The ordered magnetic field of the magnetosheath.
Interplanetary magnetic field convected in solar wind to magnetosheath, noting magnetosheath field alignment tangent to magnetopause from Imp satellite measurements
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Interplanetary magnetic field convected in solar wind to magnetosheath, noting magnetosheath field alignment tangent to magnetopause from Imp satellite measurements
Magnetic field perturbations in lunar wake formed by dark side plasma shadow region due to solar wind interaction with moon
Stochastic model of interstellar magnetic field to account for observed cosmic ray mean life
Interplanetary magnetic field radial dependence from Mariner 4 measurements between earth and Mars, indicating fluctuations produced by dynamic processes in solar wind
Power spectra of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations determined from Pioneer 6 satellite data, relating results to galactic cosmic rays modulation
Weak magnetic field amplification in turbulent flow with velocity field as random function of space and time
Galactic magnetic field origin from galactic turbulence, calculating individual Fourier components in random turbulent velocity
Magnetic field variations in interplanetary space
Unified theory of interplanetary magnetic field
Spatial characteristics of magnetosheath magnetic field observed simultaneously by Explorer satellites, showing zero order agreement with prediction of MGD theory
Electron bremsstrahlung in intense magnetic fields calculated for emission rate and absorption coefficient in large quantum number limits
Magnetic field lines reconnection in steady incompressible hydromagnetic two dimensional flow, formulating governing equations with cylindrical polar coordinates
Magnetic field variations and structures in interplanetary space relationship to sun, discussing photospheric field lines random walk transport
Polarity pattern of interplanetary magnetic field near solar maximum, using poloidal model
The magnetic field experiment flown on Explorer 43 is described. The detecting instrument is a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer which is mounted on a boom with a flipping mechanism for reorienting the sensor in flight. An on-board data processor takes successive magnetometer samples and transmits differences to the telemetry system. By examining these differences in conjunction with an untruncated sample transmitted periodically, the original data may be uniquely reconstructed on the ground.
A statistical study of magnetic field discontinuities for the interval from February to October 1968 using data from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/University of Rome experiment on Pioneer 8 has been conducted. High-resolution data (10-sec averages) have been employed, stringent criteria being utilized to select more than 16,000 events, about 50 per cent being identified as disturbances that are probably tangential discontinuities (TD). Near 1 AU the average occurrence rate of discontinuities is about 3.6/hr, whereas that of tangential-like discontinuities is about 1.6/hr. The rate of occurrence of discontinuities is found to be correlated with the directional change of the field across the discontinuity surface. The normal to the TD discontinuity plane is most often perpendicular to the Archimedean spiral field configuration. A decrease in the rate of occurrence of TD is found with increasing heliocentric distance and/or with decreasing heliocentric latitude. Possible interpretations of the effect are discussed.
The magnetic field of the magnetosheath is most naturally discussed in terms of its steady state and its fluctuating components. Theory of the steady state field is quite well developed and its essential features have been confirmed by observations. The interplanetary field is convected through the bow shock where its magnitude is increased and its direction changed by the minimal amount necessary to preserve the normal component across the shock. Convection within the magnetosheath usually increases the magnitude still further near the subsolar point and further distortes the direction until the field is aligned approximately tangent to the magnetopause. Fluctuations of the magnetosheath field are very complex, variable and not well understood. Spectral peaks are common features which occur at different frequencies at various times. Perturbation vectors of hydromagnetic waves tend to be aligned with the shock and magnetopause surfaces. Magnetosheath waves may be generated upstream, within the magnetosheath, at the bow shock, or at the magnetopause, but the relative importance of these sources is not known.
The Explorer 45 magnetic fields instruments were designed, constructed, and tested; research in the program is summarized.