Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Shear deformation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2004

High Strain-Rate and Temperature Effects on the Response of Composites

The objective of the research is to expand the experimental study of the effect of strain rate on mechanical response (deformation and failure) of epoxy resins and carbon fibers/epoxy matrix composites, to include elevated temperature tests. The experimental data provide the information needed for NASA scientists for the development of a nonlinear, strain rate and temperature dependent deformation and strength models for composites that can subsequently be used in design. This year effort was directed into the development and testing of the epoxy resin at elevated temperatures. Two types of epoxy resins were tested in shear at high strain rates of about 700 per second and elevated temperatures of 50 and 80 C. The results show that the temperature significantly affects the response of epoxy.

Gilat, Amos↗
DOE OSTI2024

Kink bands promote exceptional fracture resistance in a NbTaTiHf refractory medium-entropy alloy

Single-phase body-centered cubic (bcc) refractory medium- or high-entropy alloys can retain compressive strength at elevated temperatures but suffer from extremely low tensile ductility and fracture toughness. We examined the strength and fracture toughness of a bcc refractory alloy, NbTaTiHf, from 77 to 1473 kelvin. This alloy’s behavior differed from that of comparable systems by having fracture toughness over 253 MPa·m 1/2 , which we attribute to a dynamic competition between screw and edge dislocations in controlling the plasticity at a crack tip. Whereas the glide and intersection of screw and mixed dislocations promotes strain hardening controlling uniform deformation, the coordinated slip of <111> edge dislocations with {110} and {112} glide planes prolongs nonuniform strain through formation of kink bands. These bands suppress strain hardening by reorienting microscale bands of the crystal along directions of higher resolved shear stress and continually nucleate to accommodate localized strain and distribute damage away from a crack tip.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1991

North American plate dynamics

Deformation within the North American plate in response to various tectonic processes is modeled using an elastic finite element analysis. The tectonic processes considered in the modeling include ridge forces associated with the normal thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere, shear and normal stresses transmitted across transforms, normal stresses transmitted across convergent boundaries, stresses due to horizontal density contrasts within the continent, and shear tractions applied along the base of the plate. Model stresses are calculated with respect to a lithostatic reference stress state. Shear stresses transmitted across transform boundaries along the San Andreas and Caribbean are small, of the order of 5-10 MPa. Also, compressive stresses of the order of 5-10 MPa transmitted across the major transforms improve the fit to the data. Compressive stresses across convergent margins along the Aleutians and the Middle America trench are important.

Richardson, Randall M.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Fundamental Processes of Atomization in Fluid-Fluid Flows

This report outlines the major results of the grant "Fundamental Processes of Atomization in Fluid-Fluid Flows." These include: 1) the demonstration that atomization in liquid/liquid shear flow is driven by a viscous shear instability that triggers the formation of a long thin sheet; 2) discovery of a new mode of interfacial instability for oscillatory two-layer systems whereby a mode that originates within the less viscous liquid phase causes interfacial deformation as the oscillation proceeds; 3) the demonstration that rivulet formation from gravity front occurs because the local front shape specified by gravity and surface tension changes from a nose to a wedge geometry, thus triggering a large increase in viscous resistance; and 4) extension of the studies on nonlinear wave evolution on falling films and in stratified flow, particularly the evolution towards large-amplitude solitary waves that tend to generate drops.

McCready, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Automation Tools for Finite Element Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints

This article presents two new automation creation tools that obtain stresses and strains (Shear and peel) in adhesively bonded joints. For a given adhesively bonded joint Finite Element model, in which the adhesive is characterised using springs, these automation tools read the corresponding input and output files, use the spring forces and deformations to obtain the adhesive stresses and strains, sort the stresses and strains in descending order, and generate plot files for 3D visualisation of the stress and strain fields. Grids (nodes) and elements can be numbered in any order that is convenient for the user. Using the automation tools, trade-off studies, which are needed for design of adhesively bonded joints, can be performed very quickly.

Tahmasebi, Farhad↗
DOE OSTI2020

Understanding the deformation mechanisms in Ni-based superalloys with using crystal plasticity finite element method

Nl-based superalloy is considered as a good candidate due to its excellent resistance to elevated temperature deformation for long term period application. Understanding the deformation and failure mechanisms of Ni-Based superalloys is very helpful for providing design guidelines for processing Ni-based superalloys. Experimental characterization indicates that the deformation mechanisms of Ni based superalloy is strongly microstructure dependent. Besides, damage transform from the void nucleation to the macro cracks by voids growth leading to the failure of the Ni-based superalloys are also showing strong microstructure sensitivity. Therefore, this work focuses on the prediction and comprehension of the deformation and void growth behavior in Ni based superalloy at different working conditions via crystal plasticity finite element modeling and simulation. Physically based crystal plasticity frameworks were developed for newly Ni- based superalloy Haynes 282. It was found that dislocation shearing through the precipitates were acting as the main contributor to the strength of Haynes 282 at room temperature and 815°C. Our analysis of the creeping behavior of Haynes 282 exhibited that resistance of general climb replaced by the resistance induced by the deposited climb dislocation density. In addition, in the study of void growth behavior, our simulation results demonstrated that as the main loading axis perpendicular to the grain boundary (GB), voids grow more slowly on tilt GBs in bicrystals than those in single and bicrystals with twist GBs. And tilt GBs would promote the void grow into irregular shape.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1994

A hydrostatic stress-dependent anisotropic model of viscoplasticity

A hydrostatic stress-dependent, anisotropic model of viscoplasticity is formulated as an extension of Bodner's model. This represents a further extension of the isotropic Bodner model over that made to anisotropy by Robinson and MitiKavuma. Account is made of the inelastic deformation that can occur in metallic composites under hydrostatic stress. A procedure for determining the material parameters is identified that is virtually identical to the established characterization procedure for the original Bodner model. Characterization can be achieved using longitudinal/transverse tensile and shear tests and hydrostatic stress tests; alternatively, four off-axis tensile tests can be used. Conditions for a yield stress minimum under off-axis tension are discussed. The model is applied to a W/Cu composite; characterization is made using off-axis tensile data generated at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC).

Robinson, D. N.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Axisymmetric deformations and stresses of unsymmetrically laminated composite cylinders in axial compression with thermally-induced preloading effects

This report documents an analytical study of the response of unsymmetrically laminated cylinders subjected to thermally-induced preloading effects and compressive axial load. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the displacements and intralaminar stresses and recursive relations for the interlaminar shear stress were obtained using the closed-form intralaminar stress solutions. For the cylinder geometries and stacking sequence examples analyzed, several important and as yet undocumented effects of including thermally-induced preloading in the analysis are observed. It should be noted that this work is easily extended to include uniform internal and/or external pressure loadings and the application of strain and stress failure theories.

Paraska, Peter J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Plains tectonism on Venus: The deformation belts of Lavinia Planitia

High-resolution radar images from the Magellan spacecraft have revealed the first details of the morphology of the Lavinia Planitia region of Venus. A number of geologic units can be distinguished, including volcanic plains units with a range of ages. Transecting these plains over much of the Lavinia region are two types of generally orthogonal features that we interpret to be compressional wrinkle ridges and extensional grooves. The dominant tectonic features of Lavinia are broad elevated belts of intense deformation that transect the plains with complex geometry. They are many tens to a few hundred kilometers wide, as much as 1000 km long, and elevated hundreds of meters above the surrounding plains. Two classes of deformation belts are seen in the Lavinia region. 'Ridge belts' are composed of parallel ridges, each a few hundred meters in elevation, that we interpret to be folds. Typical fold spacings are 5-10 km. 'Fracture belts' are dominated instead by intense faulting, with faults in some instances paired to form narrow grabens. There is also some evidence for modest amounts of horizontal shear distributed across both ridge and fracture belts. Crosscutting relationships among the belts show there to be a range in belt ages. In western Lavinia, in particular, many ridge and fracture belts appear to bear a relationship to the much smaller wrinkle ridges and grooves on the surrounding plains: ridge morphology tends to dominate belts that lie more nearly parallel to local plains wrinkle ridges, and fracture morphology tends to dominate belts that lie more nearly parallel to local plains grooves. We use simple models to explore the formation of ridge and fracture belts. We show that convective motions in the mantle can couple to the crust to cause horizontal stresses of a magnitude sufficient to induce the formation of deformation belts like those observed in Lavinia. We also use the small-scale wavelengths of deformation observed within individual ridge belts to place an approximate lower limit on the venusian thermal gradient in the Lavinia region at the time of deformation.

Squyres, Steven W.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling the hydrodynamic impact on the tool influence function during hemispherical subaperture optical polishing

To fabricate high-precision and accurate optics relative to the optical design surface, a high level of deterministic control of material removal (i.e., the tool influence function, TIF) during subaperture tool polishing is required. In this study, a detailed analysis of the pressure distribution, which is a key component of the TIF, has been performed using finite element analysis to couple together solid mechanics and fluid dynamics. Modeling experimental parameters of recently published work reveals that, when considering tool deformation, which in turn influences the fluid film thickness between the tool and workpiece, the effective pressure profile has a flat-top distribution. This flat-top pressure profile differs from the parabolic pressure distributions predicted by Hertzian mechanics. Furthermore, the shear contribution is shown here to be a key contributor to material removal, inducing the removal at the periphery of the contact edge and even outside the generally accepted contact area. Finally, the simulated fluid velocities provide evidence of mixed-mode contact polishing, supporting recent experimental findings that also suggest that onset of hydroplaning contributions lead to material removal drop-off.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1975

Dynamic SEM wear studies of tungsten carbide cermets

Dynamic friction and wear experiments were conducted in a scanning electron microscope. The wear behavior of pure tungsten carbide and composite with 6 and 15 weight percent cobalt binder was examined. Etching of the binder was done to selectively determine the role of the binder in the wear process. Dynamic experiments were conducted as the WC and bonded WC cermet surfaces were transversed by a 50 micron radiused diamond stylus. These studies show that the predominant wear process in WC is fracture initiated by plastic deformation. The wear of the etched cermets is similar to pure WC. The presence of the cobalt binder reduces both friction and wear. The cementing action of the cobalt reduces granular separation and promotes a dense polished layer because of its low shear strength film-forming properties. The wear debris generated from unetched surface is approximately the same composition as the bulk.

Brainard, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Tectonic evolution of Lavinia Planitia, Venus

High resolution radar images from the Magellan spacecraft have revealed the first details of the morphology of the Lavinia Planitia region of Venus. Lavinia is a broad lowland over 2000 km across, centered at about 45 deg S latitude, 345 deg E longitude. Herein, the tectonic evolution of Lavinia is discussed, and its possible relationship to processes operating in the planet's interior. The discussion is restricted to the region from 37.3 to 52.6 deg S latitude and from about 340 to 0 deg E longitude. One of the most interesting characteristics of Lavinia is that the entire region possesses a regional tectonic framework of striking regularity. Lavinia is also transected by a complex pattern of belts of intense tectonic deformation known as ridge belts. Despite the gross topographic similarity of all of the ridge belts in Lavinia, they exhibit two rather distinct styles of near surface deformation. One is composed of sets of broad, arch-like ridges rising above the surrounding plains. In the other type, obvious fold-like ridges are rare to absent in the radar images. Both type show evidence for small amounts of shear distributed across the belts.

Squyres, Steven W.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Computational Modeling Demonstrates the Joint Clearance Effect on the Tensile Strength of Solder Joints.

Soldered joints can be made with a wide range of base materials and filler metals that allow the assembly to meet its performance and reliability requirements. Structural solder joints have, as their foremost requirement, to provide mechanical attachment between base material structures. The joint is typically subjected to one, or a combination of, three loading configurations: (a) tensile or compressive force, (b) shear force, or (c) peel force. Solder filler metals and in particular, the so-called “soft solders” based on tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and indium (In), generally have a bulk strength that is less than that of the base materials. Finally, deformation occurs largely in the solder when the joint is subjected to an applied force.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modeling of fluid injection-induced fault reactivation using coupled fluid flow and mechanical interface model

The present study is aimed at developing a numerical model to reproduce coupled hydro-mechanical processes associated with fault reactivation by fluid injection in low permeability rock, as part of the DECOVALEX-2019 project Task B. We proposed a modeling approach for simulating the processes using the TOUGH-FLAC simulator, and modeled a fault reactivation experiment conducted at Mont Terri Rock Laboratory in Switzerland. The first step of the study involved benchmark calculations considering a simplified fault plane and geometry. Fluid flow along a fault was modeled using elements of aperture-sized thickness on the basis of Darcy's law and the cubic law in TOUGH2, whereas the mechanical behavior of a single fault was represented by zero-thickness interface elements in FLAC3D upon which a slip and/or separation is allowed. A methodology to connect a TOUGH2 volume element to a FLAC3D interface element was developed for handling the hydro-mechanical interactions on the fault during fluid injection. Two different fault models for describing the evolutions of hydraulic aperture by elastic fracture opening and failure-induced aperture increase were considered in the benchmark calculations. In the coupling process, the changes in geometrical features and hydrological properties induced by mechanical deformation were continuously updated. The transient responses of the fault and host rock to stepwise pressurization were examined during the simulation. The hydro-mechanical behavior, including the injection flow rate, pressure distribution around the borehole, stress conditions, and displacements in normal and shear directions were monitored in the surrounding rock and along the fault. The results of benchmark calculations suggest that the developed model reasonably represents the hydro-mechanical behavior of a fault and the surrounding rock. This modeling approach was applied to the fault reactivation experiment of the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory. In this interpretive modeling, a parametric study was conducted to examine the effects of input parameters regarding in situ stress and fault properties on the hydro-mechanical responses of the fault to water injection. Then, an optimal parameter set to reproduce the field experiment results was chosen by trial-and-error. The injection flow rate and pressure response during fault reactivation closely matched those obtained at the site, which indicates the capability of the model to appropriately capture the progressive pathway evolution during fault reactivation tests at the site. Finally, the anchor displacements were overestimated by the model, but a fair agreement was obtained in terms of the order of magnitude and the variation tendency.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microstructural changes of proton irradiated Hastelloy-N and in situ micropillar compression testing of one single grain at different local damage levels

Here, in situ micropillar compression was used to study the deformation of proton-irradiated Hastelloy-N at different damage levels. Multiple pillars were prepared from a single domain along the cross-section of 2.5 MeV proton-irradiated Hastelloy-N. Depending on the location of micropillars, the critical resolved shear stress was obtained as a function of local damage levels. Such an approach eliminates the variation of yield stress due to the difference in the Schmid factor. Microstructural characterization showed that irradiation hardening is contributed by complicated defect structures, including (a) dislocation loops with many in corduroy-like alignments, (2) dislocations pile up, and (3) Cottrell atmosphere. Silicon atoms are found to segregate at dislocation lines and loops and form complicated Cottrell cloud patterns. The critical resolved shear stress, $t_{crss}$, and hardening exponents were both extracted as a function of displacements per atom values up to 2.3. There was a 60% increase in $t_{crss}$ at the highest damage level.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

New Mechanism for Yield Point Phenomena

Yield point phenomena (YPP) are widely attributed to discrete dislocation locking by solute atmospheres. An alternate YPP mechanism was recently suggested by simulations of Ta single crystals without any influence of solutes or discrete dislocations. The general meso-scale (GM) simulations consist of crystal plasticity (CP) plus accounting for internal stresses of geometrically necessary dislocation content. GM predicted the YPP while CP did not, suggesting a novel internal stress mechanism. The predicted YPP varied with crystal orientation and boundary conditions, contrary to expectations for a solute mechanism. The internal stress mechanism was probed by experimentally deforming oligocrystal Ta samples and comparing the results with independent GM simulations. Strain distributions of the experiments were observed with high-resolution digital image correlation. A YPP stress–strain response occurred in the 0–2% strain range in agreement with GM predictions. Shear bands appeared concurrent with the YPP stress–strain perturbation in agreement with GM predictions. At higher strains, the shear bands grew at progressively slower rates in agreement with GM predictions. It was concluded that the internal stress mechanism can account for the existence of YPP in a wide variety of materials including ones where interstitial-dislocation interactions and dislocation transient avalanches are improbable. Furthermore, the internal stress mechanism is a CP analog of various micro-scale mechanisms of discrete dislocations such as pile-up or bow-out. It may operate concurrently with strain aging, or either mechanism may operate alone. A suggestion was made for a future experiment to answer this question.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1975

Dynamic SEM wear studies of tungsten carbide cermets

Dynamic friction and wear experiments were conducted in a scanning electron microscope. The wear behavior of pure tungsten carbide and composite with 6 and 15 weight percent cobalt binder was examined, and etching of the binder was done to selectively determine the role of the binder in the wear process. Dynamic experiments were conducted as the tungsten carbide (WC) and bonded WC cermet surfaces were transversed by a 50 micron radiused diamond stylus. These studies show that the predominant wear process in WC is fracture initiated by plastic deformation, and the wear of the etched cermets is similar to pure WC. The presence of the cobalt binder reduces both friction and wear. The cementing action of the cobalt reduces granular separation, and promotes a dense polished layer because of its low shear strength film-forming properties. The wear debris generated from unetched surface is approximately the same composition as the bulk.

Brainard, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Shells with Large Aspect Ratio

A higher order degenerated shell element with nine nodes was selected for large deformation and post-buckling analysis of thick or thin shells. Elastic-plastic material properties are also included. The post-buckling analysis algorithm is given. Using a square plate, it was demonstrated that the none-node element does not have shear locking effect even if its aspect ratio was increased to the order 10 to the 8th power. Two sample problems are given to illustrate the analysis capability of the shell element.

Chang, T. Y.↗