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At least 991 records · Page 55

Fine structure in the α decay of $^{179}$Hg and $^{177}$Au

Abstract The$$\upalpha $$ α -decay fine structure of$$^{179}$$ 179 Hg and$$^{177}$$ 177 Au was studied by means of decay spectroscopy. Two experiments were performed at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä (JYFL), Finland, utilizing the recoil separator RITU and a digital data acquisition system. The heavy-ion induced fusion-evaporation reactions$$^{82}_{36}$$ 36 82 Kr + $$^{100}_{44}$$ 44 100 Ru and$$^{88}_{38}$$ 38 88 Kr + $$^{92}_{42}$$ 42 92 Mo were used to produce the$$^{179}$$ 179 Hg and$$^{177}$$ 177 Au nuclei, respectively. Studying the evaporation residues (ER, recoils)-$$\alpha _1$$ α 1 -$$\alpha _2$$ α 2 correlations and$$\upalpha $$ α -$$\gamma $$ γ coincidences, a new$$\upalpha $$ α decay with E$$_\alpha $$ α = 6156(10) keV was observed from$$^{179}$$ 179 Hg. This decay populates the (9/2$$^-$$ - ) excited state at an excitation energy of 131.3(5) keV in$$^{175}$$ 175 Pt. The internal conversion coefficient for the 131.3(5) keV transition de-exciting this state was measured for the first time. Regarding the$$^{177}$$ 177 Au nucleus, a new$$\upalpha $$ α decay with E$$_\alpha $$ α = 5998(9) keV was observed to populate the 156.1(6) keV excited state in$$^{173}$$ 173 Ir. Two de-excitation paths were observed from this excited state. Moreover, a new 215.7(13) keV transition was observed to depopulate the 424.4(13) keV excited state in$$^{173}$$ 173 Ir. Properties of the$$^{179}$$ 179 Hg and$$^{177}$$ 177 Au$$\upalpha $$ α decays were examined in a framework of reduced widths and hindrance factors. For clarity and simplicity, the spin and parity assignments (e.g.$$J^{\pi }$$ J π ) are presented without brackets throughout the text.

Physics↗

Strong enhancement of magnetic ordering temperature and structural/valence transitions in EuPd 3 S 4 under high pressure

We present a comprehensive study of the inhomogeneous mixed-valence compound, EuPd 3 S 4 , by electrical transport, X-ray diffraction, time-domain 151 Eu synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements under high pressure. Electrical transport measurements show that the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature, T N , increases rapidly from 2.8 K at ambient pressure to 23.5 K at ~19 GPa and plateaus between ~19 and ~29 GPa after which no anomaly associated with T N is detected. A pressure-induced first-order structural transition from cubic to tetragonal is observed, with a rather broad coexistence region (~20 GPa to ~30 GPa) that corresponds to the T N plateau. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements show a clear valence transition from approximately 50:50 Eu 2+ :Eu 3+ to fully Eu 3+ at ~28 GPa, consistent with the vanishing of the magnetic order at the same pressure. X-ray absorption data show a transition to a fully trivalent state at a similar pressure. Our results show that pressure first greatly enhances T N , most likely via enhanced hybridization between the Eu 4 f states and the conduction band, and then, second, causes a structural phase transition that coincides with the conversion of the europium to a fully trivalent state.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Transition from wall modes to multimodality in liquid gallium magnetoconvection

Coupled laboratory-numerical experiments of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in liquid gallium subject to a vertical magnetic field are presented. The experiments are carried out in two cylindrical containers with diameter-to-height aspect ratio Γ = 1.0 and 2.0 at varying thermal forcing (Rayleigh numbers 10 5 ≲ Ra ≲ 10 8 ) and magnetic field strength (Chandrasekhar numbers 0 ≲ Ch ≲ 3 × 10 5 ). Laboratory measurements and numerical simulations confirm that magnetoconvection in our finite cylindrical tanks onsets via nondrifting wall-attached modes, in good agreement with asymptotic predictions for a semi-infinite domain. With increasing supercriticality, the experimental and numerical thermal measurements and the numerical velocity data reveal transitions between wall mode states with different azimuthal mode numbers and between wall-dominated convection to wall and interior multimodality. These transitions are also reflected in the heat transfer data, which combined with previous studies connect onset to supercritical turbulent behaviors in liquid metal magnetoconvection over a large parameter space. The gross heat transfer behaviors between magnetoconvection and rotating convection in liquid metals are compared and discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Revealing systematic changes in the transcriptome during the transition from exponential growth to stationary phase

ABSTRACT The composition of bacterial transcriptomes is determined by the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). The TRN regulates the transition from one physiological state to another. Here, we use independent component analysis to monitor the composition of the transcriptome during the transition from the exponential growth phase to the stationary phase. With Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 as a model strain, we trigger the transition using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur starvation. We find that (i) the transition to the stationary phase accompanies common transcriptome changes, including increased stringent responses and reduced production of cellular building blocks and energy regardless of the limiting element; (ii) condition-specific changes are strongly associated with transcriptional regulators ( e.g. , Crp, NtrC, CysB, Cbl) responsible for metabolizing the limiting element; and (iii) the shortage of each limiting element differentially affects the production of amino acids and extracellular polymers. This study demonstrates how the combination of genome-scale datasets and new data analytics reveals the fundamental characteristics of a key transition in the life cycle of bacteria. IMPORTANCE Nutrient limitations are critical environmental perturbations in bacterial physiology. Despite its importance, a detailed understanding of how bacterial transcriptomes are adjusted has been limited. By utilizing independent component analysis (ICA) to decompose transcriptome data, this study reveals key regulatory events that enable bacteria to adapt to nutrient limitations. The findings not only highlight common responses, such as the stringent response, but also condition-specific regulatory shifts associated with carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur starvation. The insights gained from this work advance our knowledge of bacterial physiology, gene regulation, and metabolic adaptation.

Lim, Hyun Gyu (ORCID:0000000204692388)↗

Nanoscale heterogeneity induced by nonmagnetic Zn dopants in the quantum critical metal CeCoIn 5 : 115 In NQR/NMR and 59 Co NMR study

We report antiferromagnetism in a prototypical quantum critical metal CeCoIn 5 is known to be induced by slight substitutions of nonmagnetic Zn atoms for In. In nominally 7% Zn-substituted CeCoIn 5 , an antiferromagnetic (AFM) state coexists with heavy fermion superconductivity. Heterogeneity of the electronic states is investigated in Zn-doped CeCoIn 5 by means of nuclear quadrupole and magnetic resonances (NQR and NMR). Site-dependent NQR relaxation rates 1/T 1 indicate that the AFM state is locally nucleated around Zn substituents in the matrix of a heavy fermion state, and percolates through the bulk at the AFM transition temperature T N . At lower temperatures, an anisotropic superconducting (SC) gap below the SC transition temperature Tc, and the SC state permeates through the AFM regions via a SC proximity effect. Applying an external magnetic field induces a spin-flop transition near 5T, reducing the volume of the AFM regions. Consequently, a short-ranged inhomogeneous AFM state survives and coexists with a paramagnetic Fermi liquid state at high fields.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Specific heat and gap structure of a nematic superconductor: Application to FeSe

We report the results of our in-depth analysis of spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of a multiorbital metal, like FeSe, which first develops a nematic order and then undergoes a transition into a superconducting state, which coexists with nematicity. We analyze the angular dependence of the gap function and specific heat C v (T) of such a nematic superconductor. We specifically address three issues: (i) the angular dependence of the gap in light of the competition between the nematicity-induced s - d mixture and the orbital transmutation of low-energy excitations in the nematic state, (ii) the effect of nematicity on the magnitude of the jump of the specific heat C v (T) at T c and the temperature dependence of C v (T) below T c , and (iii) a potential transition at T c1 < T c from an s + d state to an s + e iη d state that breaks time-reversal symmetry. We consider two scenarios for a nematic order: scenario A, in which this order develops between d xz and d yz orbitals on hole and electron pockets, and scenario B, in which there is an additional component of the nematic order for d xy fermions on the two electron pockets.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Fermi-crossing Type-II Dirac fermions and topological surface states in NiTe 2

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer an ideal platform to experimentally realize Dirac fermions. However, typically these exotic quasiparticles are located far away from the Fermi level, limiting the contribution of Dirac-like carriers to the transport properties. Here we show that NiTe 2 hosts both bulk Type-II Dirac points and topological surface states. The underlying mechanism is shared with other TMDs and based on the generic topological character of the Te p-orbital manifold. However, unique to NiTe 2 , a significant contribution of Ni d orbital states shifts the energy of the Type-II Dirac point close to the Fermi level. In addition, one of the topological surface states intersects the Fermi energy and exhibits a remarkably large spin splitting of 120 meV. Our results establish NiTe 2 as an exciting candidate for next-generation spintronics devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Integer versus half-integer spin on an approximate honeycomb lattice

Recent interest in honeycomb lattice materials has focused on their potential to host quantum spin liquid (QSL) states. Variations in bond angles and spin allow a range of interesting behaviors on this lattice, from the predicted QSL ground state of the Kitaev model to exotic magnetic orders. Here we report the physical properties of two compounds with rare earths on an approximate honeycomb lattice. Here, the isostructural compounds Nd 2 S 5 Sn (J = 9/2) and Pr 2 S 5 Sn (J = 4) permit a direct comparison of half-integer versus integer spins on this lattice. We find strikingly different magnetic properties for the two compounds. Nd 2 S 5 Sn orders antiferromagnetically at T N ≈ 2.5 K and undergoes several magnetic transitions to other ordered states under applied field. Pr 2 S 5 Sn displays no magnetic ordering transition above T = 0.41 K, and may be proximate to a spin liquid state.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Bayesian inference of the dense-matter equation of state encapsulating a first-order hadron-quark phase transition from observables of canonical neutron stars

The remarkable progress in recent multimessenger observations of both isolated neutron stars (NSs) and their mergers has provided some of the much needed data to improve our understanding about the equation of state (EOS) of dense neutron-rich matter. Various EOSs with or without some kinds of phase transitions from hadronic to quark matter (QM) have been widely used in many forward modelings of NS properties. Direct comparisons of these predictions with observational data sometimes also using χ 2 minimizations have provided very useful constraints on the model EOSs. Furthermore, it is normally difficult to perform uncertain quantifications and analyze correlations of the EOS model parameters involved in forward modelings especially when the available data are still very limited.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Multistate Geometry of Shift Current and Polarization

The quantum metric and Berry curvature capture essential properties of nontrivial Bloch states and underpin many fascinating phenomena. However, it becomes increasingly evident that a more comprehensive understanding of quantum state geometry is necessary to explain properties involving Bloch states of multiple bands, such as optical transitions. To this end, we employ quantum state projectors to develop an explicitly gauge-invariant formalism and demonstrate its power with applications to nonlinear optics and the theory of electronic polarization. We provide a simple expression for the shift current that resolves its precise relation to the moments of electronic polarization, clarifies the treatment of band degeneracies, and reveals its decomposition into the sum of the skewness of the occupied states and intrinsically multistate geometry. The projector approach is applied to calculate nonlinear optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) layers, using previously calculated minimal tight-binding models, and demonstrated analytically on a three-band generalization of the Rice-Mele chain to elucidate the different contributions. We close with comments on further applications of the projector operator approach to multistate geometry.

electric polarization↗

Intertwined Topological and Magnetic Orders in Atomically Thin Chern Insulator MnBi 2 Te 4

The interplay between band topology and magnetic order plays a key role in quantum states of matter. MnBi 2 Te 4 , a van der Waals magnet, has recently emerged as an exciting platform for exploring Chern insulator physics. Its layered antiferromagnetic order was predicted to enable even-odd layer-number dependent topological states, supported by promising edge transport measurements. Furthermore, it becomes a Chern insulator when all spins are aligned by an applied magnetic field. However, the evolution of the bulk electronic structure as the magnetic state is continuously tuned and its dependence on layer number remains unexplored. Here, employing multimodal probes, we establish oneto-one correspondence between bulk electronic structure, magnetic state, topological order, and layer thickness in atomically thin MnBi 2 Te 4 devices. As the magnetic state is tuned through the canted magnetic phase, we observe a band crossing, i.e., the closing and reopening of the bulk bandgap, corresponding to the concurrent topological phase transition. Surprisingly, we find that the even- and odd-layer number devices exhibit a similar topological phase transition coupled to magnetic states, distinct from recent theoretical and experimental reports. Our findings shed new light on the interplay between band topology and magnetic order in this newly discovered topological magnet and validate the band crossing with concurrent measurements of topological invariant in a continuously tuned topological phase transition.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The Role of State Utility Regulators in a Just and Reasonable Energy Transition: Examining Regulatory Approaches to the Economic Impacts of Coal Retirements

The ongoing trend of coal retirements has disproportionately affected the socioeconomic health of communities where power plants are located. For many public utility commissions, these impacts have led to important questions around the scope of PUCs’ statutory authority to analyze, consider and mitigate losses to host communities within their role as utility regulators. Due largely to variations in state legislative charges, commissions have taken different approaches to articulating what lies within the public interest.This report examines the authority of PUCs across the country to consider non-energy economic impacts beyond direct ratepayer effects, and summarizes approaches that PUCs, utilities and other stakeholders have used to mitigate the economic fallout of coal retirements, specifically.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Structure and dynamical properties of two-dimensional dusty plasmas on one-dimensional periodic substrates

In the presence of the substrate, various structural and dynamical properties of two-dimensional dusty plasma (2DDP) were investigated using Langevin dynamical simulations. This paper reviews a series of results of the structural and dynamical properties of 2DDP modified by one-dimensional periodic substrates (1DPSs) as follows. First, when the depth of the 1DPS increases gradually, it is found that the static structural order of 2DDP along each potential well of the 1DPS increases first, and then decreases gradually. When the width of the 1DPS increases gradually, the particle arrangement in each potential well of the 1DPS changes from one straight row gradually to two rows, including the stable zigzag structure. Second, when there are two rows in each potential well of the 1DPS, the phonon spectra are split into two branches, corresponding to the breathing and sloshing modes, respectively. In addition, due to the pure repulsion between dust particles, from the obtained phonon spectra, the sloshing wave propagates backward at small wave numbers. Third, the calculated mean-square displacement (MSD) shown that, at the intermediate timescale between the initial ballistic and final diffusive motions, the particle motion tends to be more subdiffusive while the depth of the 1DPS increases. While the width of the 1DPS increases gradually, the long-time diffusive motion first increases, then decreases, and finally increases again, exhibiting the oscillation-like diffusion, due to the stable zigzag structure. Finally, when an external direct-current driving force is applied on all particles of 2DDP, three different depinning phases are discovered, which are the pinned, disordered plastic flow, and moving ordered states, respectively, as the driving force increases from zero. In addition, the continuous/discontinuous property of the phase transition between these different depinning states is investigated, showing that the transition property is modulated by the depth of the applied 1DPS

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Lifetimes of low-lying levels in 158 Gd

The low-lying structure of the well-deformed nucleus 158 Gd has been revisited to elucidate the nature of the low-lying states in 158 Gd. Earlier (p, t) studies identified numerous 0 + states below 4.3 MeV, prompting questions about whether these states correspond to collective vibrations or shape coexistence. New and previously reported (n, n' γ) measurements are combined, including γ-γ coincidences, excitation functions, and angular distributions, to extract lifetimes and transition probabilities for 44 excited states up to 2.7 MeV, including 32 previously unmeasured levels. Our results confirm or revise γ-ray placements and provide detailed transition strengths, revealing both weakly collective and strongly enhanced B(E2) and B(E1) transition probabilities. In particular, a tentative 0 + state at 2437.8 keV exhibits a strong interband B(E2) transition, which may be a candidate for a possible two-phonon (ββ) excitation. Systematic comparisons with neighboring Gd isotopes, Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov, and interacting-boson model predictions suggest that the first excited 0 + state in 158 Gd is predicted to be a β-vibration, although it is weakly collective.

158Gd↗

Observation of Topological Chirality Switching Induced Freezing of a Skyrmion Crystal

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected quasi-particles with a well-defined chirality. Control over their chirality is proposed as an additional feature for encoding data bits or as qubits in quantum computing due to their high efficiency and stability against achiral magnetic textures. Here it is shown that an in-plane magnetic field can be utilized to reshape the energy barriers between different skyrmionic bubbles (e.g., Bloch type, type-II) enabling spontaneous chirality fluctuations with a frequency that increases with the strength of the in-plane field. The insulating van der Waals ferromagnet CrBr3 is used as an archetypal system for low damping, reduced energy dissipation and a high number of magnetic phases to capture the chirality dynamics in real time through cryo-Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. It is observed that the interplay between the intrinsic Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and out-of-plane field biased the chirality dynamics, favoring one handedness over the other. A remarkable consequence of the spontaneous chirality switching mechanism is that it induces a freezing (or crystallization) process in the skyrmion lattice. As the bubbles fluctuate between Bloch and type-II they elongate and shrink parallel to the in-plane field. Subsequently, the overall lattice crystallizes along the in-plane field direction, inducing a phase transition from a disordered liquid state to a hexatic phase where skyrmions are highly ordered resembling that of a solid. The results indicate chirality as an active element in the creation of topologically protected skyrmion crystals unveiling pathways toward chiral spintronic device platforms with tunable embedded configuration.

2D Phase Transition↗

A three-step model of high harmonic generation using complex classical trajectories

Highlights: • Rigorous trajectory formulation of strong field physics and high harmonic generation. • The Coulomb ground state is represented by an ensemble of complex trajectories. • Trajectories transition seamlessly from the ground state to ionization or recollision. • The ionized wavepacket is reproduced well from the complex trajectories. • Classically allowed and forbidden processes are treated in a single framework. We present a new trajectory formulation of high harmonic generation that treats classically allowed and classically forbidden processes within a single dynamical framework. Complex trajectories orbit the nucleus, producing the stationary Coulomb ground state. When the field is turned on, these complex trajectories continue their motion in the field-dressed Coulomb potential and therefore tunnel ionization, unbound evolution and recollision are described within a single, seamless framework. The new formulation can bring mechanistic understanding to a broad range of strong field physics effects.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Collective states and charge density waves in the group IV transition metal trichalcogenides

It has been nearly a century since the original mechanism for charge density wave (CDW) formation was suggested by Peierls. Since then, the term has come to describe several related concepts in condensed matter physics, having their origin in either the electron–phonon or electron–electron interaction. The vast majority of CDW literature deals with systems that are metallic, where discussions of mechanisms related to the Fermi surface are valid. Recently, it has been suggested that semiconducting systems such as TiS 3 and TiSe 2 exhibit behavior related to CDWs. In such cases, the origin of the behavior is more subtle and intimately tied to electron–electron interactions. We introduce the different classifications of CDW systems that have been proposed and discuss work on the group IV transition metal trichalcogenides (TMTs) (ZrTe 3 , HfTe 3 , TiTe 3 , and TiS 3 ), which are an exciting and emergent material system whose members exhibit quasi-one-dimensional properties. TMTs are van der Waals materials and can be readily studied in the few-layer limit, opening new avenues to manipulating collective states. We emphasize the semiconducting compound TiS 3 and suggest how it can be classified based on available data. Although we can conjecture on the origin of the CDW in TiS 3 , further measurements are required to properly characterize it.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Uranium Chemistry: Identifying the Next Frontiers

While uranium is the most extensively studied actinide in terms of chemical properties, there remains much to be explored about its fundamental chemistry. Organometallic and organoactinide chemistry first emerged in the 1950s with research that found inspiration from transition-metal chemistry with the synthesis and characterization of uranocene, expanding new opportunities for organoactinide chemistry. Since then, a significant amount of research has pursued many avenues characterizing the fundamental nature of the f orbitals and their modes of bonding as well as their potential in catalysis. Uranium(III/IV) arene complexes dominate much of uranium organometallic chemistry, with bonding interactions stabilized by δ-back-bonding. Recent additions to this area of chemistry include the first UI and new additions of U II organouranium compounds. Uranium–transition metal complexes are still rare and maintain U IV oxidation states, with variable bond lengths determining the transition-metal oxidation state. Resultant reactivities are discussed as synthetic complexes, and unique bonding and coordination motifs are highlighted. In conclusion, this Viewpoint will focus on significant developments in uranium chemistry from the last 15 years while considering key areas for future research.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗