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Community Solar Project Models: An Introduction to Basic Financial and Administrative Relationships [Slides]

This resource is a collection of visual aids and descriptions to help explain the basic financial and administrative relationships underpinning common community solar project models. The graphics in this resource depict the flow of electricity from generation to consumption and the financial exchanges between the community solar project owner, subscribers, and distribution utility. Community solar models vary based on ownership (e.g., third party, utility), customer type (e.g., multifamily, single-household), and solar array location (e.g., on-site, off-site).

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

BLOB: An unsupervised clustering approach to spatial preprocessing of MSS imagery

A basic concept of Multispectral Scanner data processing was developed for use in agricultural inventories; namely, to introduce spatial coordinates of each pixel into the vector description of the pixel and to use this information along with the spectral channel values in a conventional unsupervised clustering of the scene. The result is to isolate spectrally homogeneous field-like patches (called blobs). The spectral mean vector of a blob can be regarded as a defined feature and used in a conventional pattern recognition procedure. The benefits of use are: ease in locating training units in imagery; data compression of from 10 to 30 depending on the application; reduction of scanner noise and consequently potential improvements in classification/proportion estimation performances.

Kauth, R. J.↗

Blob - An unsupervised clustering approach to spatial preprocessing of MSS imagery

A basic concept of MSS data processing has been developed for use in agricultural inventories; namely, to introduce spatial coordinates of each pixel into the vector description of the pixel and to use this information along with the spectral channel values in a conventional unsupervised clustering of the scene. The result is to isolate spectrally homogeneous field-like patches (called 'blobs'). The spectral mean vector of a blob can be regarded as a defined feature and used in a conventional pattern recognition procedure. The benefits of use are: ease in locating training units in imagery; data compression of from 10 to 30 depending on the application; reduction of scanner noise and consequently potential improvements in classification/proportion estimation performances.

Kauth, R. J.↗

Video camera system for locating bullet holes in targets at a ballistics tunnel

A system consisting of a single charge coupled device (CCD) video camera, computer controlled video digitizer, and software to automate the measurement was developed to measure the location of bullet holes in targets at the International Shooters Development Fund (ISDF)/NASA Ballistics Tunnel. The camera/digitizer system is a crucial component of a highly instrumented indoor 50 meter rifle range which is being constructed to support development of wind resistant, ultra match ammunition. The system was designed to take data rapidly (10 sec between shoots) and automatically with little operator intervention. The system description, measurement concept, and procedure are presented along with laboratory tests of repeatability and bias error. The long term (1 hour) repeatability of the system was found to be 4 microns (one standard deviation) at the target and the bias error was found to be less than 50 microns. An analysis of potential errors and a technique for calibration of the system are presented.

Burner, A. W.↗

Quantitative simulation of extraterrestrial engineering devices

This is a multicomponent, multidisciplinary project whose overall objective is to build an integrated database, simulation, visualization, and optimization system for the proposed oxygen manufacturing plant on Mars. Specifically, the system allows users to enter physical description, engineering, and connectivity data through a uniform, user-friendly interface and stores the data in formats compatible with other software also developed as part of this project. These latter components include: (1) programs to simulate the behavior of various parts of the plant in Martian conditions; (2) an animation program which, in different modes, provides visual feedback to designers and researchers about the location of and temperature distribution among components as well as heat, mass, and data flow through the plant as it operates in different scenarios; (3) a control program to investigate the stability and response of the system under different disturbance conditions; and (4) an optimization program to maximize or minimize various criteria as the system evolves into its final design. All components of the system are interconnected so that changes entered through one component are reflected in the others.

Arabyan, A.↗

Model predictions and visualization of the particle flux on the surface of Mars

Model calculations of the particle flux on the surface of Mars due to the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) can provide guidance on radiobiological research and shielding design studies in support of Mars exploration science objectives. Particle flux calculations for protons, helium ions, and heavy ions are reported for solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. These flux calculations include a description of the altitude variations on the Martian surface using the data obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mission with its Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument. These particle flux calculations are then used to estimate the average particle hits per cell at various organ depths of a human body in a conceptual shelter vehicle. The estimated particle hits by protons for an average location at skin depth on the Martian surface are about 10 to 100 particle-hits/cell/year and the particle hits by heavy ions are estimated to be 0.001 to 0.01 particle-hits/cell/year.

NASA Center JSC↗

Skylab Operations Handbook: Orbital Workshop (OWS), Airlock Module (AM), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA): Systems Descriptions - Volume 1

The Skylab Program consists of three low-earth-orbit missions of the Orbital Assembly (OA) (figure 1.0-1), extending over.an a-month period. The OA consists of the CSM docked to the Saturn Workshop.(SWS). This handbook describes the systems for three of the four major components of the SWS (OWS, AM, and MDA), and also discusses significant interfaces with the Instrument Unit (IU), ATM, and CSM. The other major component of the SWS, the ATM, is treated separately in its own handbook. The OWS, AM, MDA, ATM Deployment Assembly (ATM-DA), Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS), Payload Shroud (PS), and IU are addressed throughout this document as individual modules from a structural standpoint only. Although normally considered a part of the launch vehicle, the IU is treated in this document as part of the SWS because of its function in preparing the SWS for orbital operation. Section 1.0 describes vehicle and mission configurations of the Skylab program and provides general descriptions of the various systems. Section 2.0 provides detailed systems data covering system interfaces, functional description, subsystems and major components description, component operation, failure modes, performance and design data, operational limitations and restrictions, and instrumentation, and briefly outlines the experiments. Section 3.0 contains illustrations of all panels and identifies the controls and displays, panels, reference designators, nomenclature, functions, circuit breakers, and power sources. The Table of Contents lists in order of appearance all sections, subsections, major paragraphs, illustrations, and tables and provides their respective page locations. Appendix A defines the abbreviations and acronyms employed throughout this handbook, and Appendix B explains the symbols used. Appendix C is a locator index that references component controls contained in Section 3.0. Appendix D is an alphabetical index of paragraph headings, illustrations, and tables, according to the key word, with applicable page numbers. Additional items of significance to the user have been included in the index. The technical level to which this document is written assumes the reader to have general knowledge of engineering terms and principles.

West, W. D.↗

AmeriFlux US-Wwt Willamette Wheat

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Wwt Willamette Wheat. Site Description - The site was established in summer 2014 and is part of the Oregon eddy covariance flux tower network . Meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, solar irradiance and wind are measured at this site. Turbulent fluxes of water vapor, carbon dioxide and heat are observed and stored as 30 minute averages. The crop changes periodically and rye grass and fescue is grown alternately at this site located in Oregon's Willamette Valley with its relatively mild climate. The Wheat site is also part of the PhenoCam network operated by Harvard University and the University of New Hampshire.

Law, Bev↗

Active Layer and Moisture Measurements for Intensive Site 0 and 1, Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska

Thaw depth, relative dielectric permittivity, and soil temperature were collected along three transects within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska. Measurements were acquired along the transect at 3 m intervals on 2011-09-25, 2011-09-26, 2012-07-18, 2012-09-30, 2014-07-02, 2014-08-15, and 2014-09-14 for the L2 transect (intensive site 0), which is about 470 m long. Similarly, measurements were collected every 3 m on 2012-09-30, 2013-09-30, 2014-07-02, 2014-08-14, and 2014-09-23, and every 1 m on 2013-09-30 along the AB transect (intensive site 1) which is about 500 m long. File types in the package are all csv spreadsheets, following the ESS-DIVE csv guidelines (ESS-DIVE CSV v1), organized by transect name, with accompanying data dictionary files containing the filename suffix "_dd" (also csv format). Data collection details can be found in the Methods description of the metadata record. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Architecture for Payload Planning System (PPS) Software Distribution

The complex and diverse nature of the pay load operations to be performed on the Space Station requires a robust and flexible planning approach, and the proper software tools which tools to support that approach. To date, the planning software for most manned operations in space has been utilized in a centralized planning environment. Centralized planning is characterized by the following: performed by a small team of people, performed at a single location, and performed using single-user planning systems. This approach, while valid for short duration flights, is not conducive to the long duration and highly distributed payload operations environment of the Space Station. The Payload Planning System (PPS) is being designed specifically to support the planning needs of the large number of geographically distributed users of the Space Station. This paper problem provides a general description of the distributed planning architecture that PPS must support and describes the concepts proposed for making PPS available to the Space Station payload user community.

Howell, Eric↗

Boundary Layer Receptivity to Weak Freestream Turbulence

The experimental configuration is shown. The tunnel is about 8 ft. long by 2 ft. square. In most cases the wind speed is set to 11.6 m/s. Three different plates are used. Each is a quarter-inch thick, extends wall-to-wall, and has a semi-elliptical leading edge. The two extremes in bluntness are shown, being half a 14:1 ellipse and half a 5:1 ellipse. The plate surface pressure is uniform to better than 0.01 q, except near the leading edge, or whenever a condition of lift is intentionally applied to the plate. Turbulence is created in the setting chamber by means of eight 1/16-inch hypodermic tubes stretched normal to the flow and pressurized at any controlled value up to 6 psi. Each has twenty-one 0.006-inch holes spaced at 1-inch intervals along its mid-section of length, and directed upwind. The tubes are spaced vertically at 1.25-inch intervals. The turbulence so created is carried to the test section, where it is found to be spatially uniform over a suitably large cross-sectional area and axial length. Fig. 2 presents spectra of the steam turbulence in the empty tunnel for jet-array pressures of 1 psi to 6 psi. The T-S range extends between 80 and 150 Hz, approximately, for the present conditions. The primary method of fluctuation measurement is by use of microphones installed on the reverse side of the plate. A description of the method and its advantages has been given in AIAA 90-1504. Mean and fluctuating flow measurements are also made by means of various hot-wire probes and rakes carried on a computer-controlled x-y-z traverse mechanism. Fig. 3 shows the layout of a four-foot plate carrying 64 microphoned, the outputs of which are digitized simultaneously. The location of a single driver used for creating controlled T-S packets is also indicated.

Kendall, J. M.↗

A 20 Year Retrospective of The Advanced Noise Control Fan - Contributions to Turbofan Noise Research

The Advanced Noise Control Fan (neé Active Noise Control Fan - ANCF) was utilized in the design, test, and evaluation for technical risk mitigation of most of the innovative fan noise reduction technologies developed by NASA over the past 20 years. The ANCF is a low-speed, ducted fan, testbed for measuring and understanding fan-generated aeroacoustics, duct propagation, and radiation to the farfield. It is considered a low Technology Readiness Level testbed. The international aeroacoustics research community employed the ANCF to facilitate advancement of multiple noise reduction and measurement technologies, and for code validation. From 1994 to 2016, it was located in the NASA Glenn Research Center’s Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory. In 2016 the ANCF was transferred to the University of Notre Dame where it is expected to continue to positively impact ducted fan aeroacoustic research and provide STEM support. This paper summarizes the capabilities and contributions of the ANCF to the field by documenting its history. Limited data is presented, focusing on a description of the configurations, goals, and objectives of representative ANCF tests. This provides an overview of the progress of aeroacosustic research as implemented on the ANCF, as well as a background for its continued usage.

Fan Noise↗

Linezolid-resistant (Tn 6246 :: fexB - poxtA ) Enterococcus faecium strains colonizing humans and bovines on different continents: similarity without epidemiological link

Abstract Objectives poxtA is the most recently described gene conferring acquired resistance to linezolid, a relevant antibiotic for treating enterococcal infections. We retrospectively screened for poxtA in diverse enterococci and aimed to characterize its genetic/genomic contexts. Methods poxtA was screened by PCR in 812 enterococci from 458 samples (hospitals/healthy humans/wastewater/animals/retail food) obtained in Portugal/Angola/Tunisia (1996–2019). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 13 antibiotics (EUCAST/CLSI). poxtA stability (∼500 generations), transfer (filter mating), clonality (SmaI-PFGE) and location (S1-PFGE/hybridization) were tested. WGS (Illumina-HiSeq) was performed for clonal representatives. Results poxtA was detected in Enterococcus faecium from six samples (1.3%): a healthy human (rectal swab) in Porto, Portugal (ST32/2001); four farm cows (milk) in Mateur, Tunisia (ST1058/2015); and a hospitalized patient (faeces) in Matosinhos, Portugal (ST1058/2015). All expressed resistance to linezolid (MIC = 8 mg/L), chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin, with variable resistance to ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. ST1058-poxtA-carrying isolates from Tunisia and Portugal differed by two SNPs and had similar plasmid content. poxtA, located in an IS1216-flanked Tn6246-like element, co-hybridized with fexB on one or more plasmids per isolate (one to three plasmids of 30–100 kb), was stable after several generations and transferred only from ST1058. ST1058 strains carried resistance/virulence genes (Efmqnr/acm) possibly induced under selective quinolone treatment. Conclusions poxtA has been circulating in Portugal since at least 2001, corresponding to the oldest description worldwide to date. We also extend the reservoir of poxtA to bovines. The similar linezolid-resistant poxtA-carrying strains colonizing humans and livestock on different continents, and without a noticeable relationship, suggests a recent transmission event or convergent evolution of E. faecium populations in different hosts and geographic regions.

Freitas, Ana R.↗

Status and results from the CUORE experiment

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a tonne-scale cryogenic experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso that exploits bolometric technique to search for neutrinoless double beta decay [0$vββ$] of 130 Te. The detector consists of a segmented array of 988 natural TeO 2 cubic crystals arranged in a cylindrical compact structure of 19 towers. The detector construction was completed in August 2016 and data taking started in Spring 2017. Here, we present a brief description of the bolometric technique for rare events search and the CUORE detector, then we concentrate on the data analysis results. In this respect, we focus on the procedure for data processing and on the first 0$vββ$ results we obtained from a total TeO 2 exposure of 86.3 kg · yr. Next, we illustrate the main background sources and the CUORE background model, from which we obtain the most precise measurement of 130 Te 2$vββ$ half-life to date. Finally, we discuss the improvements achieved with 2018 and 2019 detector optimization campaigns and the current perspectives of our experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

System design and performance of earth/lunar horizon sensor BEC project 3744

An infrared horizon sensor system has been designed which is capable of searching over a wide field for the edges of a planet and, upon locating such edges, stations itself in a position which provides signals which identify the local vertical to the planet. In this fixed attitude it requires no continuous mechanical movement and operates with a minimum utilization of power. The system is thus capable of providing a high degree of accuracy when used for local vertical determination in orbits around the earth, the moon, or other planets. A detailed description of the design and operating features of the horizon scanner is given and the evaluation test data which have been completed are presented.

Schwarz, F. C.↗

Fluidized bed combustor modeling

A general mathematical model for the prediction of performance of a fluidized bed coal combustor (FBC) is developed. The basic elements of the model consist of: (1) hydrodynamics of gas and solids in the combustor; (2) description of gas and solids contacting pattern; (3) kinetics of combustion; and (4) absorption of SO2 by limestone in the bed. The model is capable of calculating the combustion efficiency, axial bed temperature profile, carbon hold-up in the bed, oxygen and SO2 concentrations in the bubble and emulsion phases, sulfur retention efficiency and particulate carry over by elutriation. The effects of bed geometry, excess air, location of heat transfer coils in the bed, calcium to sulfur ratio in the feeds, etc. are examined. The calculated results are compared with experimental data. Agreement between the calculated results and the observed data are satisfactory in most cases. Recommendations to enhance the accuracy of prediction of the model are suggested.

Horio, M.↗

NDMAS System and Process Description

This report provides an overview of the system and its components, defines roles and responsibilities, describes the internal processes that the NDMAS team uses to carry out the mission, and describes hardware and software used by the team.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Description of a landing site indicator (LASI) for light aircraft operation

An experimental cockpit mounted head-up type display system was developed and evaluated by LaRC pilots during the landing phase of light aircraft operations. The Landing Site Indicator (LASI) system display consists of angle of attack, angle of sideslip, and indicated airspeed images superimposed on the pilot's view through the windshield. The information is made visible to the pilot by means of a partially reflective viewing screen which is suspended directly in frot of the pilot's eyes. Synchro transmitters are operated by vanes, located at the left wing tip, which sense angle of attack and sideslip angle. Information is presented near the center of the display in the form of a moving index on a fixed grid. The airspeed is sensed by a pitot-static pressure transducer and is presented in numerical form at the top center of the display.

Fuller, H. V.↗