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DOE OSTI2023

Strong Dark Matter Self-interactions Diversify Halo Populations within and surrounding the Milky Way

Abstract We perform a high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way (MW)–like system, which includes a realistic Large Magellanic Cloud analog, using a large differential elastic dark matter self-interaction cross section that reaches ≈100 cm 2 g −1 at relative velocities of ≈10 km s −1 , motivated by the diverse and orbitally dependent central densities of dwarf galaxies within and surrounding the MW. We explore the effects of dark matter self-interactions on satellite, splashback, and isolated halos through their abundance, central densities, maximum circular velocities, orbital parameters, and correlations between these variables. We use an effective constant cross section model to analytically predict the stages of our simulated halos’ gravothermal evolution, demonstrating that deviations from the collisionless R max – V max relation can be used to select deeply core-collapsed halos, where V max is a halo’s maximum circular velocity, and R max is the radius at which it occurs. We predict that a sizable fraction (≈20%) of subhalos with masses down to ≈10 8 M ⊙ is deeply core collapsed in our SIDM model. Core-collapsed systems form ≈10% of the isolated halo population down to the same mass; these isolated, core-collapsed halos would host faint dwarf field galaxies with extremely steep central density profiles. Finally, most halos with masses above ≈10 9 M ⊙ are core-forming in our simulation. Our study thus demonstrates how self-interactions diversify halo populations in an environmentally dependent fashion within and surrounding MW-mass hosts, providing a compelling avenue to address the diverse dark matter distributions of observed dwarf galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Environmental Quenching of Low-surface-brightness Galaxies Near Hosts from Large Magellanic Cloud to Milky Way Mass Scales

Low-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBGs) are excellent probes of quenching and other environmental processes near massive galaxies. We study an extensive sample of LSBGs near massive hosts in the local universe that are distributed across a diverse range of environments. The LSBGs with surface-brightness ${\mu }_{\mathrm{eff},{g}}\gt 24.2\,\mathrm{mag}\,{\mathrm{arcsec}}^{-2}$ are drawn from the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 catalog while the hosts with masses $9.0\lt \mathrm{log}({{ \mathcal M }}_{\star }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 11.0$ comparable to the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud are selected from the z0MGS sample. We study the projected radial density profiles of LSBGs as a function of their color and surface brightness around hosts in both the rich Fornax–Eridanus cluster environment and the low-density field. We detect an overdensity with respect to the background density, out to 2.5 times the virial radius for both hosts in the cluster environment and the isolated field galaxies. When the LSBG sample is split by g − i color or surface brightness μ eff, g , we find the LSBGs closer to their hosts are significantly redder and brighter, like their high-surface-brightness counterparts. The LSBGs form a clear “red sequence” in both the cluster and isolated environments that is visible beyond the virial radius of the hosts. This suggests preprocessing of infalling LSBGs and a quenched backsplash population around both host samples. More so, the relative prominence of the “blue cloud” feature implies that preprocessing is ongoing near the isolated hosts compared to the cluster environment where the LSBGs are already well processed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

On Finding Black Holes in Photometric Microlensing Surveys

There are expected to be millions of isolated black holes in the galaxy resulting from the deaths of massive stars. Measuring the abundance and properties of this remnant population would shed light on the end stages of stellar evolution and the evolution paths of black hole systems. Detecting isolated black holes is currently only possible via gravitational microlensing, which has so far yielded one definitive detection. The difficulty in finding microlensing black holes lies in having to choose a small subset of events, based on characteristics of their light curves, to allocate expensive and scarce follow-up resources to confirm the identity of the lens. Current methods either rely on simple cuts in parameter space without using the full distribution information or are only effective on small subsets of events. In this paper, we present a new lens classification method. The classifier takes in posterior constraints on light-curve parameters and combines them with a Galactic simulation to estimate the lens class probability. This method is flexible and can be used with any set of microlensing light-curve parameters, making it applicable to large samples of events. We make this classification framework available via the popclass Python package. We apply the classifier to ~10,000 microlensing events from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment survey and find 23 high-probability black hole candidates. Our classifier also suggests that the only known isolated black hole is an observational outlier, according to current Galactic models, and the allocation of astrometric follow-up on this event was a high-risk strategy.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

COZMIC. III. Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations of Self-interacting Dark Matter with Suppressed Initial Conditions

We present eight cosmological dark matter (DM)-only zoom-in simulations of a Milky Way–like system that include suppression of the linear matter power spectrum P(k), and/or velocity-dependent DM self-interactions, as the third installment of the COZMIC suite. We consider a model featuring a massive dark photon that mediates DM self-interactions and decays into massless dark fermions. The dark photon and dark fermions suppress linear matter perturbations, resulting in dark acoustic oscillations in P(k), which ultimately affect dwarf galaxy scales. The model also features a velocity-dependent elastic self-interaction between DM particles (SIDM), with a cross section that can alleviate small-scale structure anomalies. For the first time, our simulations test the impact of P(k) suppression on gravothermal evolution in an SIDM scenario that leads to core collapse in (sub)halos with present-day virial masses below ≈10 9 M ⊙ . In simulations with P(k) suppression and self-interactions, the lack of low-mass (sub)halos and the delayed growth of structure reduce the fraction of core-collapsed systems relative to SIDM simulations without P(k) suppression. In particular, P(k) suppression that saturates current warm DM constraints almost entirely erases core collapse in isolated halos. Models with less extreme P(k) suppression produce core collapse in ≈20% of subhalos and ≈5% of isolated halos above 10 8 M ⊙ , and also increase the abundance of extremely low-concentration isolated low-mass halos relative to SIDM. These results reveal a complex interplay between early and late-Universe DM physics, revealing new discovery scenarios in the context of upcoming small-scale structure measurements.

dark matter↗

DOE OSTI2025

SAGAbg. III. Environmental Stellar Mass Functions, Self-quenching, and the Stellar-to-halo Mass Relation in the Dwarf Galaxy Regime

Recent efforts have extended our view of the number and properties of satellite galaxies beyond the Local Group firmly down to M ⋆ ∼ 10 6 M ⊙ . A similarly complete view of the field dwarf population has lagged behind. Using the background galaxy sample from the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs (SAGA) survey at z < 0.05, we take inventory of the dwarf population down to M ⋆ ∼ 5 × 10 6 M ⊙ using three metrics: the stellar mass function (SMF) as a function of environment, the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR) of dwarf galaxies inferred via abundance matching, and the quenched fraction of highly isolated dwarfs. We find that the low-mass SMF shape shows minimal environmental dependence, with the field dwarf SMF described by a low-mass power-law index of α 1 = −1.44 ± 0.09 down to M ⋆ ∼ 5 × 10 6 M ⊙ , and that the quenched fraction of isolated dwarfs drops monotonically to f q ∼ 10 −3 at M ⋆ ∼ 10 8.5 M ⊙ . Though slightly steeper than estimates from H I kinematic measures, our inferred SHMR agrees with literature measurements of satellite systems, consistent with minimal environmental dependence of the SHMR in the probed mass range. Finally, although most contemporary cosmological simulations against which we compare accurately predict the SAGAbg-SMF SHMR, we find that big-box cosmological simulations largely overpredict isolated galaxy quenched fractions via a turnaround in f q (M ⋆ ) at 10 8 ≲ M ⋆ /M ⊙ ≲ 10 9 , underscoring the complexities in disentangling the drivers of galaxy formation and the need for systematic multidimensional observations of the dwarf population across environments.

Kado-Fong, Erin [Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United↗

DOE OSTI2023

Opinion: A critical evaluation of the evidence for aerosol invigoration of deep convection

Deep convective updraft invigoration via indirect effects of increased aerosol number concentration on cloud microphysics is frequently cited as a driver of correlations between aerosol and deep convection properties. Here, we critically evaluate the theoretical, modeling, and observational evidence for warm- and cold-phase invigoration pathways. Though warm-phase invigoration is plausible and theoretically supported via lowering of the supersaturation with increased cloud droplet concentration in polluted conditions, the significance of this effect depends on substantial supersaturation changes in real-world convective clouds that have not been observed. Much of the theoretical support for cold-phase invigoration depends on unrealistic assumptions of instantaneous freezing and unloading of condensate in growing, isolated updrafts. When applying more realistic assumptions, impacts on buoyancy from enhanced latent heating via fusion in polluted conditions are largely canceled by greater condensate loading. Many foundational observational studies supporting invigoration have several fundamental methodological flaws that render their findings incorrect or highly questionable. Thus, much of the evidence for invigoration has come from numerical modeling, but different models and setups have produced a vast range of results. Furthermore, modeled aerosol impacts on deep convection are rarely tested for robustness, and microphysical biases relative to observations persist, rendering many results unreliable for application to the real world. Without clear theoretical, modeling, or observational support, and given that enervation rather than invigoration may occur for some deep convective regimes and environments, it is entirely possible that the overall impact of cold-phase invigoration is negligible. Substantial mesoscale variability of dominant thermodynamic controls on convective updraft strength coupled with substantial updraft and aerosol variability in any given event are poorly quantified by observations and present further challenges to isolating aerosol effects. Observational isolation and quantification of convective invigoration by aerosols is also complicated by limitations of available cloud condensation nuclei and updraft speed proxies, aerosol correlations with meteorological conditions, and cloud impacts on aerosols. Furthermore, many cloud processes, such as entrainment and condensate fallout, modulate updraft strength and aerosol–cloud interactions, varying with cloud life cycle and organization, but these processes remain poorly characterized. Considering these challenges, recommendations for future observational and modeling research related to aerosol invigoration of deep convection are provided.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

Drop clustering and drop size correlations from holographic imagery suggest cloud droplet spectral broadening via entrainment-mixing

The question of how droplets rapidly grow large enough to initiate collision-coalescence has persisted for decades. Many theories explaining the production of sufficiently large drops (i.e., those in the “bottleneck” size range; ∼ 25–50 µm diameters) involve drop clustering on millimeter scales. A novel method is introduced to evaluate drop clustering trends particle-by-particle (i.e., the number/proximity of neighboring drops for given droplets; defined as drop clustering fields) which are diagnosed relative to drops within their shared drop environments – in contrast to previous studies which diagnose drop clustering of defined sample volumes, or in terms of absolute length scales. Specifically, this study evaluates the statistical likelihood that drops of a given size are associated with either a significant number of neighboring drops, or are significantly isolated from neighboring drops. Observations are acquired from the HOLODEC during the Cloud System Evolution in the Trades campaign, which sampled subtropical marine clouds. The HOLODEC measures drop size distributions and the 3D spatial coordinates of droplets. Results show drops within the bottleneck size range (diameters of ∼ 25–50 µm) are most likely to be significantly isolated from neighboring drops. This “isolated large drop trend” is primarily observed at subsaturated conditions, suggesting entrainment is the contributing factor. Holograms associated with this trend are more likely to have broader drop size distributions, larger maximum drop sizes and overly regions where precipitation reaches the lowest altitudes from the sampled cloud, suggesting entrainment-mixing drop size distribution broadening is a relevant precipitation-initiation mechanism.

D'Alessandro, John J. [Univ. of Washington, Seattl↗

DOE OSTI2024

Impact of storage and extraction methods on peat soil microbiomes

Recovered microbial community structure is known to be influenced by sample storage conditions and nucleic acid extraction methods, and the impact varies by sample type. Peat soils store a large portion of soil carbon and their microbiomes mediate climate feedbacks. Here, we tested three storage conditions and five extraction protocols on peat soils from three physicochemically distinct habitats in Stordalen Mire, Sweden, revealing significant methodological impacts on microbial (here, meaning bacteria and archaea) community structure. Initial preservation method impacted alpha but not beta diversity, with in-field storage in LifeGuard buffer yielding roughly two-thirds the richness of in-field flash-freezing or transport from the field on ice (all samples were stored at −80 °C after return from the field). Nucleic acid extraction method impacted both alpha and beta diversity; one method (the PowerSoil Total RNA Isolation kit with DNA Elution Accessory kit) diverged from the others (PowerMax Soil DNA Isolation kit-High Humic Acid Protocol, and three variations of a modifiedPowerMax Soil DNA/RNA isolation kit), capturing more diverse microbial taxa, with divergent community structures. Although habitat and sample depth still consistently dominated community variation, method-based biases in microbiome recovery for these climatologically-relevant soils are significant, and underscore the importance of methodological consistency for accurate inter-study comparisons, long-term monitoring, and consistent ecological interpretations.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

DOE OSTI2020

Synthetic membranes and methods of use thereof

The present invention relates to synthetic membranes and use of these synthetic membranes for isolation of volatile organic compounds and purification of water. The synthetic membrane includes a hydrophobic polymer layer located on a polymeric membrane support layer. The invention includes a method of isolating volatile organic compounds with the synthetic membrane by contacting a volatile organic mixture with the hydrophobic polymer layer of the synthetic membrane and removing volatile organic compounds from the polymeric membrane support layer of the synthetic membrane by a process of pervaporation. The invention also includes a method of purifying water with the synthetic membrane by contacting an ionic solution with the hydrophobic polymer layer of the synthetic membrane and removing water from the polymeric membrane support layer of the synthetic membrane by a process of reverse osmosis. The invention also relates to methods of isolating non-polar gases by gas fractionation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Synthetic membranes and methods of use thereof

Belfort, Georges↗

DOE OSTI2021

Synthetic membranes and methods of use thereof

Belfort, Georges↗

DOE OSTI2022

Solution target for cyclotron production of radiometals

Methods of producing and isolating 68Ga, 89Zr, 64Cu, 63Zn, 86Y, 61Cu, 99mTc, 45Ti, 13N, 52Mn, or 44Sc and solution targets for use in the methods are disclosed. The methods of producing 68Ga, 89Zr, 64Cu, 63Zn, 86Y, 61Cu, 99mTc, 45Ti, 13N, 52Mn, or 44Sc include irradiating a closed target system with a proton beam. The system can include a solution target. The methods of producing isolated 68Ga, 89Zr, 64Cu, 63Zn, 86Y, 61Cu, 99mTc, 45Ti, 52Mn, or 44Sc further include isolating 68Ga, 89Zr, 64Cu, 63Zn, 86Y, 61Cu, 99mTc, 45Ti, 52Mn, or 44Sc by ion exchange chromatography. An example target includes a target body including a target cavity for receiving the target material; a housing defining a passageway for directing a particle beam at the target cavity; a target window for covering an opening of the target cavity; and a coolant gas flow path disposed in the passageway upstream of the target window.

DeGrado, Timothy R.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Separation, recovery and upgrading of biomass derived 2,3-butanediol

The invention relates to a two-way approach to isolate, recover and upgrade 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) from fermentation broth. A complete separation and recovery process for 2,3-BDO using acetalization and trans-acetalization sequence. Acetalization with butyraldehyde using heterogeneous catalysts, either Amberlyst-15® or Nafion NR50®, efficiently isolates 2,3-BDO as phase-separated protected dioxolane. The approach provides significant process advantages with easy product recovery and high recyclability of the catalyst. Trans-acetalization of dioxolane with methanol (methanolysis) followed by distillation of acetal, yielded very high purity 2,3-BDO with about 90% isolated yield. Alternatively, dioxolane is used in a process direct to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as a BDO synthon allowing for recovery of the aldehyde.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Potential for Transport of Cesium as Bio-colloids in a High Ionic Strength System

The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is a deep geologic repository for long-term disposal of transuranic, radioactive waste that is a byproduct from the nation's nuclear defense program. Most likely release scenario → human intrusion (potentially through drilling) (US DOE 1995; 1996). Brine may proceed through the Rustler formation (the most transmissive layer) (Perkins et al., 1999). There is a need to investigate halophilic microbes including their mobility in the Rustler formation and the potential for enhancing transport of cesium as a bio-colloid. Objectives: To quantify the change in mobility of Cs by interaction with microbes (Chromohalobacter) that may be present near Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. What is Chromohalobacter?: a halophilic microbe, isolated from near the WIPP site, able to thrive in the high salt concentrations relevant to the repository. Does the microbe growth phase effect uptake of Cs? Experiments conducted with actively growing and stationary phase Chromohalobacter. Uptake may differ if Cs{sup +} is mistaken for K{sup +} in an actively growing (Log) phase versus stationary phase microbes (not actively reproducing). Materials: 1'' Teflon column packed with 1 gram of dolomite [355-500 μm, CaMg(CO{sub 3}){sub 2}] connected to a syringe pump and fraction collector via Teflon tubing. Chromohalobacter (100 million cells/mL) and dolomite collected near the WIPP. Synthetic brine - 15% NaCl (w/v ∼2.78 M) + 3 mM NaHCO{sub 3}. Methodology: Negative Control 5,000 ppb Cs initially injected into mini-columns with brine. Injection solution was then switched to only brine. Cs Experiments with Stationary Phase Chromo: Set 1: Viable stationary Chromo injected into minicolumns after reaction with 200 ppb Cs. Injection solution was then switched to only brine (without Cs or microbes). Set 2: Stressed stationary Chromo initially injected into mini-columns after reaction with 200 ppb Cs. Then, switched to brine only. Cs Experiments with Log phase Chromo: Set 1: Chromo injected into mini-columns after reaction with 5,000 ppb Cs. Injection then switched to only brine (without Cs or microbes). Set 2: Chromo grown with 5,000 ppb Cs and spiked with additional Cs before injection into columns. Preliminary Conclusions: Cs was not taken up or mobilized by Chromohalobacter in the actively growing or stationary phases or under stressed conditions. Competition may have occurred between Cs and K{sup +} at lower ionic strength, significantly greater concentrations of K{sup +} were present. Results suggest that Chromohalobacter can selectively uptake K{sup +} in the presence of Cs{sup +}. Future Research: K{sup +} and Cs{sup +} uptake will be monitored at high ionic strength in K{sup +} depleted media to consider uptake of Cs in the absence of K.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2024

Adaptive Laboratory Evolution for Enhanced Performance of Cupriavidus Necator on Formic Acid

The threat of global warming, driven by rising carbon emissions, highlights the need to decarbonize our economy. This requires innovative solutions for managing carbon waste and its effective utilization. One promising method for CO2 capture and sequestration is the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid, a soluble C1 molecule that can be used to store carbon and energy, and as a feedstock for biological conversion. Cupriavidus necator H16, a soil bacterium capable of consuming and growing on formic acid as its sole carbon and energy source, is well positioned to upgrade CO2-derived formic acid into platform chemicals and fuel precursors. To improve the performance of C. necator on formic acid, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), a proven tool for improving microbial fitness, has been conducted using continuous pH-stat bioreactors. The system works on the basis that consumption of formic acid raises the pH and triggers the addition of more formic acid to maintain the pH (in this case 6.7), such that formic acid is provided at the same rate as it is consumed. This system has been coupled with level control to achieve continuous fermentation where cells acquiring mutations that improve growth on formic acid become more abundant in the population, from which they can be isolated and characterized. During developmental experiments it was discovered that formic acid accumulated to inhibitory levels. It was determined that the nitrogen source, ammonium hydroxide, must be tailored to the carbon consumption to avoid formic acid accumulation. The ALE ran in three lineages for approximately 3000 hours and more than 500 generations. Evolved isolates obtained from each lineage demonstrated an increase in growth rate in conjunction with improve formate utilization compared to the parental strain when evaluated in pH-stat bioreactors. The isolates with improved performance were then subjected to whole genome sequencing to identify potentially causative mutations. Mutations in several key genes across different lineages have been found and will be evaluated individually and in combination to identify those that improve growth on formic acid. Incorporating these mutations into production strains has the potential to greatly improve formic acid conversion and further industrial decarbonization.

adaptive laboratory evolution↗

DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing Security and Resiliency in Operational Technology Environments Through Network Slicing and Federated Learning

The growing convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) within Industry 4.0 environments has introduced new demands on industrial network infrastructure. As cyber-physical systems become increasingly interconnected, ensuring the secure, timely, and efficient exchange of critical data is essential. This thesis explores how network slicing, a method of creating isolated virtual network segments, can be applied within OT environments to address challenges such as latency, security, and resource allocation. The first research question addressed in this thesis is: How can OT networks take advantage of NFV and SDN technology to become cyber resilient? This study examines the operational, security, and architectural implications of introducing network slicing into traditionally static OT infrastructures such as Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and SCADA. Through simulated deployments and case studies, the research demonstrates how slicing enables better isolation between critical and non-critical services, thereby improving response time, throughput, and security in sensitive environments. The second question considers: How to dynamically implement network slicing and take advantage of network resources towards integrating decentralized machine learning? In response, this thesis proposes a framework that combines Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and Federated Learning (FL) to enable real-time analytics while maintaining data locality. The proposed approach reduces the burden on centralized infrastructure and minimizes privacy risks by supporting on-site training of models across distributed OT nodes, coordinated through dynamically allocated network slices. The third focus explores: How slicing helps to increase the resiliency of OT networks through the orchestration of a dynamic DMZ? To answer this, the thesis presents a method for creating and managing Dynamic Demilitarized Zones (DMZs) using network slicing. This enables flexible and automated isolation of sensitive subsystems during threat scenarios or high-risk operations. Coupled with intelligent orchestration and containerized security services, the dynamic DMZ significantly enhances the system's ability to respond to cyber incidents without halting production. Ultimately, this thesis contributes a comprehensive architecture that blends network slicing with machine learning, secure segmentation, and automation, paving the way for resilient, adaptive, and intelligent OT environments. Performance evaluations across multiple scenarios show improvements in system reliability, threat response time, model accuracy, and resource utilization, providing a strong foundation for future industrial automation systems.

Rodiles Delgado, Brian G↗

DOE OSTI2026

System-Level Efficiency Study of Modular DC/DC and Fuel Cell Stack Series–Parallel Configurations

This paper presents a system-level efficiency study of modular DC/DC converter and fuel cell stack configurations under series, parallel, and series–parallel connections. The investigation considers selected DC/DC converter topologies, including isolated and non-isolated architectures, boost, non-inverting buck-boost, and resonant converters, integrated with commercially available fuel cell stacks, including the Accelera FCE150, Ballard FCgen-HPS, and Toyota TFCM2. DC/DC converter modules are evaluated in modular configurations rated at 60 kW and 90 kW and two distinct output voltage ranges, specifically 580–730V and 780–930V, examining how different interconnection schemes impact overall system efficiency. The converters are evaluated under full load (100%), partial load (66%), and light load (33%) conditions, providing a comprehensive assessment of efficiency and operational characteristics across varying power demands. Approximately two-thousand efficiency data points are obtained from laboratory prototype–level component measurements and validated design evaluations across multiple converter topologies, modular configurations, voltage ranges, and load conditions, providing a robust dataset for comparative system-level efficiency analysis. The results highlight the effects of modularity and topology selection on system-level efficiency, offering a “playbook” framework for designers to select appropriate DC/DC converter arrangements and fuel cell stack connections for series, parallel, or hybrid configurations based on efficiency considerations.

DC/DC↗

DOE OSTI2024

Utah FORGE 1-2410: Development of a Smart Completion and Stimulation Solution - 2024 Annual Workshop Presentation

This is a presentation on the Development of a Smart Completion & Stimulation Solution by Welltec, presented by Ricardo Vasques. This video slide presentation discusses the development of an (1) annular isolation system, (2) a stimulation isolation system, and (3) a multi open-close flow system for geothermal environments. This presentation was featured in the Utah FORGE R&D Annual Workshop on August 15, 2024.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗