SEARCH · Engineering Papers
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A molecular cobalt CO 2 hydrogenation catalyst was explored for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction under aqueous conditions. Here, the resulting pH-dependent selectivity between H 2 and HCO 2 - is rationalized with thermodynamic analysis and stoichiometric experiments.
1 H solid-state NMR spectra are plagued by low resolution, necessitating the use of complex pulse sequences or specialized equipment. Here, we introduce a new resolution enhancement method, inspired by super-resolution microscopy, that uses a 2D Hahn-echo experiment to constrain deconvolution. The result is an effective doubling of the MAS frequency.
The reduction of toxic Cr VI to benign Cr III by a non-heme iron complex and quantification of the resultant iron( iii )-oxo by a paramagnetic 1 H NMR calibration curve.
Not provided.
The deposition of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) as well as hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbonitride (SiCN:H) films was investigated in view of a simultaneous realization of a minimum Young's modulus (>70 GPa), a high electrical insulation ({>=}1 MV/cm), a low permittivity and the uniform coverage of microcavities with submillimeter dimensions. For the a-C:H deposition the precursors methane (CH{sub 4}) and acetylene (C{sub 2}H{sub 2}) were used, while SiCN:H films were deposited from mixtures of trimethylsilane [SiH(CH{sub 3}){sub 3}] with nitrogen and argon. To realize the deposition of micrometer thick films with the aforementioned complex requirements at substrate temperatures {<=}200 deg. C, several plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition methods were investigated: the capacitively coupled rf discharge and the microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma, combined with two types of pulsed substrate bias. SiCN:H films deposited at about 1 Pa from ECR plasmas with pulsed high-voltage bias best met the requirements. Pulsed biasing with pulse periods of about 1 {mu}s and amplitudes of about -2 kV was found to be most advantageous for the conformal low temperature coating of the microtrenches, thereby ensuring the required mechanical and insulating film properties.
A 25 cm single-grid low-energy rf ion source with inherent electron compensation is described and characterized. Measurements were carried out using Ar and CF{sub 4} filling gas. The dependence of the ion beam current to the target as well as the current partition between the beam fast and slow ions on the rf discharge pressure for both filling gases is discussed. The unique ability of generation of coinciding ion and electron flows is demonstrated and the measured ion and electron energy distribution functions are presented as well. The developed broad ion beam source is able of providing 0.5-5 mA/cm{sup 2} current density in the low ion energy range of 50-250 eV, with possibility of independent current density and energy control. It is shown that complementing the rf plasma source with a profiling electrode allows for CF{sub 4} ion source operation attaining {+-}5% ion beam uniformity over 250 mm in diameter. The presented CF{sub 4} etching test results exhibit the possibility of highly directional anisotropic Si and SiO{sub 2} etching utilizing the developed single grid rf ion source.
The goal of this paper is to analyze the effective behavior of the solution of a wave equation with interior and boundary damping, defined in a periodically perforated medium. We deal, at the microscale, with an {epsilon}-periodic structure obtained by removing from a bounded connected open set {Omega} in R{sup n} a number of closed subsets of characteristic size {epsilon}. As a result, we obtain a perforated domain {Omega}{sup {epsilon}}, in which we consider a wave equation, with interior sources and damping and with dynamic boundary conditions imposed on the boundaries of the perforations. Assuming suitable initial conditions, we prove that the asymptotic behavior, as the small parameter e which characterizes the size of the perforations tends to zero, of the solution of such a problem is governed by a parabolic equation, defined on the entire domain {Omega}.
An exact and general analytical solution describing the nonlinear evolution of a large amplitude plasma oscillation initiated by an arbitrary density perturbation which can be expressed as a Fourier series in x is found. This general solution is first used to reproduce the earlier results of R. C. Davidson and P. P. Schram [Nucl. Fusion 8, 183 (1968)] and J. M. Dawson [Phys. Rev. 113, 383 (1959)] using appropriate initial conditions and later applied to derive the space time evolution for a square wave and a triangular wave. It is found that the addition of a second harmonic increases the wave breaking limit of the fundamental mode. Analytical results pertaining to this two mode case have been verified using one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation.
Using the quantum hydrodynamic model for a uniform quantum magnetoplasma, and considering that the collision between ions and neutrals is dominant, a two-dimensional nonlinear system is derived. The linear dispersion relation is obtained and thus the variations of the dispersion relation with the obliqueness angle and density are discussed in detail. Shock, explosion, and vortex solutions of the nonlinear system are obtained. It is found that increasing the plasma density may enhance the strength of the shock and the width of the explosion. However, the higher the collision frequency is, the weaker the shock and the narrower the explosion will be. The temporal and spatial distributions for the vortex potential are studied. Spatially, it forms a periodic vortex street. Temporally, the vortex street may evolve in various ways owing to the arbitrary function of time.
We report an innovative lithography system appropriate for fabricating sharp-edged nanodot patterns with nanoscale accuracy using plasmon-assisted photolithography. The key technology is two-photon photochemical reactions of a photoresist induced by plasmonic near-field light and the scattering component of the light in a photoresist film. The scattering component of the light is a radiation mode from higher order localized surface plasmon resonances scattered by metallic nanostructures.
InAlN lattice-matched to GaN was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using ammonia as the nitrogen source. The alloy composition, growth conditions, and strain coherence of the InAlN were verified by high resolution x-ray diffraction {omega}-2{theta} scans and reciprocal space maps. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of the InAlN revealed the absence of lateral composition modulation that was observed in the films grown by plasma-assisted MBE. InAlN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with smooth surfaces were fabricated with electron mobilities exceeding 1600 cm{sup 2}/Vs and sheet resistances below 244 {Omega}/sq.
Pure acetylene and mixed Ar-acetylene clusters are formed in supersonic expansions of acetylene/argon mixtures and analysed using reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer with variable electron energy ionization source. Acetylene clusters composed of more than a hundred acetylene molecules are generated at the acetylene concentration of Almost-Equal-To 8%, while mixed species are produced at low concentrations ( Almost-Equal-To 0.7%). The electron energy dependence of the mass spectra revealed the ionization process mechanisms in clusters. The ionization above the threshold for acetylene molecule of 11.5 eV results in the main ionic fragment progression (C{sub 2}H{sub 2}){sub n}{sup +}. At the electron energies Greater-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 21.5 eV above the CH+CH{sup +} dissociative ionization limit of acetylene the fragment ions nominally labelled as (C{sub 2}H{sub 2}){sub n}CH{sup +}, n Greater-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 2, are observed. For n Less-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 7 these fragments correspond to covalently bound ionic structures as suggested by the observed strong dehydrogenation [(C{sub 2}H{sub 2}){sub n}-k Multiplication-Sign H]{sup +} and [(C{sub 2}H{sub 2}){sub n}CH -k Multiplication-Sign H]{sup +}. The dehydrogenation is significantly reduced in the mixed clusters where evaporation of Ar instead of hydrogen can stabilize the nascent molecular ion. The C{sub 3}H{sub 3}{sup +} ion was previously assigned to originate from the benzene molecular ion; however, the low appearance energy of Almost-Equal-To 13.7 eV indicates that a less rigid covalently bound structure of C{sub 6}H{sub 6}{sup +} ion must also be formed upon the acetylene cluster electron ionization. The appearance energy of Ar{sub n}(C{sub 2}H{sub 2}){sup +} fragments above Almost-Equal-To 15.1 eV indicates that the argon ionization is the first step in the fragment ion production, and the appearance energy of Ar{sub n{>=}2}(C{sub 2}H{sub 2}){sub m{>=}2}{sup +} at Almost-Equal-To 13.7 eV is discussed in terms of an exciton transfer mechanism.
Freezing of gases adsorbed on open surfaces (e.g., graphite) and in narrow pores is a widespread phenomenon which is a subject of a large number of publications. Modeling of the gas/liquid–solid transition is usually accomplished with a molecular simulation technique. However, quantitative analysis of the gas/liquid–solid coexistence and thermodynamic properties of the solid layer still encounters serious difficulties. This is mainly due to the effect of simulation box size on the lattice constant. Since the lattice constant is a function of loading and temperature, once the ordering transition has occurred, the simulation box size must be corrected in the course of simulation according to the Gibbs–Duhem equation. A significant problem is also associated with accurate prediction of the two-dimensional liquid–solid coexistence because of a small difference in densities of coexisting phases. The aim of this study is thermodynamic analysis of the two-dimensional phase coexistence in systems involving crystal-like free of defects layers in narrow slit pores. A special attention was paid to the determination of triple point temperatures. It is shown that intrinsic properties of argon monolayer adsorbed on the graphite surface are similar to those of isolated monolayer accommodated in the slit pore having width of two argon collision diameters. Analysis of the latter system is shown to be clearer and less time-consuming than the former one, which has allowed for explanation of the experimentally observed two-stage melting transition of argon monolayer on graphite without invoking the periodic surface potential modulation and orientational transition.
We discuss diagrammatic modifications to the coupled cluster doubles (CCD) equations, wherein different groups of terms out of rings, ladders, crossed-rings, and mosaics can be removed to form approximations to the coupled cluster method, of interest due to their similarity with various types of random phase approximations. The finite uniform electron gas (UEG) is benchmarked for 14- and 54-electron systems at the complete basis set limit over a wide density range and performance of different flavours of CCD is determined. These results confirm that rings generally overcorrelate and ladders generally undercorrelate; mosaics-only CCD yields a result surprisingly close to CCD. We use a recently developed numerical analysis [J. J. Shepherd and A. Grüneis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 226401 (2013)] to study the behaviours of these methods in the thermodynamic limit. We determine that the mosaics, on forming the Brueckner one-body Hamiltonian, open a gap in the effective one-particle eigenvalues at the Fermi energy. Numerical evidence is presented which shows that methods based on this renormalisation have convergent energies in the thermodynamic limit including mosaic-only CCD, which is just a renormalised MP2. All other methods including only a single channel, namely, ladder-only CCD, ring-only CCD, and crossed-ring-only CCD, appear to yield divergent energies; incorporation of mosaic terms prevents this from happening.
We present the studies of structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of bulk Cd{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}GeAs{sub 2} crystals with low Mn content, x, varying from 0 to 0.037. The studied samples have excellent crystallographic quality indicated by the presence of diffraction patterns never before observed experimentally for this compound. The electrical transport in our samples is dominated by thermal activation of conducting holes from the impurity states to the valence band with activation energy of about 200 meV. The defect states acting as ionic scattering centers with concentration in the range from 6 to 15 × 10{sup 17} cm{sup −3} are observed. The effective Mn content in our samples, x{sup ¯}{sub θ}, determined from fit of the susceptibility data to the Curie-Weiss law, is very close to the average chemical content, x. It indicates that the Mn ions are distributed randomly, substituting the Cd sites in the host CdGeAs{sub 2} lattice. We observe a negative Curie-Weiss temperature, |θ|≤3.1 K, increasing as a function of x. This indicates the significance of the short-range interactions between the Mn ions.
The possibility to enrich paramagnetic dysprosium(III) ions in a magnetic field gradient is proved by means of interferometry, which may open the route for a magnetic separation of rare earth ions from aqueous solutions. The separation dynamics are studied for three different concentrations of DyCl{sub 3} and compared with those found recently in a sulphate solution of the 3d ion Mn(II). In view of the similar-sized hydration spheres for Dy(III) and Mn(II), the slower separation dynamics in DyCl{sub 3} is attributed to both a higher densification coefficient and the strong impact of Brownian motion due to the absence of ion-pair clusters.
X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) techniques, namely, X-ray Near Edge Structure (XANES), Extended XAFS (EXAFS), and Anomalous X-ray Diffraction (AXRD) were used to investigate the local atomic and electronic structure of (Ga, Mn)N magnetic layers with Mn concentrations of up to 10% grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The XANES and AXRD analysis prove the Mn incorporation on substitutional GaN lattice sites. EXAFS results indicate the good quality of the structure under examination, although 0.5 nitride atom vacancies were found. The Wien2k code was applied to interpret the XANES spectra quantitatively, i.e., to determine the electronic structure of the Mn atoms. It was shown that accounting for the core-hole effect is necessary to reconstruct effectively the XANES spectra. Conducted charge density analysis based on DFT calculations identified the valency of Mn atom to be of 2.4+.
No abstract prepared.