The dispersion of pollutants from aircraft
Dispersal of jet aircraft exhaust emissions near airports and of smoke trails in upper atmosphere, assessing pollutant levels near large urban airports
Fay, J. A.↗
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Urban air pollution dispersion model
Three-dimensional integrated puff model simulates smoke plume dispersion processes and estimates pollutant concentration during periods of low wind speed. Applications for model are given.
Robert, J. J.↗
Experimental system for the control of surgically induced infections
The results are presented of the development tests performed on the experimental system for the control of surgically induced infections. Tests were performed on the portable clean room to demonstrate assembly, collapsability, portability and storage. Collapsing, relocating and storing within the surgery room can be accomplished in 12 minutes. The storage envelope dimensions are 1.64 m x 4.24 m x 2.62 m high. The disassembly transfer to another room, and reassembly were demonstrated. The laminar air flow velocity profile within the enclosure was measured. In the undisturbed area of the enclosure the air flow met the Federal Standard 209a requirements of 27.45 meters per minute + or - 6.10 meters per minute. Smoke tests with simulated surgery equipment and personnel in the enclosure did not indicate any detrimental air flow patterns. It is concluded that the system as designed will perform the functions required for its intended use.
Source record↗
Flowing gas, non-nuclear experiments on the gas core reactor
Flow tests were conducted on models of the gas core (cavity) reactor. Variations in cavity wall and injection configurations were aimed at establishing flow patterns that give a maximum of the nuclear criticality eigenvalue. Correlation with the nuclear effect was made using multigroup diffusion theory normalized by previous benchmark critical experiments. Air was used to simulate the hydrogen propellant in the flow tests, and smoked air, argon, or freon to simulate the central nuclear fuel gas. All tests were run in the down-firing direction so that gravitational effects simulated the acceleration effect of a rocket. Results show that acceptable flow patterns with high volume fraction for the simulated nuclear fuel gas and high flow rate ratios of propellant to fuel can be obtained. Using a point injector for the fuel, good flow patterns are obtained by directing the outer gas at high velocity along the cavity wall, using louvered or oblique-angle-honeycomb injection schemes.
Kunze, J. F.↗
Operation and maintenance, fire rescue air-pack. Volume 2: Communications
The operation and maintenance procedures are described for the development model of the fire rescue air pack (FRAP) voice amplifier assembly, including the battery charger. Operational instructions include a general description of the assembly, specifications, and installation and operation. Maintenance instructions include theory of operation, preventive maintenance, repair, adjustment, and a parts list. The FRAP is intended to permit fire rescue personnel to enter a smoke-filled, toxic or oxygen depleted environment carrying their own source of breathing air. The voice amplifier assembly permits the wearer to communicate by voice with other persons in the vicinity. The battery charger assembly provides a means of keeping the amplifier batteries fully charged.
Source record↗
Task 1: Correlation of satellite and ground data in air pollution studies. Task 2: Investigation to relate the chlorophyll and suspended sediment content in the waters of the lower Chesapeake Bay to ERTS-1 imagery. Task 3: The use of ERTS-1 to more fully utilize and apply marine station data to the study of productivity along the Eastern Shelf expanded waters of the United States
The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of U-2 imagery of CARETS site indicates smoke plumes can be easily detected. First look at selected ERTS-1 color composites demonstrates plumes from forest fires can be detected.
Copeland, G. E.↗
Experiments on a turbulent jet in a cross flow.
Results are reported of experiments on turbulent circular jets issuing into a cross flow, both for unheated and heated jets. Longitudinal and transverse distributions of velocity, temperature, and turbulence intensity are presented. The velocity distributions depend mainly on the ratio of jet to cross flow momentum flux. The temperature distributions depend also on the density ratio. The jet structure is dominated by a vortex wake which forms behind the jet, which is evident both from the detail measurements and from smoke photographs of the flow. The experiments also indicate that the components of cross flow normal and parallel to the jet trajectory independently control the entrainment rate.
Kamotani, Y.↗
Evaluating the light from the sun.
Recent measurements from high altitude observing platforms have produced evidence that the values regarding the energy from the sun and its spectral distribution need significant revisions. In all ground-based measurements, the dust, haze, and smoke of the atmosphere, the permanent gases and, above all, the highly variable and absorbent water vapor are a source of uncertainty. With the advent of the space age the need for a more reliable set of values of the solar constant and the solar spectrum began to be realized. Measurements for the derivation of the solar constant were conducted with aircraft, balloons, and spacecraft. Values for solar spectral irradiance were also obtained.
Thekaekara, M. P.↗
Gas chromatography of volatile organic compounds
System has been used for problems such as analysis of volatile metabolities in human blood and urine, analysis of air pollutants, and in tobacco smoke chemistry. Since adsorbent is reusable after porper reconditioning, method is both convenient and economical. System could be used for large scale on-site sampling programs in which sample is shipped to central location for analysis.
Zlatkis, A.↗
Asymmetric lateral-directional characteristics of pointed bodies of revolution at high angles of attack
A low-speed wind-tunnel investigation was conducted in order to determine the cause of asymmetric yawing moments produced by long pointed fuselage nose shapes at high angles of attack. Force tests were conducted with a cone, tangent-ogive model, and a paraboloid of revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers from 0.15 million to 0.35 million for an angle-of-attack range from 0 deg to 75 deg and an angle-of-sideslip range of plus or minus 30 deg. Tuft and smoke flow-visualization tests were also conducted to aid in the analysis. Large asymmetric yawing moments were obtained for the cone and tangent-ogive body at high angles of attack (of the order of 40 to 60 deg). These large moments were caused by asymmetric shedding of vortex sheets off the long pointed nose. The asymmetric moments could be eliminated by use of symmetrically arranged strikes on the nose. The paraboloid of revolution did not produce a strong asymmetric flow field at high angles of attack and did not exhibit asymmetric moments.
Coe, P. L., Jr.↗
Relevance of ERTS to the State of Ohio
The author has identified the following significant results. The ability to delineate and inventory strip mined areas using ERTS-1 imagery has been established. This gives Ohio a method to rapidly gain an up-to-date inventory of strip mined lands for state planning purposes, which has not been available previously. Smoke plume detection and sedimentation patterns in Sandusky Bay have also been determined from initial analysis of ERTS-1 data.
Sweet, D. C.↗
Application of Infrared Scanners to Forest Fire Detection
The potential of using infrared scanners for the detection of forest fires is discussed. An experiment is described in which infrared and visual detection systems were used jointly to study timber fire detection. Many fires were detected visually but missed by the airborne IR system, and many fires were detected by the IR system but missed visually. Until more is learned about the relationship between heat output and smoke output from latent fires, the relative effectiveness of visual and IR systems cannot be determined. The 1970 tests indicated that IR used in combination with visual detection will result in a more efficient system than visual alone. Even with limited knowledge of the relative effectiveness of the two systems, operational use of a combined system can be used to substantially reduce total firefighting costs.
Hirsch, S. N.↗
High-pressure combustor exhaust emissions with improved air-atomizing and conventional pressure-atomizing fuel nozzles
A high-pressure combustor segment 0.456 meter (18 in.) long with a maximum cross section of 0.153 by 0.305 meter (6 by 12 in.) was tested with specially designed air-atomizing and conventional pressure-atomizing fuel nozzles at inlet-air temperatures of 340 to 755 k (610 deg to 1360 R), reference velocities of 12.4 to 26.1 meters per second (41 to 86 ft/sec), and fuel-air ratios of 0.008 to 0.020. Increasing inlet-air pressure from 4 to 20 atmospheres generally increased smoke number and nitric oxide, but decreased carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon concentrations with air-atomizing and pressure-atomizing nozzles. Emission indexes for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were lower at 4, 10, and 20 atmospheres, and nitric oxide emission indexes were lower at 10 and 20 atmospheres with air-atomizing than with pressure-atomizing nozzles.
Ingebo, R. D.↗
Psychosocial factors in coronary heart disease
The relationship between job satisfaction and coronary heart disease is explored for blue and white collar groups, different personalities and physiological risk factors. Differences found among administrators, engineers and scientists with regard to variables associated with heart disease are in terms of physiology, personality, reported job stress, and smoking.
French, J. R. P., Jr.↗
Normally Expected Aberrations in the 8-hour Dynamic EKG
The establishment of norms for interpreting long term dynamic electrocardiograms is attempted by correlating a completely disease symptom and cardiac risk factor free sample with a non-pure sample in the direction of normality on various variables. Out of a population of 362 subjects exposed to dynamic electrocardiogram testing, a discrimination between normals and abnormals in terms of traditional risk factors was observed. The two groups differed significantly on the following variables: cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure, white blood count, fasting blood sugar, uric acid, resting EKG, year of birth, and coronary insufficiency.
Fleck, R. L.↗
Evaluation of an experimental short-length annular combustor: One-side-entry dilution airflow concept
A test program was conducted to evaluate an experimental short-length annular combustor that uses a one-side-entry dilution airflow concept. The combustor design features scoops on the outer liner for controlling the primary- and secondary-zone airflow distribution. Combustor inlet total pressures were limited to 62 N/sq cm (90 psia) with inlet-air temperatures from 590 K (600 F) to 890 K (1150 F). At a diffuser inlet Mach number of 0.25, the exit temperature pattern factor was 0.44 with an average exit temperature of 1436 K (2124 F) and a total pressure loss of 4.3 percent. At a diffuser inlet Mach number of 0.31, the exit temperature pattern factor was reduced to 0.29 with an average exit temperature of 1450 K (2151 F) and a total pressure loss of 6.1 percent. Nominal combustion efficiencies of 100 percent were obtained with the ASTM A-1 fuel. Exhaust gas emissions, smoke, and altitude relight data are included with exit-temperature profiles and distribution patterns.
Humenik, F. M.↗
Effect of primary-zone water injection on pollutants from a combustor burning liquid ASTM A-1 and vaporized propane fuels
A combustor segment 0.457 meter (18 in.) long with a maximum cross section of 0.153 by 0.305 meter (6 by 12 in.) was operated at inlet-air temperatures of 590 and 700 K, inlet-air pressures of 4 and 10 atmospheres, and fuel-air ratios of 0.014 and 0.018 to determine the effect of primary-zone water injection on pollutants from burning either propane or ASTM A-1 fuel. At a simulated takeoff condition of 10 atmospheres and 700 K, multiple-orifice nozzles used to inject water at 1 percent of the airflow rate reduced nitrogen oxides 75 percent with propane and 65 percent with ASTM A-1 fuel. Although carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons increased with water injection, they remained relatively low; and smoke numbers were well below the visibility limit.
Ingebo, R. D.↗
Flowing gas, non-nuclear experiments on the gas core reactor
Variations in cavity wall and injection configurations of the gas core reactor were aimed at establishing flow patterns that give a maximum of the nuclear criticality eigenvalue. Correlation with the nuclear effect was made using multigroup diffusion theory normalized by previous benchmark critical experiments. Air was used to simulate the hydrogen propellant in the flow tests, and smoked air, argon, or Freon to simulate the central nuclear fuel gas. Tests were run both in the down-firing and upfiring directions. Results showed that acceptable flow patterns with volume fraction for the simulated nuclear fuel gas and high flow rate ratios of propellant to fuel can be obtained. Using a point injector for the fuel, good flow patterns are obtained by directing the outer gas at high velocity long the cavity wall, using louvered injection schemes. Recirculation patterns were needed to stabilize the heavy central gas when different gases are used.
Kunze, J. F.↗