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DOE OSTI2021

Energy Management Information System Powers NREL's Intelligent Campus

NREL's Intelligent Campus program leverages its own laboratory buildings as research instruments to study renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy storage, integration, and analysis with real, quantitative measurements. At the heart of NREL's Intelligent Campus program is its Energy Management Information System (EMIS), a family of tools and services used to manage building and campus energy use. NREL's EMIS includes capabilities, such as benchmarking and monthly utility tracking, interval meter analytics, equipment fault detection and diagnostics, condition-based monitoring, and supervisory control, enabling unprecedented energy management capabilities. The system serves as a demonstration project for other federal facilities interested in learning about its design, features, and benefits.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2019

Formed-in-place Ceramic Systems for Sealing and Flow Control in Geothermal Applications

Conventional oil and gas tools are frequently unsuitable for downhole applications in geothermal wells, largely due to uncased well configurations and their extreme thermal/chemical fluid conditions. Consequently, relatively common O&G tools like bridge plugs and sand control screens are difficult or at times impossible to implement in geothermal wells. In commercial oil and gas, thermite-based tools are being developed for intervention and decommissioning applications, and gaining field experience and credibility. We are developing and testing such systems for geothermal applications, with the objective of forming ceramic sealing and flow control features in-situ. The process uses self-propagating thermite reactions, in which a metal is combined with an oxidizer to release significant amounts of energy in a controlled, non-explosive manner. These solid phase reactions can be engineered to generate ceramic products with specific physical and flow characteristics. We are developing and testing formulations and wireline deployment tools which yield low to high permeability as needed, and preferentially expand to fill boreholes in both large diameter and slimhole wells. Near term applications are bridge plugs for P&A operations, screens for sand control and borehole stabilization, and lost circulation control during drilling. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the ability to form these products under high temperature and pressure conditions. Field tests are in planning to demonstrate the full-scale performance of these tools. This paper will present the status and results of this demonstration project, in its first year of advanced development for the DOE geothermal technologies program. New developments utilizing thermite tools in the HP/HT oil and gas domain will also be highlighted, particularly those which may have utility in geothermal applications.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2021

Energy Management Information System Powers NREL's Intelligent Campus

EMIS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Recent Thermal and Hydraulic Stimulation Results at Raft River, ID EGS Site

The Raft River geothermal system, located 160 km northwest of Salt Lake City, Utah is the site of a Department of Energy Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) stimulation demonstration project. The target well RRG-9 ST-1, is roughly 1.6 km (1 mile) south of the power plant. This well has undergone a series of thermal and hydraulic stimulation treatments. Furthermore, the well passes through approximately 1,524 m MD (5,000 ft. MD) of laterally discontinuous Quaternary and Tertiary volcanoclastic and volcanic rocks that unconformably overlie the Precambrian basement. The Elba Quartzite formation located in the Precambrian basement is the target zone for the stimulation program. Fluid injected into the well exits through a fracture zone in the Elba Quartzite at 1,567 m TVD (5,140 ft. TVD). In June 2013 low-rate stimulation began at RRG-9 ST-1 using injection water from the geothermal plant. The average injection rate, temperature, and well head pressure of the low-rate stimulation was 163 Lpm (43 gpm), 34°C, and 1,931kPa (280 psig), respectively. This injection continued through late August of 2013 when wellhead pressures were intentionally increased to approximately 5,516 kPa (800 psig) at approximately 984 Lpm (260 gpm). From September 12 to September 24, 2013 cold well water was injected. The average surface injection temperature was approximately 12°C. On September 25, 2013 injection of the warmer plant water was resumed. This was continued through the rest of 2013 and into 2014. Between April 1, 2014 and April 4, 2014, a higher rate hydraulic stimulation was conducted. Colder water (~10°C) was injected at rates of 20 bpm to 30 bpm (3,178 Lpm to 4,770 Lpm) at wellhead pressures of 5,861 kPa (850 psig) over approximately 24 hours. Microseismic activity was recorded near the Tertiary-Precambrian contact. Subsequently, injection of water from the plant was resumed. As of mid-January, 2015, over 666 million liters (176 million gallons) have been injected into the well. The fate of this water is the subject of ongoing numerical analyses and continuous site monitoring. Various analyses have been implemented to monitor and assess the ongoing stimulation program. Modified Hall plot analysis shows increasing conductivity and/or a decreasing skin factor around the wellbore. Since April, 2014, the injectivity index has increased significantly from 0.28 Lpm/kPa (0.5 gpm/psig) to 0.93 Lpm/kPa (1.7 gpm/psig).

enhanced geothermal system↗

DOE OSTI2021

Tracer Testing to Characterize Hydraulic Stimulation Experiments at the Raft River EGS Demonstration Site

A series of three tracer tests was conducted over a 3.5-year period as part of the Raft River EGS Demonstration Project in order to characterize the evolution of fluid flow processes resulting from the hydraulic stimulation of the target injection well RRG-9. Injectivity increased very little in RRG-9 as the result of hydraulic stimulation experiments over a 300-day period but increased significantly as brine was injected continuously over the subsequent three years. Here, the tracer tests revealed that fluid flow patterns evolved over time along the injection/production pathway with tracer breaking through progressively earlier and to more wells over the duration of the testing.

EGS↗

DOE OSTI2022

NRIC Stakeholder Engagement Strategy: Spring 2022

As the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Reactor Innovation Center (NRIC) make strides toward demonstrating advanced reactor technologies this decade, it is vital that innovation takes place across a broad range of categories. One such area is the practice of responsive stakeholder engagement throughout the lifetimes of the demonstration projects that NRIC supports.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Adaptive protection opportunities, gap assessments, and designs

This report provides a comprehensive overview of adaptive protection schemes in use by distribution systems for protection, switching and control on their systems. A significant focus is placed on how existing schemes can be impacted by increasing penetrations of DER as well as how these schemes can enable DER penetrations to increase. EPRI have conducted a survey of member utilities and performed a comprehensive literature review with the goal of baselining the research and identifying gaps with a focus on the issues that were encountered with adaptive protection on real systems. The five adaptive protection applications that are most prevalent on systems today are discussed in detail. These are weather-based fuse-saving, adaptive protection to reduce short-circuit current, adaptive protection for DER, adaptive protection for microgrids, and distribution automation. A broad overview of the technology is given for each scheme. Issues that have been encountered by utilities are highlighted and the safety and reliability impacts are also examined. As distribution systems, intelligent electronic devices, grid equipment and distribution management systems are rapidly evolving, adaptive protection techniques and technologies will become more widely adopted. This report proposes a framework for a conceptual automatic adaptive protection system. EPRI have ongoing research, development and demonstration projects in all of the constituent elements, however challenges remain to link the elements together in a secure and reliable way. EPRI will continue research into automated adaptive protection applications and challenges for the systems of today and future applications to assist system operators in managing the evolving system.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

BETO 2021 Peer Review - 1.3.2.001 - Algae Biomass Composition

Addressing critical improvements in biomass productivity and associated biochemical composition is a priority for the economic and sustainable commercial development of biofuels and bioproducts from algae. Capitalizing on pathways that integrate engineering approaches with fundamental biochemistry of photosynthetic organisms will lead to a better understanding of the complex nexus of algae growth rates, productivity and composition. This project focuses on identifying the critical factors for economic development of fuel and bioproduct technologies. Algal compositional characteristics form the foundation of robust economic and business models. This project supports that foundation by developing and validating accurate compositional methods and disseminating them to the greater community. Simultaneously, we build a deep understanding of the dynamic biochemical composition and carbon allocation for biomass value and conversion yields. A co-product portfolio developed under this project demonstrated a 30% increase in intrinsic value. Additionally, an integrated pipeline of molecular diversity mapping for product discovery with quantitative demonstration across species was deployed over the BETO algae program. The advances made here are highly relevant to BETO's multi-year program targets of reducing costs and integrating dynamic biomass composition with conversion processes to provide options for bioproducts, all leveraging the molecular diversity of algae.

algal compositional characteristics↗

DOE OSTI2022

How Can Construction Process Simulation Modeling Aid the Integration of Lean Principles in the Factory-Built Housing Industry?

New and existing factories that produce and deliver factory-built housing can benefit from construction process simulation modeling to explore the integration of Lean principles in their operations. Construction process simulation modeling provides digital or virtual recreations of the real-world factory environments to visualize, quantify, analyze, and optimize their underlying behavior, including factory productivity, material flow, labor dynamics, bottlenecks, and work scope. One of the key benefits of process simulation modeling is the ability to create and compare "what-if" scenarios, including integrating Lean principles such as reducing waste (for example, transportation, waiting), line balancing, and just-in-time concepts. In general, three process simulation methods are widely used: discrete event simulation (DES), agentbased modeling (ABM), and system dynamics (SD). Myriad process simulation software also is available, but depending on the industry, complexity of the system, and purposes of the simulation, some software might be more appropriate. Similar to how computer-aided design (CAD) software such as AutoCAD and Rhinoceros enable building design of modular or factory-built housing, process simulation modeling software such as jStrobe, ProModel, and AnyLogic can enable factory design of new and existing factories to deliver modular affordable housing at scale, as opposed to traditional site-built construction. Software with DES capabilities can help generate a process model that is a logical representation of resources and activities in a factory. Software with CAD-DES integration can leverage product-process data integration to help spatially visualize a DES model of the factory in the CAD environment. Software with multimethod simulation capabilities, widely used in the manufacturing industry, brings together DES, ABM, and SD in a single platform that allows visualization, quantification, analyses, and optimization at varying data fidelities. Near-real-time data from an existing factory can be directly plugged into multimethod simulation software so that the construction process simulation model is a near-accurate representation of the real-world factory conditions. This report provides insights into the use of simulation as an aid to integrate Lean concepts in factories, including guidelines for selecting the appropriate process simulation modeling method and software. These insights have been developed as part of ongoing process simulation modeling research, development, and demonstration projects at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory focused on how process simulation models can enable better integration of resilience, energy efficiency, and low-carbon design strategies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

A laser ultrasonics-based approach for rapid screening of high entropy alloys

This project demonstrates a laser ultrasonics-based characterization methodology for rapid metallic materials design and discovery via in situ determination of phases, microstructures and elastic properties with respect to temperature. Ultrasonic waves are strongly affected by material microstructure, and therefore serve as a facile means to probe elastic properties, phase content and their size distributions and volume fractions. In this study, a laser ultrasonic technique is used to systematically study the evolution of properties in a set of interrelated simple binary alloys and high entropy alloys (HEA). Phase transformations and microstructural changes inferred from the ultrasonic signals will be correlated with electron microscopy data and predictions using calculations of phase diagrams (CALPHAD). The non-contact and non-destructive ultrasonic testing approach developed in this study could overcome several limitations associated with current material characterization methods for materials discovery. It is expected that laser ultrasonics-based methodology developed in this work will be utilized to evaluate novel graded composition HEAs currently being developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) using advanced manufacturing methods based on direct energy deposition and spark plasma sintering processes, and contribute to accelerate the discovery of HEAs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Deployment Readiness Framework for Marine Energy

As electricity prices continue to rise and extreme weather events related to climate change become more frequent, many island and remote coastal communities are prioritizing their energy future. Isolated locations and coastal environments pose challenges for energy costs and grid resilience, but the ocean can be a key solution. Marine energy could provide these communities with clean, affordable, and reliable power. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are developing the Deployment Readiness Framework (DRF) to support remote, coastal, and island community-driven energy transitions. This framework can be used to better understand the readiness of communities for marine energy technology demonstration projects and their operation. The DRF builds on the Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Project (ETIPP) supported in part by DOE's Water Power Technologies Office.

community readiness↗

DOE OSTI2013

Safety-Related Activities of the IAEA for Radioactive Waste, Decommissioning and Remediation - 13473

To fulfil its mandate and serve the needs of its Member States, the IAEA is engaged in a wide range of safety-related activities pertaining to radioactive waste management, decommissioning and remediation. One of the statutory obligations of the IAEA is to establish safety standards and to provide for the application of these standards. The present paper describes recent developments in regard to the IAEA's waste safety standards, and some of the ways the IAEA makes provision for their application. The safety standards and supporting safety demonstration projects seek to establish international consensus on methodologies and approaches for dealing with particular subject areas, for example, safety assessment for radioactive waste disposal. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2012

Closure End States for Facilities, Waste Sites, and Subsurface Contamination - 12543

The United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) manages the largest groundwater and soil cleanup effort in the world. DOE's Office of Environmental Management (EM) has made significant progress in its restoration efforts at sites such as Fernald and Rocky Flats. However, remaining sites, such as Savannah River Site, Oak Ridge Site, Hanford Site, Los Alamos, Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, and West Valley Demonstration Project possess the most complex challenges ever encountered by the technical community and represent a challenge that will face DOE for the next decade. Closure of the remaining 18 sites in the DOE EM Program requires remediation of 75 million cubic yards of contaminated soil and 1.7 trillion gallons of contaminated groundwater, deactivation and decommissioning (D and D) of over 3000 contaminated facilities and thousands of miles of contaminated piping, removal and disposition of millions of cubic yards of legacy materials, treatment of millions of gallons of high level tank waste and disposition of hundreds of contaminated tanks. The financial obligation required to remediate this volume of contaminated environment is estimated to cost more than 7% of the to-go life-cycle cost. Critical in meeting this goal within the current life-cycle cost projections is defining technically achievable end states that formally acknowledge that remedial goals will not be achieved for a long time and that residual contamination will be managed in the interim in ways that are protective of human health and environment. Formally acknowledging the long timeframe needed for remediation can be a basis for establishing common expectations for remedy performance, thereby minimizing the risk of re-evaluating the selected remedy at a later time. Once the expectations for long-term management are in place, remedial efforts can be directed towards near-term objectives (e.g., reducing the risk of exposure to residual contamination) instead of focusing on long-term cleanup requirements. An acknowledgement of the long timeframe for complete restoration and the need for long-term management can also help a site transition from the process of pilot testing different remedial strategies to selecting a final remedy and establishing a long-term management and monitoring approach. This approach has led to cost savings and the more efficient use of resources across the Department of Defense complex and at numerous industrial sites across the U.S. Defensible end states provide numerous benefits for the DOE environmental remediation programs including cost-effective, sustainable long-term monitoring strategies, remediation and site transition decision support, and long-term management of closure sites. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2012

Environmental Remediation Activities in Japan Following the Fukushima Dai-ichi Reactor Incident - 12603

In March 2011, the Fukushima Dai-ichi reactor power plant was crippled by the Great Pacific earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Much of the focus in the news was on the reactor site itself as the utility company (TEPCO), the Japanese government, and experts from around the world worked to bring the damaged plants into a safe shutdown condition and stem the release of radioactivity to the environment. Most of the radioactivity released was carried out to sea with the prevailing winds. Still, as weather patterns changed and winds shifted, a significant plume of radioactive materials released from the plant deposited in the environment surrounding the plant, contaminating large land areas of the Fukushima Prefecture. The magnitude of the radiological impact to the surrounding environmental is so large that the Japanese government has had to reevaluate the meaning of 'acceptably clean'. In many respects, 'acceptably clean' cannot be a one-size-fits-all standard. The economics costs of such an approach would make impossible what is already an enormous and costly environmental response and remediation task. Thus, the Japanese government has embarked upon an approach that is both situation-specific and reasonably achievable. For example, the determination of acceptably clean for a nursery school or kindergarten play yard may be different from that for a parking lot. The acceptably clean level of residual radioactivity in the surface soil of a rice paddy is different from that in a forested area. The recognized exposure situation (scenario) thus plays a large role in the decision process. While sometimes complicated to grasp or implement, such an approach does prioritize national resources to address environment remediation based upon immediate and significant risks. In addition, the Japanese government is testing means and methods, including advanced or promising technologies, that could be proven to be effective in reducing the amount of radioactivity in the environment beyond a fixed, concentration based limit. Essentially, the definition of acceptably clean includes the concept of reasonably achievable, given the available technology, means and methods, and the cost to implement such. The Japanese government recently issued three technology demonstration contracts expressly designed to test and evaluate the available technologies, means, and methods, which, if implemented, might produce the greatest risk reduction from environmental contamination for the best value. One of the Japanese contract holders, Obayashi JV, has teamed with AMEC to demonstrate the applicability and capabilities of the Orion ScanPlot{sup SM} and ScanSort{sup SM} technologies in radiologically impacted towns both inside and immediately outside the 20 km restricted zone. This presentation provides some unique images and informative insight into the environmental radioactive impacts in and around the exclusion zone. It will provide a look at one element of the Japanese government?s efforts to achieve the greatest risk reduction that is reasonably achievable. The Orion ScanPlot{sup SM} and ScanSort{sup SM} are being used with success on the Japan Town Demonstration Project to assess pre-remedial action contamination levels, document the post-remedial action contamination levels and to precisely measure and segregate excavated soils based on their radioactive content and the prescribed segregation limits (DCS). Initial results suggest that these technologies could provide capabilities to the remedial action efforts that would result in considerable improvements in field data certainty and compliance with remedial objectives while reducing overall costs. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

Probabilistic Performance Assessment for Deep Borehole Disposal of Cs/Sr Capsules - 17143

The US Department of Energy (DOE) performed an assessment of disposal options for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) that recommended the consideration of deep borehole disposal (DBD) of smaller DOE-managed waste forms, such as cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) capsules. To further assess the safety and viability of the DBD concept, post-closure performance assessment (PA) analyses were performed for DBD of Cs/Sr capsules. The post-closure PA included a reference design concept for Cs/Sr capsule disposal, feature, event, and process (FEP) analysis, scenario development, and modeling using the PFLOTRAN code. PA simulations were run for both nominal and disturbed scenarios for long-term radionuclide transport away from the deep disposal borehole. The nominal (expected) post-closure release scenario included FEPs for short-duration (a few hundred years) thermally-induced upward fluid flux through the borehole seals and/or disturbed rock zone (DRZ) followed by longer-term slow diffusive transport. Simulations included a baseline deterministic run and a set of probabilistic realizations (using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) from parameter distributions) to examine the sensitivity and importance of the long-term radionuclide transport to processes and parameters such as: waste package durability; seal porosity and permeability, disturbed rock zone (DRZ) porosity and permeability; and radionuclide sorption in the seal materials, DRZ, and crystalline host rock. The disturbed scenario included a waste package 'stuck' in the crystalline basement above the emplacement zone near a hypothetical borehole-intersecting fracture. Simulations included two deterministic runs to examine the sensitivity to the regional head gradient. The nominal and disturbed scenario PA results suggest that a favorable safety case can be developed for DBD of Cs/Sr capsules and helped to identify key areas of uncertainty, which in turn can inform future DBD research and development (R and D) activities, including a field demonstration project. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2015

High-level waste relocation requires use of new technology in aging nuclear facility - 15269

The West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) is preparing to relocate 278 canisters of vitrified high-level waste (HLW) from their current location inside the Main Plant Process Building (MPPB) to an outdoor pad for long-term, on-site storage. The waste was produced at the WVDP between 1996 and 2002 and was originally placed in interim storage inside the MPPB in anticipation of off-site shipment for disposal. Relocation of the canisters to a new on-site location is now necessary as part of WVDP Phase 1 Site Decommissioning work to enable pre-demolition activities inside the MPPB to proceed. The logistics of packaging and moving the HLW canisters within an aging facility to another on-site location has provided numerous technical challenges with subsequent innovations. Significant preparations have taken place to resolve structural inadequacies, including sub-surface soil subsidence issues, antiquated equipment, and facility reconfigurations to support up to 134 metric ton (148 ton) loads. To perform the transfer and storage of the HLW canisters, new equipment and fabrications were required including a robust storage system consisting of stainless steel canister overpacks within steel-reinforced concrete storage casks, three specialty cask transporters, a remotely operated welding system and construction of an outdoor engineered storage pad to store the 56 casks containing the relocated HLW canisters. Packaging and relocation of vitrified canisters is scheduled to begin in 2015. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2015

3D Sonar for tank waste quantification - 15430

An innovative remote 3D Sonar technology adapted from the oil and gas industry has been successfully applied to the mapping of radioactive sludge deposits during tank, fuel pool and silo remediation operations at the Sellafield site in the UK. The technology can: -Measure the disposition and calculate the volume of settled solids in a waste tank thereby supporting tank closure objectives - Produce accurate 3-D images of solids disposition, structure and tank internals to help identify where sludge deposits and debris are located -Capture real time 'Sonar video' of movement of solids in the tank in real time to aid retrieval - Detect and monitor gas release and bubble generation Aside from direct safety, cost and schedule benefits, improved accuracy and confidence in residual waste volume determinations can lead to increased level of regulator confidence in meeting closure objectives. This technology has potential to bring such benefits to challenges in the DOE estate, such as Savannah River Site (SRS) and Hanford Tank Farms remediation, and operations at the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant. This paper describes the 3D Sonar technology and its applications, and reviews a 3D Sonar demonstration project specifically aimed at enhancing retrieval and closure operations at SRS. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2016

SeeSnake: Radiological Characterisation of Complex Nuclear Spaces - 16162

Decommissioning of retired nuclear plant can be a difficult task for many reasons. A number of locations around the world have active cells awaiting decommissioning without a clear understanding of the internal structure and possible locations of radiological sources. Furthermore, many nuclear plant drawings and models do not reflect the 'as built' dimensions, and precise data required for safe and cost effective decommissioning is not readily available. This presents decommissioning teams with significant challenges when attempting to plan and execute their decommissioning programs. Due to the complex nature and constrained environments typical of legacy nuclear plant, it is often not possible to deploy traditional remote handling/inspection technologies. Even where possible, identifying the correct sensor, or suite of sensors, to characterize the environment is problematic. To address this common issue Create Technologies Ltd (Createc) and OC Robotics collaborated on SeeSnake, a project aimed at leveraging radiometric source mapping with 3D scanning and confined space remote handling. Createc's imaging and sensing systems have strong capabilities in the nuclear industry, led by their N-Visage products, as do OC Robotics' snake-arm robots as a remote deployment platform for confined and hazardous spaces. The snake-arm robot enables access through small penetrations with the ability to navigate internal structures and other obstacles without support from the environment; whilst multiple re-positioning of the N-Visage sensor, integrated with the snake-arm system, enables a thorough 3D map to be created. The SeeSnake project demonstrates the integrated systems ability to capture valuable radiation, visual and positional data enabling the characterization of a complex active environment. To mature the concept into an integrated, functional technology the SeeSnake partners overcame a number of challenges before demonstrating to key stakeholders in the UK nuclear industry. This paper describes these challenges and the solutions implemented, along with the results from early system trials and stakeholder demonstrations. It also addresses the next steps for the SeeSnake technology and identifies a number of applications which will may benefit from its exploitation. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗