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At least 991 records · Page 55
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Cost effectiveness of preemptive school closures to mitigate pandemic influenza outbreaks of differing severity in the United States

Background: Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may be considered as part of national pandemic preparedness as a first line defense against influenza pandemics. Preemptive school closures (PSCs) are an NPI reserved for severe pandemics and are highly effective in slowing influenza spread but have unintended consequences. Methods: We used results of simulated PSC impacts for a 1957-like pandemic (i.e., an influenza pandemic with a high case fatality rate) to estimate population health impacts and quantify PSC costs at the national level using three geographical scales, four closure durations, and three dismissal decision criteria (i.e., the number of cases detected to trigger closures). At the Chicago regional level, we also used results from simulated 1957-like, 1968-like, and 2009-like pandemics. Our net estimated economic impacts resulted from educational productivity costs plus loss of income associated with providing childcare during closures after netting out productivity gains from averted influenza illness based on the number of cases and deaths for each mitigation strategy. Results: For the 1957-like, national-level model, estimated net PSC costs and averted cases ranged from $\$7.5$ billion (2016 USD) averting 14.5 million cases for two-week, community-level closures to $\$97$ billion averting 47 million cases for 12-week, county-level closures. We found that 2-week school-by-school PSCs had the lowest cost per discounted life-year gained compared to county-wide or school district–wide closures for both the national and Chicago regional-level analyses of all pandemics. The feasibility of spatiotemporally precise triggering is questionable for most locales. Theoretically, this would be an attractive early option to allow more time to assess transmissibility and severity of a novel influenza virus. However, we also found that county-wide PSCs of longer durations (8 to 12 weeks) could avert the most cases (31–47 million) and deaths (105,000–156,000); however, the net cost would be considerably greater ($\$88$-$\$103$ billion net of averted illness costs) for the national-level, 1957-like analysis. Conclusions: We found that the net costs per death averted ($\$180,000$-$\$4.2$ million) for the national-level, 1957-like scenarios were generally less than the range of values recommended for regulatory impact analyses ($\$4.6$ to 15.0 million). This suggests that the economic benefits of national-level PSC strategies could exceed the costs of these interventions during future pandemics with highly transmissible strains with high case fatality rates. In contrast, the PSC outcomes for regional models of the 1968-like and 2009-like pandemics were less likely to be cost effective; more targeted and shorter duration closures would be recommended for these pandemics.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cellular response of keratinocytes to the entry and accumulation of nanoplastic particles

Plastic accumulation in the environment is rapidly increasing, and nanoplastics (NP), byproducts of environmental weathering of bulk plastic waste, pose a significant public health risk. Particles may enter the human body through many possible routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. However, studies on NP penetration and accumulation in human skin are limited. Loss or reduction of the keratinized skin barrier may enhance the skin penetration of NPs. The present study investigated the entry of NPs into a human skin system modeling skin with compromised barrier functions and cellular responses to the intracellular accumulations of NPs. Two in vitro models were employed to simulate human skin lacking keratinized barriers. The first model was an ex vivo human skin culture with the keratinized dermal layer (stratum corneum) removed. The second model was a 3D keratinocyte/dermal fibroblast cell co-culture model with stratified keratinocytes on the top and a monolayer of skin fibroblast cells co-cultured at the bottom. The penetration and accumulation of the NPs in different cell types were observed using fluorescent microscopy, confocal microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The cellular responses of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast cells to stress induced by NPs stress were measured. The genetic regulatory pathway of keratinocytes to the intracellular NPs was identified using transcript analyses and KEGG pathway analysis. The cellular uptake of NPs by skin cells was confirmed by imaging analyses. Transepidermal transport and penetration of NPs through the skin epidermis were observed. According to the gene expression and pathway analyses, an IL-17 signaling pathway was identified as the trigger for cellular responses to internal NP accumulation in the keratinocytes. The transepidermal NPs were also found in co-cultured dermal fibroblast cells and resulted in a large-scale transition from fibroblast cells to myofibroblast cells with enhanced production of α-smooth muscle actin and pro-Collagen Ia. The upregulation of inflammatory factors and cell activation may result in skin inflammation and ultimately trigger immune responses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cape EGS: Frisco Pad Wells Flow Test Microseismic Data

This dataset contains microseismic data acquired during the Frisco pad flow test project led by Fervo Energy, conducted between July 17th - Aug 12th 2024, near the Utah FORGE geothermal site. The microseismic data was collected from various Utah FORGE wells: via Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) fiber in 16B, and two 3-component geophones located in wells 56-32 and 78B. The dataset is structured in SEGY format, where the first six traces represent data from the geophones, and the remaining traces capture DAS data from well 16B. Each SEGY file in this dataset contains triggered microseismic events, with event initiation based on Short-Time Average over Long-Time Average (STA/LTA) detection criteria during the stimulation process. Files are grouped by time intervals and named following the structure "[WellPad][WellName][Month]_[Year]Divine_Trigger[EventNumber].sgy," indicating well pad, well name, date, and event number. Sampling parameters include a spatial sampling of approximately 2 meters for DAS channels and a temporal sampling rate of 2000 Hz, with each data record spanning 1.2 seconds. The files' coordinates are referenced to the location of the FORGE 16A-32 wellhead, positioned at UTM coordinates: Easting 334641.1891 m and Northing 4263443.693 m. The geographic coordinates for this origin are 38.50402147 latitude and -112.8963897 longitude, with an elevation of 1650.0249 meters above sea level.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Discrimination of Seismic Events (2006–2020) in North Korea Using P/Lg Amplitude Ratios from Regional Stations and a Bivariate Discriminant Function

Two events of magnitude (m b ) 3.6–3.8 occurred in southern North Korea (NK) on 27 June 2019 and 11 May 2020. Although these events were located ~330–400 km from the known nuclear test site, the fact that they occurred within the territory of NK, a country with a recent history of underground nuclear tests, made them events of interest for the monitoring community. In this work, we used P/Lg ratios from regional stations to categorize seismic events that occurred in NK from 2006 to May 2020, including these two recent events, the six declared NK nuclear tests, and the cavity collapse and triggered earthquakes that followed the 3 September 2017 nuclear explosion. We were able to separate the cavity collapse from the population of nuclear explosions. However, based on P/Lg ratios, the distinction between the earthquakes and the cavity collapse is ambiguous. The performed discriminant analyses suggest that combining Pg/Lg and Pn/Lg ratios results in improved discriminant power compared with any of the ratio types alone. We used the two ratio types jointly in a quadratic discriminant function and successfully classified the six declared nuclear tests and the triggered earthquakes that followed the September 2017 explosion. Our analyses also confirm that the recent southern events of June 2019 and May 2020 are both tectonic earthquakes that occurred naturally.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) frameworks for the Accelerator Control System

As particle accelerator control systems evolve in complexity and scale, the need for responsive, scalable, and cost-effective computational infrastructure becomes increasingly critical. Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) offers an alternative to traditional monolithic architecture by enabling event-driven execution, automatic scaling, and fine-grained resource utilization. This paper explores the applicability and performance of FaaS frameworks in the context of a modern particle accelerator control system, with the objective of evaluating their suitability for short lived and triggered workloads. In this paper, we evaluate prominent open-source FaaS platforms in executing functional logic, triggers, and diagnostics routines. Evaluation metrics consist of cold-start latency, scalability, performance, integration with other open-source tools like Kafka. Experimental workloads were designed to simulate real-world control tasks when implemented as stateless FaaS functions. These workloads were benchmarked under various invocation loads and network conditions. Self-hosted FaaS platforms, when deployed within accelerator networks, offer greater control over execution environment, better integration with legacy systems, and support for real-time guarantees when paired with message queues. Based on lessons learned and evaluation metrics, this paper describes reliability of the FaaS framework for the Accelerator Control Systems (ACS).

Jaikar, A. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000332046217)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Optimization of DARHT Axis 1 Injector Voltage

The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility provides flash radiography capabilities using two electron Linear Induction Accelerators (LIA’s). Axis-1 of DARHT produces a 20- MeV, 2-kA, 80-ns-FWHM electron beam. The strict requirements for flash radiography require a detailed understanding of the LIA’s performance, including precision measurements of the injector electron beam energy. The technique for time resolved measurement of the electron beam energy using electron Permanent Magnet Spectrometer (ePMSpec) has been developed. The electron energy then is used to infer the voltage produced by the injector pulsed power. The injector pulsed power of DARHT I consists of a 1.5-MV, glycol-insulated Blumlein that is pulsecharged by a step-up transformer and switched by four, laser-triggered spark gaps. A series of increasing impedance transmission lines are used to transform the output voltage of the Blumlein to a maximum of 3.8MV at the diode. Figure 1a shows a graphic of the Axis-1 prime power tank, Blumlein and downstream transmission lines. The injector pulse power is designed to produce voltage on a velvet cathode located in the vacuum vessel. The specifications of the voltage-pulse flat-top over 60ns is +/-1%. A key element in the high-voltage circuit is the ethylene glycol Blumlein. The outer volume, adjacent to the laser triggered switches of the Blumlein, is a peaking capacitor. This is an independent volume that contains a mixture of ethylene glycol and water to make it an adjustable capacitor of 380 to 750 pF.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fielding and analyzing performance of a prototype high voltage output gas switch for Saturn

Timing spread between the thirty-six Saturn modules affects peak electrical power delivered to the Bremsstrahlung diode and can affect vacuum power flow and impedance behavior of the load. To reduce the module spread, a new megavolt gas-insulated closing switch was developed employing design techniques developed for the Z-machine laser triggered switches while retaining Saturn’s simpler electrical triggering. Two modules were temporarily outfitted with the new switches and used separately into local resistive loads (instead of the usual Saturn electron beam load). A reliable operating point and switch time jitter at that point were the goals of the experiments. The target switch reliability is less than one pre-fire in one thousand switch-shots, and a timing standard deviation of 4 nanoseconds. The switches were able to meet both requirements but the number of tests at the chosen point are limited.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A laser inverse Compton scattering diagnostic to study runaway electron dynamics during tokamak disruptions

The goal is to design a new diagnostic based on laser inverse Compton scattering (LICS) to study the dynamics of runaway electron formation and their subsequent loss during triggered disruptions in DIII-D. It is known that better measurements of the runaway electron population, throughout the evolution of a disruption, is critical for mitigating the impact of energetic electron beams especially in high plasma current discharges such as those in reactor relevant burning plasmas. The goal of the LICS approach being designed for DIII-D is to measure the timeresolved spatial profile and energy distribution of the runaway electrons while they are in the core of the tokamak plasma. During the last year, a code was developed to simulate the signals from a new laser scattering diagnostic for DIII-D, which will measure the relativistic electron population expected in DIII-D after disruptions triggered by argon pellet injection.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Elucidating Mechanisms of Rust Pathogenesis for Engineering Resistance in Poplar

The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the molecular basis for the virulence of Melampsora larici-populina towards Populus spp. in order to address the formidable challenge of engineering durable resistance in poplar against leaf rust. Our original research plan was built on the technically innovative approach of using dual host systems and known host defense proteins and pathogen avirulent effectors along with genome-wide approaches to identify key pathogenesis effectors of Melampsora larici-populina that target poplar defense and nutrient acquisition. Our efforts focused on developing high-throughput experimental approaches and systems to enable us to address our overarching hypothesis that rust effectors with homology to other fungal effectors will either bypass the poplar immune system and/or suppress effector-triggered immunity through conserved mechanisms, and that an analysis of these interaction networks would provide for new approaches to develop rust-resistant poplar. Three main objectives were originally proposed: (1) mine key rust effectors that suppress host immunity; (2) elucidate interaction networks in poplar targeted by key rust effectors; (3) generate transgenic poplar resources for identification of genes involved in pathogen infection or host defense triggered by rust. Generally, we worked towards all three objectives by developing and applying complementary molecular, genomic, biochemical and plant transformation approaches.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of a streaming readout solution for Jefferson Lab experiments

Jefferson Lab (JLab) operates the CEBAF accelerator that provides a high energy (up to 12 GeV) and high current (up to 150 µA) polarized electron beam for fixed target experiments. JLab's mission is to provide substantial progress in understanding the Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the current theory of the spectrum and the dynamics of hadronic matter. Given the broad scientific program a general-purpose detector, CLAS12, has been designed and constructed. Such a detector requires a sophisticated trigger and current experiments use an on-line FPGA-based system that relies upon custom firmware and electronics both of which are difficult reconfigure from one experiment to the next. To overcome these challenges transitioning to a streaming readout has been proposed since it would allow a more flexible, easier to debug, software trigger to be developed. To facilitate this JLab is gaining experience with streaming readout systems and is actively working to design and test a streaming data acquisition architecture. Significant work has already been done to make existing front-end electronics compatible with operation in streaming mode. Software-wise, much work remains to be done but an existing framework, TriDAS, which was developed for underwater neutrino telescopes can, in principle, be used with the existing JLab hardware. A test stand is already in place in the INDRA DAQ development lab at JLab. This paper will present the development of this TriDAS based test system and it?s operation in-beam using parts of the CLAS12 detector to evaluate streaming readout for a large general purpose detector.

Battaglieri, Marco↗
DOE OSTI2023

Smart Pixels: towards on-sensor inference of charged particle track parameters and uncertainties

The combinatorics of track seeding has long been a computational bottleneck for triggering and offline computing in High Energy Physics (HEP), and remains so for the HL-LHC. Next-generation pixel sensors will be sufficiently fine-grained to determine angular information of the charged particle passing through from pixel-cluster properties. This detector technology immediately improves the situation for offline tracking, but any major improvements in physics reach are unrealized since they are dominated by lowest-level hardware trigger acceptance. We will demonstrate track angle and hit position prediction, including errors, using a mixture density network within a single layer of silicon as well as the progress towards and status of implementing the neural network in hardware on both FPGAs and ASICs.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Protecting and Defending against Autonomous Control Systems and Digital Twin Cyber Attacks: Response Strategy for Hyperparameter attacks of Digital Twin Machine Learning Models in Nuclear Power Plants (Final)

Navigating through the complex tapestry of technological advancements, "Response Strategy for Hyperparameter attacks of Digital Twin Machine Learning Model in Nuclear Power Plants" stands at the intersection of cybersecurity and nuclear power plant operations, embarking on a journey through the intricacies of securing digital twins against malicious cyber activities. As nuclear power plants progressively integrate digital twin technology and machine learning models to optimize operations and ensure system reliability, they inadvertently expose themselves to a new spectrum of vulnerabilities, notably in the realm of hyperparameter attacks. Hyperparameters, integral in machine learning model tuning and optimal performance of digital twins, have emerged as a target for adversaries aiming to destabilize the predictive capabilities and therefore, the operational accuracy of these digital entities within critical infrastructures like nuclear plants. This paper, therefore, meticulously threads the needle through the development of a robust response strategy, poised to shield these digital reflections against calculated hyperparameter manipulations, ensuring that the digital twin can effectively and securely function as a reliable proxy for its physical counterpart. The ensuing sections delve into the orchestrated maelstrom of multi-rate time-changing intelligent coordinated hyperparameter attacks and the implementation of event-triggered predictive control, laying down a structured, predictive, and responsive framework that safeguards the nexus where the digital and physical realms of nuclear power plants coalesce. The operational integrity of digital twins in nuclear power plants depends critically on the security of machine learning hyperparameters. This study makes two different contributions. First, a decision-based idea known as a multi-rate time changing intelligent coordinated hyperparameter attack is put forth. In this attack, many hyperparameters are repeatedly changed using both random and intelligent optimal techniques by the attacker. These assaults introduce varied rates at different attack steps, compromise various amounts of hyperparameters, and improve stealth and flexibility. Second, a technique is developed for event triggered predictive control to rapidly respond to potential hyperparameter attacks. This control integrates a sliding window framework, retaining a history of previous data points and employing linear regression to predict the next data point from the current dataset. The control gain K is determined using the Lyapunov-Krasovskii method, and subsequently, an action is developed. Finally, the outcome of the simulation demonstrates the viability of the proposed method for defending nuclear power plant digital twins from hyperparameter attacks.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Elucidating the mechanical and thermal response of nanotwinned Ni alloys

Transformative advances in nanoscale materials synthesis, characterization and modeling are enabling the synthesis of materials with unprecedent properties and greater understanding of the nanoscale mechanisms that underpin these properties. Nanotwinned Cu alloys have received considerable attention due to their impressive balance of strength and ductility, but they have limited microstructural stability. Recent instantiation of nanotwins in sputter deposited Ni-Mo-W, and several commercial Ni-based superalloys, point to the potential development of a new class of high temperature materials with a very beneficial suite of mechanical and physical properties. The experimental study described in this report was undertaken to elucidate the nanoscale origins of the thermal and mechanical behavior of nanotwinned Ni alloys. Micropillar compression experiments have shown nanotwinned Ni 85 Mo 15-x W x alloys to possess unusually high strengths above 3.5GPa and enhanced microstructural stability. The strength of these nanotwinned alloys is determined by the abrupt formation of shear bands. This study focused on identifying the nanoscale trigger, or triggers, for shear banding in nanotwinned materials using in situ experiments and atomic-scale postmortem analysis. Contrasting and comparing the mechanical response and postmortem nanostructures of “Mo-rich” and “W-rich” nanotwinned specimens elucidated the importance of the lateral motion of easy glide defects that results in erasure of twins and local coarsening of the nanotwinned microstructure. This twin coarsening was then associated with very localized plasticity, strain softening, and shear band formation. The difference between alloys was further studied by considering the role of various material factors: stacking fault energy, coherent twin boundary spacing and flatness, grain size, and the interactions of solute atoms with twin and grain boundaries. The effect of alloy composition and sputtering power and temperature were also investigated and used to control twin spacing and geometry. Combined with atomic-scale simulations, these experiments insights should allow us to identify strategies for achieving concomitant ultrahigh strength and ductility in nanotwinned Ni alloys. In parallel but synergistic studies, our work was buoyed by collaborative state-of-the-art nanoscale orientation and strain mapping at the DOE National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM). For example, novel 4D-STEM techniques were used to acquire nanoscale strain maps. The extremely fine twin spacing limited our measurements of atomic-scale thermal expansion within twins, but recent results from NCEM suggest that it will soon be possible to conduct such measurements and to unravel the origins of the novel thermal expansion characteristics of nanotwinned Ni alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Detuned synchronized waveform averaging for reducing distortions due to sample interleaving

This invention introduces a method for optimally detuning the ratio of analog-to-digital (ADC) sample rate and trigger rate during waveform averaging to minimize the deleterious effects from sample interleaving. A prescription is described for determining the optimal detuning factor for the ADC or trigger rate in any scenario, depending on the number of ADC cores used and the limited tuning resolution of the clock rates for a specific implementation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

ARC-SAFE: Accelerated Response semiconducting Contactors and Surge Attenuation For DC Electrical systems (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

The landscape of power transmission and distribution is quickly evolving as more power conversion is done through power electronics and transmitted or distributed at medium voltage direct current (MVDC). As power electronics tend to store less energy and be less resilient to faults than conventional power transformers, a reliable and fast protection against faults is critical to protect power electronics (PE) based infrastructure, especially for medium- and high-voltage applications. This motivates the development of PE based protection circuits to replace slower contemporary electromechanical breakers. In this project a novel PE based MVDC circuit breaker is developed; the new design is comprised of 1) a normally-on leg made of commercially-available, cascaded SiC junction field effect transistors (JFETs) with a passive balancing network, and 2) a normally-off leg based on an optically-triggered gallium nitride (GaN) photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS). The normally-off leg was designed to be quickly turned on, to divert current to an auxiliary dissipative circuit, as the normally-on leg is turned off. This approach, using solid-state devices, was selected for a high-performance, fast-switching operation for the DC circuit breaker as compared to approaches that use slower mechanical switches. To be practical, the circuit breaker must have low conduction loss (low Ron) in the normally-on leg and fast coordinated triggering of the normally-off leg to avoid damage from inductive flyback, which could be considerable for long lengths of cable.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Detection and Deterrent System in Reducing Golden Eagle Fatalities at Operational Wind Facilities

The Renewable Energy Wildlife Institute (REWI) was appointed as the prime awardee of DOE award number DE-EE0007883 to lead a team of scientists, wind developers, and technology manufacturers toward the overarching goal of evaluating the effectiveness of the current DTBird system in minimizing the risk of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and other large soaring raptors from approaching the rotor-swept zone (RSZ) of operating wind turbines. As part of this goal, the team set out to 1) quantify the expected reduction in collision risk for golden eagles from operation of the detection and deterrence modules in a manner that supports the approach used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to assess and credit facility operators for their efforts to minimize predicted collision fatalities and 2) provide information to help improve the technology to maximize its effectiveness. DTBird is an automated detection and audio deterrent system created by the Spanish company Liquen, designed to discourage birds from entering the RSZ of spinning wind turbines. The system uses cameras to automatically detect airborne targets of interest, records each such event in an online database, and triggers a warning signal (loud sound) if the tracked object has moved close to the turbine. If the object moves even closer to the RSZ, a more aggressive dissuasion signal is broadcast. To meet our objectives, the team conducted a two-year experiment at the Goodnoe Hills wind facility in Washington state, in which 14 turbines were outfitted with DTBird units. Daily, each DTBird-equipped turbine was randomly assigned to a control or treatment group. Treatment turbines operated with DTBird running as intended—broadcasting warning or deterrent signals when DTBird detected a target within range. On control turbines, no sound signals were broadcast if a moving target triggered the DTBird system. The team also flew unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) designed to coarsely mimic the general size, weight, and coloration of golden eagles in programmed flight transects across DTBird detection ranges to quantify DTBird’s ability to detect intended targets and to evaluate factors that influence the probability of detection and DTBird’s response distances. Additionally, the team evaluated the behavioral responses of in situ eagles exposed to spinning turbines alone (visual and sound influences) versus spinning turbines plus broadcasted DTBird audio deterrents, to estimate the effectiveness of deterrence by the DTBird system. The data and results from these investigations were combined with those from a pilot study conducted at the Manzana Wind Power Project in California to better evaluate DTBird’s effectiveness across different landscapes.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design and construction of the CMS Outer Tracker for the Phase-2 Upgrade

he High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver an integrated luminosity of $3000-4000$~fb$^{-1}$ after 10 years of operation with peak instantaneous luminosity reaching about $5-7.5\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. During Long Shutdown 3, several components of the CMS detector will undergo major changes, called Phase-2 upgrade, to be able to operate in the challenging environment of the HL-LHC. The current CMS silicon strip tracker has to be replaced with a new detector. The Phase-2 Outer Tracker (OT) will have higher radiation tolerance, higher granularity, and the capability to handle higher data rates compared to the current system. Another key feature of the OT will be to provide tracking information to the Level-1 (L1) trigger, allowing trigger rates to be kept at a sustainable level without sacrificing physics potential. For this, the OT will be made out of modules with two closely spaced sensors read out by front-end ASICs, which can correlate hits in the two sensors creating short track segments called stubs. The stubs will be used for tracking in the L1 track finder. The modules come in two flavors: strip-strip (2S) and pixel-strip (PS), which contain different sensor configurations and multiple ASICs. In this contribution, the design of the CMS Phase-2 OT, the technological choices, and the quality assurance (QA) procedures used to ensure the functionality of the modules will be reported. The contribution will cover the first results with pre-production devices and the different aspects taken into account during the QA: from fulfilling the precision specification of the module assembly procedure to ensuring the proper communication between the different ASICs on the module. The module noise performance is also checked and the full module functionality is verified at different temperatures.

Zoi, Irene↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design and Construction of the CMS Outer Tracker for the Phase-2 Upgrade

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver an integrated luminosity of 3000-4000~fb$^{-1}$ after 10 years of operation with peak instantaneous luminosity reaching about 5-7.5$\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. During Long Shutdown 3, several components of the CMS detector will undergo major changes, called Phase-2 upgrades, to be able to operate in the challenging environment of the HL-LHC. The current CMS tracker will be replaced. The Phase-2 Outer Tracker (OT) will have high radiation tolerance, higher granularity, and the capability to handle higher data rates. Moreover, the OT will provide tracking information to the Level-1 trigger, for the first time at hadron colliders, allowing trigger rates to be kept at a sustainable level without sacrificing physics potential. For this, the OT will be made of modules with two closely spaced silicon sensors read out by front-end ASICs, which can correlate hits in the two sensors creating short track segments (stubs), used for tracking in the L1 track finder. The modules come in two flavors: strip-strip (2S) and pixel-strip (PS), containing different sensor configurations and multiple ASICs. This contribution will present the design of the Phase-2 OT, the first results with pre-production devices, and the quality assurance procedures used to ensure the functionality of the modules: from fulfilling the precision specification of the module assembly procedure to ensuring the proper communication among the module's ASICs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗