Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “FORMING”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

The Effect of Jet Flow Impingement on the Corrosion Products Formed on a Pipeline Steel in Naturally Aerated Sour Brine

Corrosion was generated by the action of a jet impingement flow of sour brine on pipeline steel samples of X70. Flow-assisted corrosion affected nature, number and peak intensity of the chemical species formed as corrosion products. Iron sulfides predominated in static and low flow rate conditions (1.1 m/s), whereas at 2.4 m/s iron oxides were mainly formed, which led to higher corrosion rates and suggested that oxides are less protective than sulfides. On inhibition, imidazoline seems to mitigate oxide formation and support sulfide formation balancing both species on steel surface. Ferrite phase in laminar pearlite was preferentially dissolved with/without inhibitor, and mackinawite (FeS{sub 2}) was formed at every flow rate, angle with and without inhibitor. Theoretical stresses determined by computational flow dynamics for corrosion product removal showed a fair approximation to those proposed in the literature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Multistage Axial Hydro-Forging Sequence: A New Forming Approach for Manufacturing of Double-Stepped Tubes

To manufacture the large-expansion-ratio double-stepped tube without thinning, a new approach known as multistage axial hydro-forging sequence has been proposed in this study. The whole forming process is divided into five stages. Compared with traditional tube hydroforming, the thickness can be increased by axial compression deformation to reduce the thinning ratio and enhance the forming capacity of the tube in hydro-forging stage and double-stepped hydro-forging stage, respectively. The proposed multistage axial hydro-forging sequence process was implemented by experiments along with the finite element simulation to validate its feasibility. The suitable loading path to prevent defects such as wrinkle and thinning was discussed. The results showed that double-stepped tube with large expansion ratio can be produced successfully with movable dies’ design. There is no thinning in the final tube, particularly in all stepped area, and a better thickness distribution could be achieved. As a result, the proposed multistage axial hydro-forging sequence can be a feasible forming approach for the fabrication of large-expansion-ratio double-stepped tubes with high reliability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Custom-form iron trifluoride Li-batteries using material extrusion and electrolyte exchanged ionogels

Custom-form factor batteries fabricated in non-conventional shapes can maximize the overall energy density of the systems they power, particularly when used in conjunction with energy dense materials (e.g., Li metal anodes and conversion cathodes). Additive manufacturing (AM), and specifically material extrusion (ME), have been shown as effective methods for producing custom-form cell components, particularly electrodes. However, the AM of several promising energy dense materials (conversion electrodes such as iron trifluoride) have yet to be demonstrated or optimized. Furthermore, the integration of multiple AM produced cell components, such as electrodes and separators, along with a custom package remains largely unexplored. In this work, iron trifluoride (FeF 3 ) and ionogel (IG) separators are conformally printed using ME onto non-planar surfaces to enable the fabrication of custom-form Li-FeF 3 batteries. Further, to demonstrate printing on non-planar surfaces, cathodes and separators were deposited onto cylindrical rods using a 5-axis ME printer. ME printed FeF 3 was shown to have performance commensurate with FeF 3 cast using conventional means, both in coin cell and cylindrical rod formats, with capacities exceeding 700 mAh/g on the first cycle and ranging between 600 and 400 mAh/g over the next 50 cycles. Additionally, a ME process for printing polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) based IGs directly onto FeF 3 is developed and enabled using an electrolyte exchange process. In coin cells, this process is shown to produce cells with similar capacity to cells built with Celgard separators out to 50 cycles, with the exception that cycling instabilities are observed during cycles 8–20. When using printed and exchanged IGs in a custom cylindrical cell package, 6 stable high-capacity cycles are achieved. Overall, this work demonstrates approaches for producing high-energy-density Li-FeF 3 cells in coin and cylindrical rod formats, which are translatable to customized, arbitrary geometries compatible with ME printing and electrolyte exchange.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantification of complex protective surface oxide layer formed during plasma jet exposure of multicomponent ultra-high temperature carbides

Multicomponent ultra-high temperature ceramics (MC-UHTCs) has garnered attention due to their improved thermo-mechanical and oxidation properties. MC-UHTC was progressively formed by adding a UHTC component at each step, producing binary, ternary and quaternary UHTC systems, processed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Here, we investigate the role of multi-elements and thermochemical stability of the surface oxide layer formed during plasma arc jet exposure (T > 2500 °C) of MC-UHTCs using core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) correlated with the structural investigation. The results indicate that adding a UHTC component improves oxidation resistance due to the assemblage of refractory phases forming complex mixed oxides via preferential oxidation. XPS spectra of Ta4f, Nb3d, Ti1p, and Hf4f showed that the nature of the chemical bonds switched from metal carbides to metal oxides (metal oxy-carbides) in the binary system with retained metal carbides in ternary and quaternary UHTCs. The absence of a metal carbide peak in the high-resolution C1s scan of the binary system also supports this finding. The principal complex mixed oxide phases emanate in the exiguous oxidation of MC-UHTCs are quantified using Rietveld analysis. Overall, this study suggests that MC-UHTC is a promising material for possible application in thermal protection systems (TPS).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

STAT3 signaling pathway is necessary for cell survival and tumorsphere forming capacity in ALDH{sup +}/CD133{sup +} stem cell-like human colon cancer cells

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The phosphorylated or activated form of STAT3 was expressed in colon cancer stem-like cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer STAT3 inhibitor, FLLL32 inhibits P-STAT3 and STAT3 target genes in colon cancer stem-like cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Inhibition of STAT3 resulted in decreased cell viability and reduced numbers of tumorspheres. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer STAT3 is required for survival and tumorsphere forming capacity in colon cancer stem-like cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Targeting STAT3 in cancer stem-like cells may offer a novel treatment approach for colon cancer. -- Abstract: Persistent activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is frequently detected in colon cancer. Increasing evidence suggests the existence of a small population of colon cancer stem or cancer-initiating cells may be responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Whether STAT3 plays a role in colon cancer-initiating cells and the effect of STAT3 inhibition is still unknown. Flow cytometry was used to isolate colon cancer stem-like cells from three independent human colon cancer cell lines characterized by both aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive and CD133-positive subpopulation (ALDH{sup +}/CD133{sup +}). The effects of STAT3 inhibition in colon cancer stem-like cells were examined. The phosphorylated or activated form of STAT3 was expressed in colon cancer stem-like cells and was reduced by a STAT3-selective small molecular inhibitor, FLLL32. FLLL32 also inhibited the expression of potential STAT3 downstream target genes in colon cancer stem-like cells including survivin, Bcl-XL, as well as Notch-1, -3, and -4, which may be involved in stem cell function. Furthermore, FLLL32 inhibited cell viability and tumorsphere formation as well as induced cleaved caspase-3 in colon cancer stem-like cells. FLLL32 is more potent than curcumin as evidenced with lower IC50 in colon cancer stem-like cells. In summary, our results indicate that STAT3 is a novel therapeutic target in colon cancer stem-like cells and inhibition of STAT3 in cancer stem-like cells may offer a potential treatment for colorectal cancer.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Design of a PROTAC that antagonizes and destroys the cancer-forming X-protein of the hepatitis B virus

Highlights: • A novel proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule (PROTAC) to treat hepatitis B. • The PROTAC antagonizes and destroys the X-protein of the hepatitis B virus. • The PROTAC is a fusion of the X-protein oligomerization and instability domains. • The oligomerization domain is a dominant-negative inhibitor of X-protein function. • X-protein-targeting PROTACs have potential to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma. - Abstract: The X-protein of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is essential for virus infection and contributes to the development of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a disease which causes more than one million deaths each year. Here we describe the design of a novel PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule) capable of simultaneously inducing the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizing its function. The PROTAC was constructed by fusing the N-terminal oligomerization and C-terminal instability domains of the X-protein to each other, and rendering them cell-permeable by the inclusion of a polyarginine cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). It was predicted that the oligomerization domain would bind the X-protein, and that the instability domain would cause the X-protein to be targeted for proteasomal degradation. Addition of the PROTAC to HepG2 liver cancer cells, engineered to express full-length and C-terminally truncated forms of the X-protein, resulted in the degradation of both forms of the X-protein. A cell-permeable stand-alone form of the oligomerization domain was taken up by HepG2 cells, and acted as a dominant-negative inhibitor, causing inhibition of X-protein-induced apoptosis. In summary, the PROTAC described here induces the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizes its function, and warrants investigation in a preclinical study for its ability to prevent or treat HBV infection and/or the development of HCC.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

A dominant negative form of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor induces metacyclogenesis and increases mitochondrial density in Trypanosoma cruzi

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP{sub 3}R) is a key regulator of intracellular Ca{sup 2+} concentration that release Ca{sup 2+} from Ca{sup 2+} stores in response to various external stimuli. IP{sub 3}R also works as a signal hub which form a platform for interacting with various proteins involved in diverse cell signaling. Previously, we have identified an IP{sub 3}R homolog in the parasitic protist, Trypanosoma cruzi (TcIP{sub 3}R). Parasites expressing reduced or increased levels of TcIP{sub 3}R displayed defects in growth, transformation, and infectivity. In the present study, we established parasitic strains expressing a dominant negative form of TcIP{sub 3}R, named DN-TcIP{sub 3}R, to further investigate the physiological role(s) of TcIP{sub 3}R. We found that the growth of epimastigotes expressing DN-TcIP{sub 3}R was significantly slower than that of parasites with TcIP{sub 3}R expression levels that were approximately 65% of wild-type levels. The expression of DN-TcIP{sub 3}R in epimastigotes induced metacyclogenesis even in the normal growth medium. Furthermore, these epimastigotes showed the presence of dense mitochondria under a transmission electron microscope. Our findings confirm that TcIP{sub 3}R is crucial for epimastigote growth, as previously reported. They also suggest that a strong inhibition of the IP{sub 3}R-mediated signaling induces metacyclogenesis and that mitochondrial integrity is closely associated with this signaling. - Highlights: • We established T. cruzi strains expressing a dominant negative form of the TcIP{sub 3}R. • DN-TcIP{sub 3}R expression inhibits epimastigote growth and induces metacyclogenesis. • Microscopic analysis indicated TcIP{sub 3}R role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity. • Growth, but not microbial density, was altered by mammalian IP{sub 3}R inhibitor (2-APB).

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Cytoplasmic transfer of heritable elements other than mtDNA from SAMP1 mice into mouse tumor cells suppresses their ability to form tumors in C57BL6 mice

In a previous study, we generated transmitochondrial P29mtSAMP1 cybrids, which had nuclear DNA from the C57BL6 (referred to as B6) mouse strain-derived P29 tumor cells and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exogenously-transferred from the allogeneic strain SAMP1. Because P29mtSAMP1 cybrids did not form tumors in syngeneic B6 mice, we proposed that allogeneic SAMP1 mtDNA suppressed tumor formation of P29mtSAMP1 cybrids. To test this hypothesis, current study generated P29mt(sp)B6 cybrids carrying all genomes (nuclear DNA and mtDNA) from syngeneic B6 mice by eliminating SAMP1 mtDNA from P29mtSAMP1 cybrids and reintroducing B6 mtDNA. However, the P29mt(sp)B6 cybrids did not form tumors in B6 mice, even though they had no SAMP1 mtDNA, suggesting that SAMP1 mtDNA is not involved in tumor suppression. Then, we examined another possibility of whether SAMP1 mtDNA fragments potentially integrated into the nuclear DNA of P29mtSAMP1 cybrids are responsible for tumor suppression. We generated P29{sup H}(sp)B6 cybrids by eliminating nuclear DNA from P29mt(sp)B6 cybrids and reintroducing nuclear DNA with no integrated SAMP1 mtDNA fragment from mtDNA-less P29 cells resistant to hygromycin in selection medium containing hygromycin. However, the P29{sup H}(sp)B6 cybrids did not form tumors in B6 mice, even though they carried neither SAMP1 mtDNA nor nuclear DNA with integrated SAMP1 mtDNA fragments. Moreover, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bacterial infection were not involved in tumor suppression. These observations suggest that tumor suppression was caused not by mtDNA with polymorphic mutations or infection of cytozoic bacteria but by hypothetical heritable cytoplasmic elements other than mtDNA from SAMP1 mice.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

GhoT of the GhoT/GhoS toxin/antitoxin system damages lipid membranes by forming transient pores

Highlights: • Determined that toxin GhoT disrupts membranes by forming transient pores. • Determined that membrane charge affects the activity of GhoT. • Determined through molecular dynamic simulations why GhoT F38R is inactive. GhoT is a bacterial toxin of the type V toxin/antitoxin system that allows Escherichia coli to reduce its metabolism in response to oxidative and bile stress. GhoT functions by increasing membrane permeability and reducing both ATP levels and the proton motive force. However, how GhoT damages the inner membrane has not been elucidated. Here we investigated how GhoT damages membranes by studying its interaction with lipid bilayers and determined that GhoT does not cause macroscopic disruption of the lipid bilayer to increase membrane permeability to the dye carboxyfluorescein. Using circular dichroism, we found that GhoT forms an alpha helical structure in lipid bilayers that agrees with the structure predicted by the I-TASSER protein structure prediction program. The structure generated using I-TASSER was used to conduct coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate that GhoT damages the cell membrane, as a multimer, by forming transient transmembrane pores.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effects of molecular crowding on a bimolecular group I ribozyme and its derivative that self-assembles to form ribozyme oligomers

Highlights: • PEG rescued mutations in the bimolecular group I ribozyme more effectively than those in the oligomeric form. In the RNA world, enrichment of self-replicating RNAs would have been beneficial to their survival, amplification, and evolution. Self-assembly of RNAs may be a strategy by which they enrich themselves. We examined the effects of molecular crowding on the activity of a bimolecular group I ribozyme and its derivative that self-assembles to form ribozyme oligomers. In a comparative activity assay using PEG as a molecular crowder, PEG rescued mutations in the parent bimolecular ribozyme more effectively than those in the oligomeric form.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Probing the exact form and doping preference of magnesium in ordinary Portland cement clinker phases: A study from experiments and DFT simulations

Highlights: • The doping behaviors of Mg in OPC clinker phases were systematically studied. • About 1.3 wt% MgO enter OPC clinker phases by forming substitutional solid solutions. • In the 4 composed minerals, C{sub 3}S, C{sub 3}A and C{sub 4}AF can host more Mg ions than C{sub 2}S. • Mg ions prefer to replace Ca in C{sub 3}S, C{sub 2}S and C{sub 3}A while replace Fe and Ca in C{sub 4}AF. • Both the large structure distortions and formation energies governs the low solubility. A systematic study was performed to learn the exact existence form and doping behaviors of magnesium in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) clinker. Our results show that about 1.3 wt% MgO incorporates into OPC clinker phases by forming substitutional solid solutions while excess Mg accumulate and exist as periclase. Results from Rietveld refinement present a substitution preference in C{sub 3}S and C{sub 3}A over C{sub 2}S. More in-depth analyses from density function theoretical simulations show that in C{sub 3}S, C{sub 2}S and C{sub 3}A, the substitution occurs by replacing Ca while in C{sub 4}AF, it probably occurs by substituting Fe and Ca ions. The large structure distortions and sharp increase in formation energies with increasing MgO determines its low solubility. This work provides a clear understanding of the existence states and the intrinsic mechanism governing doping behaviors of Mg, thus should be very important in guiding the synthesis of OPC clinker by utilizing high-Mg limestone.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Differing forms, differing purposes: A typology of health impact assessment

There is currently considerable diversity in health impact assessment (HIA) practice internationally. Historically this diversity has been described as simple dichotomies, for example the differences between HIAs of projects and policies. However these distinctions have failed to adequately describe the differences that can be observed between different forms of HIAs. This paper describes the three historical and disciplinary fields from which HIA has emerged - environmental health, a social view of health, and health equity. It also puts forward a typology of four different forms of HIA that can be observed in current HIA practice: mandated, decision-support, advocacy, and community-led HIAs. This paper argues that these different forms of HIA serve different purposes and are not necessarily in competition; rather they allow HIA to be responsive to a range of population health concerns and purposes.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Organometallic complexes as preferred precursors to form molecular Ir(pyalk) coordination complexes for catalysis of oxygen evolution

Our previously reported ‘blue solution’ oxygen-evolution catalyst consists of an isomeric mixture of coordination complexes containing the (pyalk)Ir IV –O–Ir IV (pyalk) core unit and is thus entirely molecular but only when formed from organometallic precursors such as Cp*Ir(pyalk)Cl or Ir(pyalk)(CO) 2 (pyalk = (2-pyridyl)-2-propanolate). We now show that attempts to form it from such obvious coordination precursors as Na[Ir(pyalk)Cl 4 ] or Na[IrCl 2 (pyalk)(O 2 CPh) 2 ], under a variety of conditions, always fail in our hands, leading to a mixture of molecular ‘blue solution’ species and IrO x nanoparticles, rather than the purely homogeneous catalyst formed from organometallic precursors. The loss of the pyalk ligand during the oxidative activation is associated with the nanoparticle generation. External chelating ligands also failed to stop the nanoparticle formation. This work implies the paradoxical conclusion that organometallic complexes are effective as catalyst precursors, even when coordination complexes are the catalytically active species, since the inner-sphere organometallic ligands, although ultimately lost or degraded, may nevertheless have a stabilizing effect sufficient to suppress undesirable nanoparticle production pathways in the activation of the catalyst precursor. Finally, a key aspect of the present study is that organometallic complexes in general may be useful catalyst precursors even if the organometallic ligands are lost in the activation process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Chromium evaporation and oxidation characteristics of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels for balance of plant applications in solid oxide fuel cells

The chromium (Cr) evaporation behavior of several different types of iron (Fe)-based AFA alloys and benchmark Cr 2 O 3 -forming Fe-based 310 and Ni-based 625 alloys was investigated for 500 h exposures at 800 °C to 900 °C in air with 10% H 2 O. The Cr evaporation rates from alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) alloys were ~5 to 35 times lower than that of the Cr 2 O 3 -forming alloys depending on alloy and temperature. The Cr evaporation behavior was correlated with extensive characterization of the chemistry and microstructure of the oxide scales, which also revealed a degree of quartz tube Si contamination during the test. As a result, long-term oxidation kinetics were also assessed at 800 to 1000 °C for up to 10,000 h in air with 10% H 2 O to provide further guidance for SOFC BOP component alloy selection.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2011

Vasculatures in Tumors Growing From Preirradiated Tissues: Formed by Vasculogenesis and Resistant to Radiation and Antiangiogenic Therapy

Purpose: To investigate vasculatures and microenvironment in tumors growing from preirradiated tissues (pre-IR tumors) and study the vascular responses of pre-IR tumors to radiation and antiangiogenic therapy. Methods and Materials: Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate C1 tumors were implanted into unirradiated or preirradiated tissues and examined for vascularity, hypoxia, and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltrates by immunohistochemistry. The origin of tumor endothelial cells was studied by green fluorescent protein-tagged bone marrow (GFP-BM) transplantation. The response of tumor endothelial cells to radiation and antiangiogenic agent was evaluated by apoptotic assay. Results: The pre-IR tumors had obvious tumor bed effects (TBE), with slower growth rate, lower microvascular density (MVD), and more necrotic and hypoxic fraction compared with control tumors. The vessels were dilated, tightly adhered with pericytes, and incorporated with transplanted GFP-BM cells. In addition, hypoxic regions became aggregated with TAM. As pre-IR tumors developed, the TBE was overcome at the tumor edge where the MVD increased, TAM did not aggregate, and the GFP-BM cells did not incorporate into the vessels. The vessels at tumor edge were more sensitive to the following ionizing radiation and antiangiogenic agent than those in the central low MVD regions. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that vasculatures in regions with TBE are mainly formed by vasculogenesis and resistant to radiation and antiangiogenic therapy. Tumor bed effects could be overcome at the edge of larger tumors, but where vasculatures are formed by angiogenesis and sensitive to both treatments. Vasculatures formed by vasculogenesis should be the crucial target for the treatment of recurrent tumors after radiotherapy.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2017

High-order upwind schemes for the wave equation on overlapping grids: Maxwell's equations in second-order form

High-order accurate upwind approximations for the wave equation in second-order form on overlapping grids are developed. Although upwind schemes are well established for first-order hyperbolic systems, it was only recently shown by Banks and Henshaw how upwinding could be incorporated into the second-order form of the wave equation. This new upwind approach is extended here to solve the time-domain Maxwell's equations in second-order form; schemes of arbitrary order of accuracy are formulated for general curvilinear grids. Taylor time-stepping is used to develop single-step space-time schemes, and the upwind dissipation is incorporated by embedding the exact solution of a local Riemann problem into the discretization. Second-order and fourth-order accurate schemes are implemented for problems in two and three space dimensions, and overlapping grids are used to treat complex geometry and problems with multiple materials. Stability analysis of the upwind-scheme on overlapping grids is performed using normal mode theory. The stability analysis and computations confirm that the upwind scheme remains stable on overlapping grids, including the difficult case of thin boundary grids when the traditional non-dissipative scheme becomes unstable. The accuracy properties of the scheme are carefully evaluated on a series of classical scattering problems for both perfect conductors and dielectric materials in two and three space dimensions. Finally, the upwind scheme is shown to be robust and provide high-order accuracy.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Use of CAP88 PC to infer differences in the chemical form of I-129 emitted from a fuel reprocessing facility

Emissions of 129I from nuclear fuel separations conducted at the Hanford Site in Washington State have been occurring since the 1940’s. Fuel separation on the Hanford Site stopped in 1988, but emissions of 129I have continued as venting of the building occurred. In this study, atmospheric measurements of 129I concentrations were coupled with an EPA approved plume dispersion model (CAP-88PC) to evaluate the effectiveness of the dispersion model for estimating ambient concentrations at the Hanford Site. This evaluation led to the hypothesis of different chemical forms of iodine being emitted over the years; this hypothesis was developed as an explanation for the model agreeing with measurements over some time periods, but not over all time periods. The model was then run with modified emissions to simulate the short atmospheric half-life of the suspected reactive chemical form of iodine being emitted. This modification resulted in good agreement between the modeled and measured concentrations over the entire 20 year study period, and provided evidence that the hypothesis of a reactive form of iodine being emitted was correct.

Fritz, Brad G.↗
DOE OSTI2013

The effect of concentration on the structure and crystallinity of a cementitious waste form for caustic wastes

Cement-based waste forms have long been considered economical technologies for disposal of various types of waste. A solidified cementitious waste form, Cast Stone, was developed to immobilize the radioactive secondary waste from vitrification processes. In this work, Cast Stone was considered for a Na-based caustic liquid waste, and its physical properties were analyzed as a function of liquid waste loading up to 2 M Na. Differences in crystallinity (phase composition), microstructure, mesostructure (pore size distribution, surface area), and macrostructure (density, compressive strength) were investigated using various analytical techniques, in order to assess the suitability of Cast Stone as a chemically durable waste. It was found that the concentration of secondary waste simulant (caustic waste) had little effect on the relevant engineering properties of Cast Stone, showing that Cast Stone could be an effective and tolerant waste form for a wide range of concentrations of high sodium waste.

Cast Stone↗