plating formulae (nickel sulfamate, Watts bath, and hard nickel). The thickness of the pure nickel coatings achieved for each of the three electrolyte solutions was approximately 1 mm on each side of the substrate. Mesoscale tensile bars of 1 mm length were manufactured by a femtosecond laser, with the material interface at the center of the gauge section, and then tensile-tested with digital image correlation. Further, the results proved that the electrodeposition technique is able to produce a very high bonding strength that is close to the yield strength of both the substrate material and the electrodeposited nickel layer. Additionally, in the case of the Watts bath formula, the interfacial bonding strength between the SS 304 and electrodeposited nickel can exceed that of the nickel layer. This method is expected to be useful for quantifying the interfacial bonding strength in numerous applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of microstructure and crystallographic texture on mechanical anisotropy of Ti-Nb microalloyed hot rolled 800 MPa HSLA steel

Highlights: • Anisotropy in yield strengthis attributed to the relatively stronger {332} . • γ-fiber with counter-balancing {111} and {111} could not induce anisotropy. • The maximum CVN value at 0° is attributed to the higher fraction of {113} and {112} . • The large anisotropy in CVN value, ~ 100 J is observed due to a weaker {332} and {554} . - Abstract: The impact toughness of a Ti+Nb HSLA steel plate, conventionally hot rolled in the austenitic region, were measured at four different directions at 0 °C, −20 °C and −40 °C respectively. The microstructure was characterised using light optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) followed by evaluation of hot rolled texture using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and orientation distribution function (ODF) obtained from electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The anisotropy in the yield strength (YS) and Charpy impact toughness (CVN) were examined in the light of orientation distribution function (ODF) obtained from EBSD. The skeleton lines, showing intensity distribution, f(g), of the fcc-to-bcc transformation texture, namely the α-fiber (<110>∥ RD), the γ-fiber (<111>∥ ND) and ε-fiber (<110>∥ TD) are considered to explain the observed anisotropy along with microstructural features. The major components like, {112}<110>, {113}<110>, {332}<113>, {111}<112> and {111}<110>, their relative intensity distribution, are found to cause the observed anisotropy in yield strength and impact toughness. A stronger presence of {113}<110> component of the α-fiber over relatively weaker {332}<113> component of the ε-fiber further augments the observed toughness anisotropy. In absence of any microstructural banding, strong the presence of {113}<110> and {112}<110> can also cause delamination in ductile fracture mode.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1998

Effect of Curvature on the Impact Damage Characteristics and Residual Strength of Composite Plates

The results of a study of the response and failure characteristics of thin, cylindrically curved, composite plates subjected to low-speed impact damage are presented. The results indicate that the plate radius and the plate thickness are important structural parameters that influence the nonlinear response of a plate for a given amount of impact energy. Analytical and experimental contact-force results are compared for several plates and the results correlate well. The impact-energy levels required to cause damage initiation and barely visible impact damage are a function of the plate radius for a given plate thickness. The impact-energy levels required to initiate impact damage for plates with a certain range of radii are greater than plates with other radii. The contact-force results corresponding to these impact-energy levels follow a similar trend. Residual strength results for plates with barely visible impact damage suggest that the compression-after-impact residual strength is also a function of plate radius. The residual strength of impact-damaged flat plates appears to be lower than the residual strength of the corresponding cylindrically curved plates.

Ambur, Damodar R.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Link between optical spectra, crystal-field parameters, and local environments of Eu{sup 3+} ions in Eu{sub 2}O{sub 3}-doped sodium disilicate glass

Rare-earth-doped glasses are key materials for optical technology due to the luminescent properties of 4f{sup n} ions. The crystal-field model describes the effect of local environment on transitions between 4f electrons. We present a detailed modeling study of the optical spectra of sodium disilicate glass, 33Na{sub 2}O{center_dot}67SiO{sub 2}, doped with 0.2% and 1.0 mol%Eu{sub 2}O{sub 3}. This study uses very large molecular dynamics models with up to 100 Eu{sup 3+} ions, the superposition model for covalent and overlap effects on crystal-field parameters, and realistic values for homogeneous linewidth broadening. The simulated spectra are in reasonable agreement with experiment. The trends in {sup 7} F{sub J} energy levels across different Eu{sup 3+} ion sites have been examined and a very detailed analysis is presented that looks at how features of the spectra are related to features of the local environment of Eu{sup 3+} ions. Increasing the crystal-field strength S{sub total} causes the {sup 7} F{sub 0} energy level to decrease and causes the splitting of {sup 7} F{sub J} manifolds to increase, and this is due to increasing mixing of 4f wave functions. To a reasonable approximation the crystal-field strength components S{sub k} depend on angular positions of ligands independently of distances to ligands. The former are seen to be more significant in determining S{sub k}, which are closely related to the rotationally invariant bond-orientational order parameters Q{sub k}. The values of S{sub 2} are approximately linear in Q{sub 2}, and the values of Q{sub 2} are higher for fivefold than sixfold coordinated rare-earth ions. These results can be of importance for efforts to enhance the local environment of rare-earth ions in oxide glasses for optical applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Roll-to-Roll Processing of Silicon Carbide Nanoparticle-Deposited Carbon Fiber for Multifunctional Composites

This work provides a proof of principle that a high volume, continuous throughput fiber coating process can be used to integrate semiconducting nanoparticles on carbon fiber surfaces to create multifunctional composites. By embedding silicon carbide nanoparticles in the fiber sizing, subsequent composite fabrication methods are used to create unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites with enhanced structural health monitoring (SHM) sensitivity and increased interlaminar strength. Additional investigations into the mechanical damping behavior of these functional composites reveal a significantly increased loss factor at the glass-transition temperature ranging from a 65 to 257% increase. Composites with both increased interlaminar strength and SHM sensitivity are produced from a variety of epoxy and silicon carbide nanoparticle concentrations. Overall, the best performing composite in terms of combined performance shows an increase of 47.5% in SHM sensitivity and 7.7% increase in interlaminar strength. Finally, this work demonstrates successful and efficient integration of nanoparticle synthesis into large-scale, structural applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗